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UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL: SEEKING DIPLOMACY ADMIST TENSION: DISCUSSING RUSSIA-UKRAINE CRISIS New Law College Model United Nations, 2023 Bharti Vidya Peeth, New Law College, Pune Letter from the Chair Dear Delegates, It is our honour to welcome you to the United Nations Security Council. As chairs, we are very excited to guide you all through this committee in terms of debate, negotiations, and both directive and resolution writing. During your time in the Security Council, Russian Military Intervention in Ukraine and Crimea is arguably one of the most prominent issues of the 20th and 21st centuries. As you will research, disputes over Eastern European territories have culminated across the world since the beginnings of the Cold War with the United States and the former Soviet Union investing all resources in expanding their spheres of influence. Although the war ended in the disintegration of the USSR, Russia’s political leaders have long advocated for expanding the country’s territory and recuperating those that once lived under the Soviet state. Vladimir Putin is no exception, and his interventionist policies over Ukraine and Crimea have made it apparent that Russian nationalism often translates into the expansion of its physical and ideological influence. One of the most unique aspects of this committee is that over the course of the two days it will work jointly with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which distinguishes it from the more conventional Model UN committee structure. Both committees will debate the same topic and are subject to crises. Although delegates will not be allowed to interact between committees for the first sessions of the conference, they will all be upheld to the same standards, influenced by the other body and, if applicable, by their country counterparts. This means countries having one representative in both committees will have to be mindful of how their actions may impact both delegates as decisions made by either one will innately affect the other. While we will also take into consideration news pertaining to when giving committee updates, we may also be coming up with crises of our own to enhance debate, which is something worth looking forward to. Our goal for this committee has always been to design it in a way that every delegate has cards in or against their favour that have and will continue to shape the game of diplomacy and we expect you to carry this objective through with us. Every single one of the countries you will be representing has something to win and something to lose— whether that be important country relations, international peace, a part of its culture and history, or, put blatantly, issues of personal interests— which is why you are tasked to end with the most cards on your side of the table. Good luck with your research, and please don’t hesitate to contact us with any questions! Best regards, Chair Vice Chair Student Moderator Sensitivity Statement Given the nature of the topics discussed in this committee, delegates will be faced with content that can be triggering and disturbing, including but not limited to racism, sexism, homophobia, drug abuse, and sexual abuse. We understand that there will be some actions taken in committee that may be sensitive to some marginalized groups of people. In light of this, we ask that you stay considerate and aware of any possible insensitive behaviours or speech. The college and the MUN Society does not and will not tolerate any form of hate speech in the vein of racism, sexism, homophobia, or any other type of speech rooted in malicious intent. If delegates are found guilty of any of the aforementioned, they may face disciplinary action up to and including expulsion from the conference. NLC MUN Rules of Procedure Here is a generalized approach to MUN rules, and you should be aware of potential differences between these rules and any rules established by your specific conference and committee. It is important to develop a thorough working knowledge of MUN rules, including when they should be utilized, and in what capacity. The rules of procedure were established to facilitate the efficient workings of the committee, not to hinder them. Therefore, your committee staff may exercise the right to rule motions out of order which may be considered dilatory or disruptive to the committee's proceedings. The rules of procedure at the UN and in other international organizations emphasize the sovereign equality of Member States. Each member, regardless of wealth or political power, receives the same treatment as any other member of the organization. International organizations exercise care to ensure that each Member State's voice is heard and that every State can participate in the proceedings. The rules of procedure are designed to guarantee those rights, but often at some cost to the efficiency of the committee. Flow of Debate: ROLL CALL The Chairperson will announce each country’s name. After a delegate hears their country called, they should answer either “present” or “present and voting” SETTING THE AGENDA The first order of business for the committee shall be the consideration of the agenda. The only motion in order at this time will be in the form of “The nation of [country name] moves that [topic area x] be placed first on the agenda”. The motion requires a second and is debatable. A provisional speakers list shall be established with two people speaking for and two people speaking against the motion; after the provisional speakers list is exhausted, the committee shall move into an immediate vote. A simple majority is required for the motion to pass. A motion to proceed to the second topic area is in order only after the committee has voted on a resolution regarding the first topic area or tabled the topic. GENERAL SPEAKERS LIST (FORMAL DEBATE) The Chairperson will ask all of those delegates who would like to make a speech and to be on the speakers list to raise their placards. The Chairperson will then choose delegates to be placed on the speakers list. After a country has spoken, they may be added on the speakers list again by sending a note to the Chairperson saying: “the delegation of (country name) would like to be added to the speakers list”. CAUCUS Moderated Caucus A moderated caucus is a mixture of both formal and informal debate. When a motion for a moderated caucus is passed, the Chair calls upon delegates as they raise their placards to address the committee for a specific amount of time. Speaking time is set through a motion from a delegate. If no motions are made, the default time is 90 seconds. When the committee is in formal debate all rules of procedure are enforced. Unmoderated Caucus An un-moderated caucus is a temporary recess. Rules of procedure are suspended during caucusing. During this time delegates can meet informally with each other and the committee staff to discuss draft resolutions and other issues. Draft Resolutions Delegations work together to create resolutions. In addition, delegates may present amendments to these documents, which are changes to draft resolutions. United Nations Security Council The United Nations Security Council was founded following the Second World War on October 24, 1945. The Security Council is the highest decision-making body of the United Nations, with the unique capacity to impose binding agreements on member states and use force to restore peace when peaceful means of resolution fail. Under Article 23, Chapter 5 of the UN Charter, the Security Council holds the responsibility to maintain international peace and security. Given the sole power to use force in response to attacks of force, the Security Council serves as the last resort answer to violence within the international community. As arbitrated in the UN Charter, before resorting to intervention the Security Council works to resolve international conflicts through diplomacy. Chapter VII of the Charter gives the Council the power to decide how to resolve conflicts that result in “threats to peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression”. The Security Council is the leading force for resolving any existing acts of aggression in the world. UNSC holds the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security, as well as developing friendly relationships among nations, cooperating in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights, and being a centre for harmonising the actions of nations. The Security Council makes actions to the states and cooperates with various states and departments with the goal of maintaining peace and security of the world. In some cases, the Security Council can impose sanctions or even authorise the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. Based on these missions to ensure peace and stability among all countries, the Security Council is responsible for protecting every other member’s rights. Introduction We must acknowledge the gravity of the situation at hand as we enter the hallowed halls of international diplomacy. The Russia-Ukraine emergency addresses a powerful juncture of verifiable inheritances, international desires, and the yearnings of millions of individuals. The world's attention has been drawn to this crisis, which serves as a stark reminder of the ongoing difficulty of achieving global peace and stability. The emergency, which started in 2014 with Russia's extension of Crimea, has developed into a complex and diverse clash, set apart by equipped showdowns, political struggle, and compassionate misfortune. It demonstrates the complexity of contemporary diplomacy, which involves the intersection of competing national interests, ethnic identities, and territorial integrity to create a volatile and frequently precarious landscape. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine prompts profound inquiries regarding the nature of international law, the effectiveness of global governance, and the function of diplomacy in resolving disputes that are deeply ingrained. It forces us to confront fundamental questions about the sovereignty of nations and the responsibility of the international community, challenges the principles enshrined in the United Nations Charter, and tests the resilience of international institutions. At the core of this emergency are the goals of the Ukrainian nation for self-assurance, security, and monetary flourishing, compared with Russia's verifiable and key interests in the district. As a result of the conflict, hundreds of thousands of people have been forced to flee their homes, many people have died, and there is an ongoing humanitarian crisis that needs our immediate attention. During this Model United Nations conference, our goal is to re-enact the diplomatic negotiations and international cooperation required to fully address this crisis. We meet up not as agents of our nations but rather as worldwide residents focused on the standards of exchange, and participation, and split the difference. In the days to come, we will try to answer difficult questions: With respect for Ukraine's sovereignty, how can the international community facilitate a peaceful resolution to this crisis? Which job might strategy at any point play in de-raising strains and remaking trust between the gatherings in question? How might we guarantee the security of basic freedoms and the arrangement of philanthropic guides to those impacted by the contention? The assignment before us is considerable, yet we must draw in earnest compassion and scholarly meticulousness. The conversations in this meeting won't just be a recreation but an impression of this present reality challenges looked at by negotiators, policymakers, and peacekeepers consistently. Keep in mind that the choices we make shape history, and that our collective efforts today can pave the way for a world that is more peaceful and just in the future as we embark on this intellectual and diplomatic journey. It is through exchange and tact that we try to change strains into amazing open doors for compromise, participation, and getting through harmony. Background / History The Russia-Ukraine crisis is a conflict with many facets and deep roots that stem from a maze of historical, cultural, and geopolitical factors. One must investigate a lengthy and intricate history that spans centuries in order to truly comprehend the severity of this ongoing crisis. The narrative of the Russia-Ukraine relationship is one set apart by successes, moving lines, and contending public characters. 1. Medieval Origins: The conflict between Russia and Ukraine can be traced back to the medieval period when Kyivan Rus was one of several principalities in the region. Kyivan Rus became a powerful and culturally rich state in the ninth century, connecting the East Slavic people. However, it began to disintegrate as a result of Mongol rule over it over time. 2. Imperial Ambitions: Through a series of wars and treaties, the region was under the control of the Russian Empire by the late 17th century. Ukraine's development was shaped by Russia's cultural and political influences as well as those of Poland-Lithuania, which led to a wide range of people's identities. 3. Ukrainian National Awakening: The nineteenth century saw the rise of a Ukrainian public arousing, driven by savvy people, essayists, and social pioneers. The goal of this movement was to bring Ukrainian culture, language, and identity back to life. It represented a test of the Russian Domain's digestion strategies in Ukraine. 4. Revolution and Independence: Ukraine had the chance to declare independence in 1917 thanks to the upheaval of the early 20th century, which included World War I and the Russian Revolution. In any case, this freedom was fleeting as it was trailed by the Russian Nationwide conflict, during which Ukraine was entangled in a struggle between different groups, including the Marxists, the White Armed force, and Ukrainian patriots. 5. Soviet Union Era: During the Soviet Union Ukraine became one of the Soviet Union's founding republics in 1922. Under Joseph Stalin's rule, it went through the horrors of collectivization, man-made famines, and political purges. The Second Great War brought further pulverization, with Ukraine seeing the absolute bloodiest fights. 6. Post-World War II Era: Ukraine remained a constituent republic of the Soviet Union even after World War II. The 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl had long-lasting effects on the environment as well as on the human population in the region. 7. Breakup of the Soviet Union: When the Soviet Union broke up in 1991, that was the turning point in the modern history of Ukraine. Ukraine proclaimed its freedom, turning into a sovereign country. However, this new independence also came with significant difficulties, such as political change and economic instability. 8. Complex Ethnic and Semantic Makeup: Ukraine's different ethnic structure, with a critical Russian-talking populace in the east and Crimea, added intricacy to its country-building process. The issue of language freedoms and social personality remained a disputed matter. 9. Orange Revolution: The Orange Revolution of 2004 was a symbol of Ukraine's first steps toward closer integration with Europe at the beginning of the 2000s. This nonviolent protest movement sought to ensure free and fair elections and bolster democratic institutions. 10. Annexation of Crimea and Conflict in Eastern Ukraine: In 2014, Russia's extension of Crimea and the episode of outfitted struggle in eastern Ukraine, especially in the Donetsk and Luhansk locales, denoted a grave heightening. Conflicts have continued, people have been displaced, and international relations have been strained as a result of this crisis. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine is deeply entwined with this turbulent history. A contention reflects the desires of the Ukrainian public as well as Russia's verifiable impact in the locale and its journey to safeguard its apparent key interests. We must acknowledge that the present is influenced by the past as we gather to discuss this crisis today. Understanding this history is essential for pursuing a path toward diplomacy amid tension. Recent Developments The geopolitical landscape of Eastern Europe has been altered by significant developments in the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The conflict began in 2014 with Russia's annexation of Crimea and subsequent support for separatist movements in eastern Ukraine. Since then, it has grown and changed. In 2023, the worldwide local area proceeds to intently screen what is going on, as a few key situations have developed. Political endeavors pointed toward finding a tranquil goal to the contention persevere, but with restricted achievement. Multilateral talks, including the Minsk arrangements, have been returned to and endeavors have been made to restore the harmony interaction. These initiatives have seen brief breakthroughs like brief territorial swaps and temporary ceasefires, but a long-term peace is still elusive. The contention has seen a resurgence of brutality, described by regular conflicts between Ukrainian military and supportive of Russian separatists. The forefront between the different sides has set, bringing about a true division of domains. Even though they have done so slowly, both sides have strengthened their positions and gained territory. A prolonged conflict marked by sporadic but intense fighting has resulted in heavy casualties and displacement as a result of this ingrained impasse. The international elements of the contention have essentially advanced. Western nations have continued to impose economic sanctions as a result of the growing international outcry against Russia's intervention in Crimea and eastern Ukraine. The contention has stressed Russia's relations with NATO and has prompted the supporting of NATO's presence in adjoining nations, especially in the Baltics and Poland, as a safeguarding effort. In the region, this has contributed to an atmosphere of increased tension and military posturing. In 2023, Russia's continued support for separatist movements in Ukraine has also brought to light the significance of hybrid warfare strategies used by both sides, such as cyberattacks and disinformation campaigns. These strategies have additionally muddled the contention and exacerbated pressures, enhancing the challenges in tracking down a serene goal. The affected areas' humanitarian conditions have gotten worse. Living standards have significantly deteriorated as a result of ongoing fighting and economic stagnation, with limited access to healthcare and education and a lack of basic necessities. The affected population has received humanitarian assistance from the international community to alleviate their suffering, but the scale of the crisis persists. The year 2023 has seen expanded worldwide endeavours to address the contention, with restored strategic commitment between Russia, Ukraine, and global middle people. The United States of America, the European Union, and specific states like Germany and France have all actively sought to facilitate negotiations. Nonetheless, finding an extensive arrangement that tends to the centre complaints of all gatherings included stays an intricate undertaking. Overall, the year 2023 was marked by a long and difficult conflict between Russia and Ukraine, marked by ongoing violence, geopolitical tensions, and limited progress toward a lasting peace. This contention's effect keeps on resounding inside the district and then some, highlighting the requirement for escalated strategic endeavours and a restored obligation to settling the issues in question. NATO Integration; How it has affected Russia Ukraine conflict NATO integration and the Russia-Ukraine conflict are complex and interrelated issues. NATO's expansion and the potential inclusion of Ukraine as a member have been sources of tension between Russia and the Western alliance. ● Security Concerns: Russia views NATO expansion, particularly into former Soviet states like Ukraine, as a direct security threat. Moscow fears that NATO's presence in its neighboring countries could encircle Russia and weaken its influence in the region. This has contributed to Russia's aggressive stance in Ukraine. ● Ukraine's Aspirations: Ukraine has expressed a desire to join NATO as a means of enhancing its security and stability. This aspiration has heightened tensions with Russia, as Moscow opposes Ukraine's alignment with Western military organizations. ● NATO Support: While NATO has not granted Ukraine full membership, it has provided political and military support. This support includes training, financial aid, and the supply of defensive weapons. These actions have drawn criticism from Russia and exacerbated tensions. ● Diplomatic Implications: NATO's stance on the conflict has implications for diplomatic efforts to resolve it. The alliance's position can influence international negotiations and the willingness of Western countries to impose sanctions on Russia. NATO's response in the conflict NATO is helping to coordinate Ukraine’s requests for assistance and is supporting Allies in the delivery of humanitarian and non-lethal aid. Through NATO, Allies have already pledged EUR 500 million to meet Ukraine’s critical needs, including fuel, demining equipment and medical supplies. At the 2023 Vilnius Summit, Allies agreed to support Ukraine further with a multi-year assistance programme, which will help Ukraine transition from Soviet-era to NATO standards, training and doctrines; help rebuild Ukraine’s security and defence sector; and continue to cover critical needs. Furthermore, Allies agreed to upgrade political ties by establishing the NATO-Ukraine Council, a forum for crisis consultation and decision-making where all NATO members and Ukraine sit as equals. Lastly, Allies reaffirmed that Ukraine will become a member of NATO when Allies agree and when conditions are met. They removed the requirement for Ukraine to pursue a Membership Action Plan (a NATO programme covering political, economic, defence, resource, security and legal reforms of aspirant countries), which will change Ukraine’s membership path from a two-step process to a one-step process. More broadly, NATO’s Article 5 security guarantee and its ironclad promise of collective defence provide Allies with the confidence that they can send weapons to Ukraine without diminishing their own security. To date, NATO Allies have provided billions of euros’ worth of military equipment to Ukraine. Allied forces are also training Ukrainian troops to use this equipment. All of this is making a difference on the battlefield every day, helping Ukraine to uphold its right of self-defence, which is enshrined in the United Nations Charter. Furthermore, Allies are providing billions of euros of financial assistance to Ukraine. Many Allies are also providing humanitarian aid to civilians and hosting millions of Ukrainian refugees. Allies are working with relevant stakeholders in the international community to hold accountable all those responsible for war crimes, including conflict-related sexual violence EU integration of Ukraine Ukraine's integration with the European Union (EU) has been a significant and ongoing process, which has both political and economic dimensions. Here are some key points regarding Ukraine's EU integration: ● Association Agreement: In 2014, Ukraine signed an Association Agreement with the EU. This agreement includes provisions for closer political cooperation, economic integration, and reforms in Ukraine to align with EU standards and regulations. ● Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA): The Association Agreement also established a DCFTA between Ukraine and the EU. This trade agreement allows for greater access to the EU market for Ukrainian goods and services, promoting economic ties. ● Visa Liberalization: Ukraine has made progress in achieving visa-free travel for its citizens to the Schengen Area countries within the EU. This has been a significant step in facilitating people-to-people contacts and business relationships. ● Challenges: Ukraine's path to EU integration has faced challenges, including political instability, the conflict in Eastern Ukraine, and economic difficulties. These factors have at times slowed down progress toward integration. ● Public support: Public opinion in Ukraine generally supports closer ties with the EU, reflecting a desire for political stability, economic growth, and alignment with Western standards. ● Geopolitical Implications: Ukraine's pursuit of EU integration has geopolitical significance, as it represents a shift away from Russia's influence in favour of closer ties with Western institutions. This has been a source of tension between Ukraine and Russia. In summary, Ukraine's integration with the European Union involves political, economic, and societal changes aimed at aligning with EU standards and values. While progress has been made, challenges remain, and the process has important implications for Ukraine's future direction and its relationship with Russia and the EU. Economic implications aftermath of Russia Ukraine conflict Russia-Ukraine conflict has been significant and multifaceted, affecting both Ukraine and Russia, as well as having broader regional and global consequences. Here are some key economic outcomes and impacts: For Ukraine: Economic Disruption: The conflict in Eastern Ukraine, which began in 2014, has led to significant economic disruption in the affected regions. Infrastructure, industries, and businesses have suffered damage or been forced to cease operations. Loss of Crimea: Ukraine lost control of Crimea to Russia, which had economic consequences, including the loss of valuable assets and resources, such as the Black Sea ports and energy infrastructure. Dependency on Aid: Ukraine has relied on international financial assistance and loans from organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to stabilize its economy, implement reforms, and address fiscal challenges. Currency Depreciation: The Ukrainian hryvnia has experienced significant depreciation, leading to inflation and making imports more expensive for consumers. Trade Impact: The conflict disrupted trade flows, particularly with Russia, once a major trading partner. Ukraine has sought to diversify its trade relationships, including increasing trade with the EU. For Russia: Sanctions: Western sanctions imposed on Russia in response to its actions in Ukraine have had economic consequences. These sanctions targeted key sectors of the Russian economy, including energy, finance, and defense, limiting Russia's access to international markets and technology. Economic Slowdown: The combination of sanctions, falling oil prices, and economic mismanagement has led to an economic slowdown in Russia. It has faced challenges like inflation, reduced foreign investment, and a weakened currency. Energy Impact: Russia's energy sector, particularly its oil and gas exports, plays a crucial role in its economy. The conflict and sanctions have increased Russia's focus on alternative markets, such as China, to compensate for losses in Western markets. In summary, the economic implications of the Russia-Ukraine conflict have been far-reaching and complex, affecting both countries directly involved, as well as neighbouring regions and the global economy. These implications continue to evolve as the conflict persists and as international sanctions and diplomatic efforts fluctuate. Global Implications of Russia-Ukraine War Geo-political Ramifications: The War has brought into focus the role of NATO once again, it might lead to formation of alliances and counter alliances like the cold war era and may prompt these countries to go for increase in defense expenditure to meet their security needs as now they don’t trust the credibility of the global institutions like the UNO. It has also demonstrated the old friendship ties between India and Russia despite of India’s dependence on the west for various needs. Humanitarian impact: According to the United Nations, more than eleven million people have left their homes in Ukraine so far: 5.3 million of which have left to neighbouring countries, while 6.5 million people are now internally displaced in the country itself amidst the continuation of the war. The UN's children agency believes that two-thirds of all Ukrainian kids have been impacted and have had to flee their homes. A global food crisis: Ukraine grows enough food to feed 400 million people worldwide, which includes 50% of the world's sunflower oil supply, 10% of the worldwide grain supply and 13% of global corn supply. As for now, up to 30% of crop areas in Ukraine will either not be planted or be unharnessed this year because of the Russian attack. In addition to this, supply chains from Ukraine have been disrupted, because of the closure of the Black Sea ports and limited ability to transport commodities through the Western border. Energy challenges: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has the potential to accelerate the global shift to green energy in the long run, but as for the short-term it will have huge consequences on energy price and market structures. Firstly, countries are working on contingency plans as a response to the shortage of oil and gas. The United States, United Kingdom and Canada imposed an embargo on Russian oil and gas imports. The EU is working on plans to decrease dependence from Russian gas and oil by 2024, too. A Re-Creation of the Cold War Economy: Exports of oil and gas were Russia's primary economic interaction with the West. These exports are unlikely to be restored to pre-invasion levels. Still, Russia remains the world's largest exporter of wheat and forestry products, and a source of strategic resources such as nickel, cobalt, and platinum. Regardless of the outcome of the war, Western companies will remain reluctant to return to Russia, or invest in it in the future. The risks are simply too high. The current situation virtually re-creates the Cold War division of the global economy in certain sectors, only now, Russia is at a greater disadvantage, since it no longer operates in the larger space of the Soviet bloc (the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance—COMECON) whose one-time members are now members of the EU and NATO. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence All through the Russia-Ukraine war, concerns have ascended across a scope of stages. For instance, researchers discovered that as soon as users signed up for TikTok, they were taken to false information about the war. Videos were shown to new TikTok users claiming that clips from a videogame were genuine war footage and that Vladimir Putin's press conference in March 2020 had been "Photoshopped." The conspiracy theory that the United States is funding bioweapons in Ukraine was also routinely promoted by Facebook's algorithm. A concentrate by the Middle for Countering Computerized Disdain (CCDH) found that Facebook neglected to mark 80% of posts spreading this fear inspired notion about U.S.- financed bioweapons as disinformation. When discussing the Russia-Ukraine crisis, artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to have a significant impact on the topic of seeking diplomacy amid tensions. Some important points: 1. Prediction and analysis of the data: AI can provide policymakers with real-time insights by analyzing vast amounts of data from a variety of sources, such as official statements, social media, and news. AI has the potential to support diplomatic efforts and assist nations in making more informed decisions by comprehending public sentiment, recognizing trends, and predicting potential escalations. 2. Systems for Early Warnings: Patterns of conflict, political instability, or potential military actions can be identified and analyzed by AI-powered early warning systems. These systems can send diplomatic actors timely alerts so they can start diplomatic engagements and take preventative measures before the situation gets worse. 3. Intervention and Compromise: Man-made intelligence can help with interceding questions and compromise by working with exchange between clashing gatherings. AI-enabled negotiation tools, chatbots, and virtual assistants can help find common ground, reduce misunderstandings, and bridge gaps. Simulated intelligence intervention instruments can propose fair-minded thoughts, working with splits the difference, and possibly deescalating strains. It is vital to recognize that artificial intelligence isn't an answer in itself yet a device that requires human direction and oversight. Human understanding, empathy, and negotiation skills remain crucial to diplomacy. Building trust, encouraging dialogue, and addressing the root causes of conflicts are essential components of successful diplomacy, which AI cannot completely replace. Impact of Cyber warfare on the conflict The conflict in Ukraine began on various levels - on the ground and in like manner in the internet. On 23 February, the day preceding Russia's intrusion of Ukraine, cyberweapons turned into an introduction to full scale war. PC frameworks in various Ukrainian services, government associations, and banks were the objectives of conveyed refusal of administration (DDoS) assaults. Specialists revealed wiper goes after that delete the whole hard drive, ordinarily making the entire framework inoperable. Russia, in accordance with its forceful choice to put its atomic powers fully on guard, could answer with wrecking cyberattacks. Then again, NATO has previously affirmed that a cyberattack against any of its individuals would set off Article 5 of the NATO Contract, permitting NATO to hit back with all means accessible. Cyberattacks and disinformation systems have a fundamental impact in the contention. Other than states and their subsidiary digital intermediaries, different digital gatherings and digital packs are favouring one side also, expanding the gamble of heightening. The Dispute on Gas The long-running dispute between Russia and Ukraine as far as gas can be followed back to the Soviet era when the two nations were important for a similar association. The gas trade between Russia and Ukraine became a contentious issue after the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 when Ukraine became an independent nation. Ukraine's heavy reliance on Russian gas supplies is one of the primary causes of the gas dispute. The majority of Ukraine's gas requirements come from Russia, with Russian gas accounting for roughly two-thirds of the country's total consumption. This reliance gives Russia huge influence on monetary and political issues, permitting them to impact Ukrainian strategies and choices. Disagreements over gas prices, unpaid debts, transit fees, and political tensions are among the many factors that have contributed to the disputes that Russia and Ukraine have been having. Since Ukraine is a major transit route for Russian gas to European consumers, these conflicts have resulted in numerous disruptions to gas supplies, affecting not only Ukraine but also gas flows to Europe. The price of gas has been a major point of contention between the two nations. Russia has been accused of using gas prices to pressure Ukraine politically at times. Russia has in the past significantly increased Ukraine's gas prices, particularly during times of increased tension between the two nations. This has put pressure on the economy of Ukraine and added costs to the country's already strained financial situation. Another quarrelsome issue has been neglected obligations. Ukraine has repeatedly struggled to pay Russia's gas bills. This has brought about successive instalment debates, with Russia frequently taking steps to remove gas supplies in the event that Ukraine neglects to settle its obligations. The debt issue has been made even more difficult by allegations of mismanagement and corruption within the Ukrainian energy sector. The gas dispute has also been influenced by transit fees. As a pivotal travel country, Ukraine charges Russia for the transportation of gas to Europe through its pipeline organization. However, gas flows have frequently been disrupted as a result of disagreements regarding transit fees and the terms of the gas transit agreement. Concerns about Europe's energy security have arisen as a result of these disruptions affecting not only Russia and Ukraine but also European nations that rely on Russian gas supplies. In addition, Russia and Ukraine's wider geopolitical tensions are intertwined with the gas dispute. Gas negotiations have been further complicated by the conflict between the two countries, particularly Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the on-going military conflict in Eastern Ukraine. The gas issue has developed into a means for both nations to gain economic advantage, assert dominance, and exert political influence over one another. International mediation, such as negotiations facilitated by the European Union, has been a part of efforts to resolve the gas dispute. Over the years, a number of agreements and temporary solutions have been reached. Notwithstanding, a dependable answer to the gas question stays slippery, as political pressures and well-established issues keep on upsetting advancement. In synopsis, the long-running gas question among Russia and Ukraine has been a mind-boggling issue established in monetary, political, and international elements. Conflicts over gas costs, neglected obligations, travel charges, and more extensive political pressures have prompted rehashed disturbances in gas supplies, affecting Ukraine, Russia, and European nations. Settling this question requires resolving basic issues, cultivating trust, and finding fair and economical arrangements that guarantee energy security for all gatherings included. Questions to consider 1. How can the Security Council facilitate diplomatic negotiations between Russia and Ukraine to de-escalate the crisis? 2. What measures can be taken to ensure the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine? 3. How can the Security Council encourage the peaceful resolution of the conflict? 4. What role can the Security Council play in addressing human rights violations and protecting the rights of civilians affected by the crisis? 5. What steps can be taken to promote dialogue and trust-building between Russia and Ukraine? 6. How can the international community, including the Security Council, support Ukraine's economic recovery and stability? 7. What measures can be implemented to prevent further aggression and military escalation in the region? 8. How can the Security Council address the issue of Crimea's annexation by Russia and work towards its de-occupation? 9. What sanctions, if any, should be imposed on Russia to address its actions in Ukraine? 10. How can the Security Council ensure compliance with existing international laws and agreements related to the conflict, such as the Minsk Agreement? 11. What steps can be taken to protect the safety and well-being of Ukrainian citizens, including those living in the conflict-affected areas? 12. How can the Security Council address the issue of displaced persons and refugees as a result of the conflict? 13. What role can the Security Council play in preventing the involvement of other external actors in the crisis? 14. How can the Security Council support long-term reconciliation and stability between Russia and Ukraine? 15. What measures can be taken to hold accountable those responsible for human rights abuses and violations during the crisis?