Doping in Sports, Not Fair

In modern era doping is a very serious issue in sports world. The aim of this study was to observed the global status of doping and reviewing the reasons of doping. For the purpose of this study, the researcher reviewed 10 years (2009-2018) Laboratory testing report (Included Adverse Analytical Findings [AAF] & Atypical Finding [AF]) of WADA. Moreover, investigator studied several relevant papers from 1980 to 2020, different official sites, i.e. NADA, IOC, IAAF, TOI, The Hindus, different newspapers and other organization and searching terms were Doping, Drugs, etc. For the analysis and interpretation of data mean, percentage and their graphical representation was executed. The last 10 years (2009-2018) result shows that the total testing increased from 277928 to 344177 which included Olympic, non-Olympic and non-ADAMS data [Anti-Doping Administration and Management System]. The percentage of total finding still less from 2009 (2.02%) currently it was 1.49% (2018). The average AAF and total finding was 1.27% (3676) and 1.80% (5107). But gradual linear increment shows some light of hope. From this study it was understood that it was not only a task of a single organization to prevent any illegal activities but also made the work fruitful by the surrounded cooperating societies and those who are stand near by this sports person, developed the moral value through education and embedded in one's moral sense that doping can never be an option to achieve accolades. Keywords-Doping, drugs, moral value, education, behavior I. INTRODUCTION Sport plays an important role in society. It is a major social and economic activity, it contributes to public health, entertainment. Achievements in amateur and professional sports are sources of motivation and national pride for many countries. Through participation in sports one can enrich with positive moral values, cooperation, respect for other, for rules, for officials, role playing ability, friendship, compassion and overall social personality and spirit. It is therefore unacceptable that for a handful immoral and crime centric athlete and their entourage abolish all the good thought for the purpose of win and push the society in the way of corruption. Anti-doping regulations based on strong scientific and legal principles can therefore help to prevent abuse and ensure fair contests for athletes in all disciplines (Boye et al., 2017). Since the mid-20 th century sports are significantly influenced by drugs. The 1960s and 70s saw the wide use of amphetamines in sport; the 1980s has been described as the anabolic steroid and cortisone era; the 1990s as the human growth hormone and erythropoietin era; and more recently, the use of peptides has become widespread (Bird et al., 2016). WADA enlisted its doping categories into prohibited at all times in respect of substances and methods in-and out of competition, substances prohibited in-competition and substances prohibited in particular sports. As a broad simplification for this discrepancy the prohibited at all times, in-and out of competition have a potential benefits in terms of enhancing adaptation to training and either directly or as a consequence of these augmented adaptations to improve performance in competition. Whereas prohibited in-competition are likely to heighten the immediate short-term performance of the body by augmenting its ability to meet the demands of the exercise and thereby perform better. Moreover, some substances are prohibited under the WADA code in 'Particular Sports' if they convey benefits or hazards (World Anti-Doping Agency, 2019; Bird et al., 2016). Some sport requires an acquired skill, some are largely or solely based on skill and concentration like ball and board games, shooting, driving, and riding and may benefit from drugs that reduce anxiety, tremor, inattention or fatigue. Sports that are highly dependent on explosive, short-term anaerobic power like sprinting, throwing, boxing, wrestling, typically ones which favor a solid, muscular build, are most susceptible to androgen-induced increases in muscle mass and strength. Other sports with an emphasis on aerobic effort and endurance like long duration events, characteristically preferred by a lean build, may be boosted by blood transfusion, erythropoietin and its analogs or mimetics. Finally, sports that rest on recovery from major injury or recurrent minor injury during intensive training, notably contact sports, may benefit from tissue proliferative and remodeling effects of growth hormone and various growth factors (Bird et al., 2016; Handelsman, 2000).

Anti doping laws generally exist in order to provide a safe and fair environment for participation in sport. These laws should prevent and protect athletes from subjecting themselves to health risks through the use of unsafe, but performance-enhancing drugs. Because of difficulties in proving intent to cheat, the World Anti-Doping Agency enforces a principle of strict liability for positive test results for banned substances. An area of major controversy with respect to liability is the “sports supplement” industry, which is poorly regulated when compared with prescription drugs yet is a potential source of doping violations. Medical practitioners can be found guilty of anti-doping violations if they traffic banned drugs, prescribe these to athletes or otherwise assist athletes in taking banned substances. Medical practitioners are also now required to complete paperwork (therapeutic use exemption forms) to enable athletes to take banned substances which are required on medical grounds for specific illnesses. Keywords: Anti doping, Cardiovascular diseases, infertility, Anabolic Steroids, Peak Performance, World Anti Doping Agency, Social Drugs.

Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2018

Through doping, we understand the use by athletes of substances prohibited by the anti-doping agencies in order to gain a competitive advantage. Since sport plays an important role in physical and mental education and in promoting international understanding and cooperation, the widespread use of doping products and methods has consequences not only on health of the athletes, but also upon the image of sport. Thus, doping in sports is forbidden for both ethical and medical reasons. Narcotics and analgesics, anabolic steroids, hormones, selective androgen receptor modulators are among the most frequently utilized substances. Although antidoping controls are becoming more rigorous, doping and, very importantly, masking doping methods are also advancing, and these are usually one step ahead of doping detection techniques. Depending on the sport practiced and the physical attributes it requires, the athletes will look for one or more of the following benefits of doping: recovering from ...

Annals of clinical biochemistry, 2015

The use of doping agents are evident within competitive sport in senior and junior age groups, where they are taken by non-elite as well as elite participants. They are also taken in non-sporting contexts by individuals seeking to 'improve' their physique through an increase in muscle and/or decrease in fat mass. Whilst attaining accurate data on the prevalence of their use has limitations, studies suggest the illicit use of doping agents by athletes and non-athletes may be 1 - 5% in the population and greater than 50% in some groups; with the prevalence being higher in males. There is conclusive evidence that some doping agents are anabolic and ergogenic. There is also evidence that the use of doping agents such as: anabolic androgenic steroids; growth hormone and other anabolic agents; erythropoietin; and stimulants conveys considerable health risks that include, but are not limited to: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, mental health issues, virilisation in women, ...

Neurologic Clinics, 2008

The problem of drug use in sports has steadily become more serious and widespread over the last several decades. The issue was thrust into the spotlight in 1988, when Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was stripped of his Olympic gold medal and world record. Driven by factors such as competitive pressure, body image issues, and the desire to perform better, some athletes are turning to steroids and other drugs as a shortcut to success. In a study, the National Institute on Drug Abuse found that 3.4 percent of high school seniors admitted to taking steroids. Other studies have estimated that 1 million teenagers use the drugs, including a growing number of young girls. These users risk stunting their long-term growth and other physical problems, while the depressive side effects of steroid use have been linked to a number of teen suicides in recent years.

Pm&r, 2010

competition for two years on the first offense. In 1988, Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was stripped of a gold medal and was later banned from track-and-field competition for life after he tested positive for steroids. At the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia, Romanian gymnast Andrea Raducan had her gold medal taken away when she tested positive for pseudoephedrine, a stimulant. American shot-putter C.J. Hunter withdrew from competition after it was revealed that he had tested positive four times for the steroid nandrolone. Scores of other athletes were also expelled from the Sydney Games after flunking drug tests. More recently, at the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, Utah, British skier Alain Baxter was stripped of his bronze medal after testing positive for methamphetamine, although an appeal is pending. Detection efforts notwithstanding, seeking an edge over one's opponents has long made the use of performance-enhancing drugs a part of athletic competition. A review of sports history reveals that drugs and sports have gone hand-in-hand for centuries, and surprisingly, drugs have only been banned from the Olympic Games since 1968. Explains Ivan Waddington in his book Sport, Health, and Drugs, "Performanceenhancing drugs have been used by people involved in sport and sportlike activities for some 2,000 years, but it is only very recently (specifically, since the introduction of anti-doping regulations and doping controls from the 1960s) that this practice has been regarded as unacceptable. In other words, for all but the last three or four decades, those involved in sports have used performance-enhancing drugs without infringing any rules and without the practice giving rise to highly emotive condemnation and stigmatization." This shift from tolerating doping in sports to testing athletes and ostracizing drug cheats has been driven by several factors. Perhaps most important, technological advances in performance-enhancing drugs, beginning in the 1950s, have bolstered the contention that drug use threatens the integrity of sports. Another motivation behind the shift has been to deter athletes from using illicit substances with unknown health effects. Consider, for example, the evolution of performance-enhancing drugs. Athletes in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries looking for chemical enhancement were stuck with the limited efficacy of stimulants and painkillers. In the mid-1950s, anabolic steroids, synthetic versions of the male sex hormone testosterone, were introduced. Anabolic steroids build muscle and bone mass by stimulating the muscle and bone cells to make new protein. Coaches and athletes saw these drugs as a major breakthrough because they enabled athletes to transcend the limits of natural ability and reach new levels of competitiveness. The first indication that athletes were using steroids came during the 1956 World Games in Moscow, Russia. According to Robert Voy in his book Drugs, Sport, and Politics, an American doctor, John B. Ziegler, observed Soviet athletes using urinary catheters, because steroids had enlarged their prostates to the point where urination was difficult. Ziegler returned to the United States and helped develop Dianobol, a steroid that was quickly embraced by American athletes, who hoped it would level the playing field with the Soviets. As a result, steroid use became widespread among elite athletes. Concerns that doped athletes were exercising an unfair advantage

2016

The word doping comes from the African kaffirs who used the local liquid called "Dop" as a stimulateHigh commercial stakes have also lead to increasing resort to doping by sports persons to enhance their performance, reaching a peak in cowl Olympics with the fastest man on earth turned out to be a drugged man. Introduction The word doping comes from the African kaffirs who used the local liquid called "Dop" as a stimulate.Doping refers to the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs by athletic competitors, where the term doping is widely used by organizations that regulate sporting competitions..There is growing tendency, in Modern times of using "Dopes" by the sports person to be super human being and to better one"s performance field. When particularly fine performance is achieved, there is also a strong temptation for the less successful competitors to hint that some from of "doping" was

Anti-doping has evolved from a historically independent and un-coordinated movement to what is now a largely coherent and unified crusade, headed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and inclusive of global government, national government and sport authorities. The growth of anti-doping has not been limited to size but the scope has evolved as the WADA has consistently called for and successfully accrued more powerful weapons in the doping fight. While doping controls within sport have been successively ratcheted up (Hoberman, 2012) our attention here is with the recent expansion of anti-doping beyond the boundaries of sport to target the traffickers of performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs) through the use of criminal justice mechanisms.

Jahr - European journal of bioethics, 2011

Athletes are often tempted to take prohibited agents with the aim of performance enhancing because of diff erent pressures they face, including self-affi rmation, the infl uence of moneyand glory-driven parents, coaches and community members. Th ese agents increase body mass and power, relieve fatigue, mask other prohibited substances during testing, lead to faster recovery and have many other adverse eff ects on health. Th e use of prohibited agents, commonly known as doping, is detrimental to the mental and physical health of athletes and violates the rules of ethical conduct. Th e prohibited agents include prohibited substances and prohibited methods. For a substance or a method to be included on the Prohibited List published by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) it has to meet at least two of the following three criteria: it enhances sport performance, it represents an actual or potential health risk to athlete or it violates the spirit of sport. Th e fi ght against doping has,...