Books by Andreas Schachner
The so-called Great Temple and the monumental buildings in its vicinity are the most emblematic s... more The so-called Great Temple and the monumental buildings in its vicinity are the most emblematic structures in the Hittite capital Ḫattuša. It is one of the best-preserved ensembles of monumental Hittite architecture, which stands par excellence for Hittite culture in Central Anatolia and is today visited by all visitors to the UNESCO World Heritage Site. The edifices were investigated in several stages between 1907 and 1969 so that the history of research into this extensive Bronze Age settlement is reflected in an exemplary way in the changing development of the excavations and their reappraisal. The differentiated presentation of all buildings creates, for the first time, a sound basis for including these buildings in modern research questions of archaeology as well as cultural and architectural history. The work results not only in changes in the evaluation of the spatial structures and their functions but especially in the solution to the question of when this ensemble was founded. The construction of these buildings already in the formative phase of the Hittite empire can be associated with politically and socially indicated religious developments and with the urban transformation of Ḫattuša from an Anatolian city to the religious and political center of an ancient Near Eastern empire.
Der sogenannte Große Tempel und die monumentale Bebauung in seinem Umfeld sind die prägenden Bauten in der hethitischen Hauptstadt Ḫattuša. Es handelt sich um eines der am besten erhaltenen Ensembles monumentaler hethitischer Architektur, das par excellence für die hethitische Kultur in Zentralanatolien steht und heute von allen Besuchern der UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestätte besichtigt wird. Die Bauwerke wurden in mehreren Etappen zwischen 1907 und 1969 zwar untersucht, aber nie im Detail vorgelegt. In der wechselvollen Entwicklung der Grabungen und deren Aufarbeitung spiegelt sich die Geschichte der Erforschung der bronzezeitlichen Großsiedlung exemplarisch. Die differenzierte Vorlage sämtlicher Baubefunde schafft nun erstmals eine fundierte Grundlage dafür, diese Gebäude in moderne Forschungsfragen der Archäologie sowie der Kultur- und Architekturgeschichte einzubeziehen. Aus den Arbeiten ergeben sich nicht nur Veränderungen in der Bewertung der Raumstrukturen und deren Funktionen, sondern insbesondere für die Frage, wann dieses Ensemble gegründet wurde. Die Errichtung dieser Bauwerke bereits in der Entstehungsphase des hethitischen Großreichs lässt sich mit politisch und gesellschaftlich indizierten religiösen Entwicklungen ebenso verbinden wie mit der städtebaulichen Umgestaltung Ḫattušas von einer anatolischen Stadt zum religiösen und politischen Zentrum eines altorientalischen Großreichs.
https://reichert-verlag.de/schlagworte/altertumswissenschaften_schlagwort/9783752008036_ausgrabungen_in_der_unterstadt_von_bogazkoey_ii-detail
https://zenon.dainst.org/Record/003081468
https://publications.dainst.org/books/dai/catalog/book/2112
Die spät-chalkolithischen Siedlungsschichten in Giricano vermitteln einen ununterbrochenen Überbl... more Die spät-chalkolithischen Siedlungsschichten in Giricano vermitteln einen ununterbrochenen Überblick über die kulturelle Entwicklung im Tal des Oberen Tigris von der Obed-Zeit bis in die erste Hälfte des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. Die materielle Kultur der noch in der Phase Late-Chalcolithic (LC) 1 gegründeten Siedlung zeigt, dass die bisher hauptsächlich im heutigen Nordirak dokumentierte Kultur bis zum Fuß des Taurus reichte. Kurz vor der Wende vom 4. zum 3. Jahrtausend v. Chr. erreichte die Siedlung in der Phase LC 5 den Höhepunkt ihrer Entwicklung. Dieser ist durch ein monumentales Gebäude dokumentiert, das wahrscheinlich durch ein Erdbeben zerstört wurde. Eine Nachbesiedlung in der so genannten Nineveh 5-Periode ist wesentlich kleiner, bevor der Fundort aufgegeben wurde. Die Darstellung folgt der Entwicklung der Architektur, der Keramik und der Kleinfunde. Sie wird durch eine Diskussion der Integration der Siedlung in die überregionale Kulturentwicklung ergänzt.
Andreas Schachner is a member of the research staff of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI), responsible for Near Eastern Archaeology, since 2005. He completed his studies at the University of Munich in 1993, and obtained his PhD from Munich in 1999, followed by the Habilitation in 2005. As of 2006, Schachner is the director of the long-term project “The Excavations of Hattusha” on behalf of the DAI. Before attending the DAI Schachner conducted excavations at Giricano between 2000 and 2003 as part of a joint effort by the University of Munich and the Diyarbakır Archaeological Museum as well as archaeological and epigraphical surveys at the Tigris Tunnel (2004). Schachner is a corresponding member of the DAI, the Turkish Institute for Ancient Studies and an adjunct Professor at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg.
for further informations cf.: http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503575360-1
Hattuşa 100 yılı aşkın bir süredir gerçekleştirilmekte olan disiplinlerarası çalışmaların, Anadol... more Hattuşa 100 yılı aşkın bir süredir gerçekleştirilmekte olan disiplinlerarası çalışmaların, Anadolu ve Önasya kültür tarihinin yorumlanmasına temel oluşturacak şekilde bir arada sunulma arzusu bu kitabın ana çıkış noktasını oluşturmuştur. Elinizdeki bu çalışma bir yandan son dönemde yeni bir anlayışla değerlendirilen sonuçların ilk kez geniş bir kitlela paylaşılacağı bir durum tespiti sunmakta, diğer yandan ise arkeolojinin, antik dönem kültürlerinin rekonstrüksiyonu konusundaki imkan ve sınırlarını göstererk yeni araştırma konularını işaret etmektedir. Öğrenciler ve bilim insanlarının yanı sıra konuya ilgi duyan diğer okuyuculara da aynı oranda hitap ederek sağlam temellere dayanan genel bir fikir sağlamak ve çeşitli araştırma sonuçlarını bir arada sunmak bu çalışmanın birincil hedefidir.
http://www.homerbooks.com/item/3808-1320617/hattusa%20-%20efsanevi%20hitit%20imparatorlugu-nun%20izinde
Inhalt:
A. Schachner, Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen an Yenicekale in der südwestlichen Oberstad... more Inhalt:
A. Schachner, Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen an Yenicekale in der südwestlichen Oberstadt von Boğazköy-Ḫattuša (2006–2008)
D. Hollenstein – G. Middea, The Faunal Remains from the Square Building Horizon in the Valley West of Sarıkale, Boğazköy-Ḫattuša, Turkey (16th/15th Century BC)
Zwischen 2007 und 2009 wurde auf einem strategisch günstigen Plateau in der Oberstadt der hethiti... more Zwischen 2007 und 2009 wurde auf einem strategisch günstigen Plateau in der Oberstadt der hethitischen Hauptstadt Hattusa ein Gebäude freigelegt, das wohl als Residenz des Kommandanten der königlichen Leibgarde zu identifizieren ist. Die Architektur und Funde ermöglichen Einblicke in das Leben der hethitischen Eliten. Byzantinische Befunde sprechen dafür, dass das Dorf des 10. Jhs. n. Chr. größer war und überregionale Kontakte bestanden.
Mit diesem Band liegt der erste Abschlussbericht über die Arbeiten in der westlichen Oberstadt vo... more Mit diesem Band liegt der erste Abschlussbericht über die Arbeiten in der westlichen Oberstadt von Hattuša vor. Die Oberstadt von Hattuša, die seit der 2. Hälfte des 16. Jhs. v. Chr. die Siedlungsfläche der Stadt nahezu verdoppelt hat, ist durch öffentliche Bauten unterschiedlichster Funktionen geprägt. Um den urbanen Zusammenhang in seiner Gesamtheit zu erfassen, konzentrierten sich zwischen 2002 und 2009 Ausgrabungen, geophysikalische Surveys und architekturhistorische Untersuchungen auf die Talsenke westlich von Sarikale und die diese umgebenden, bebauten Felsen in der westlichen Oberstadt. Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Publikation werden die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen an der Felsenanlage von Yenicekale vorgelegt. Dieses monumentale Bauwerk dominiert durch seine herausragende Lage den westlichen Teil der Oberstadt der hethitischen Hauptstadt. Das Gebäude wird erstmals in einer angemessenen Art und Weise der Fachwelt zugänglich gemacht. Neben herkömmlichen archäologischen Methoden erbrachte die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit mit Geologen weiterführende Einblicke in die Arbeitsabläufe zur Errichtung der Anlage. Es gelingt unseres Wissens nach erstmals, den Weg eines Steins vom Steinbruch bis zum fertigen Gebäude am Bespiel eines spätbronzezeitlichen Bauwerks nachzuzeichnen. Diese Untersuchungen erschließen eine der am besten erhaltenen Felsanlagen im Stadtgebiet. Sie lassen den Schluß zu, daß es sich wahrscheinlich um ein dem Ahnenkult dienendes Gebäude - möglicherweise ein NA4hegur - handelte, daß vermutlich zwischen dem späten 16. und dem frühen 13. Jh. v. Chr. genutzt wurde. Im zweiten Teil des Buchs werden die Tierknochenfunden der ältesten Bauschicht im Tal vor Sarikale vorgelegt. Diese Bauschicht datiert in die zweite Hälfte des 16. Jhs. v. Chr. und ist durch die regelmäßige Architektur der sogenannten Quadrathäuser charakterisiert. Die Studie setzt die lange Tradition der naturwissenschaftlichen Arbeiten in Bogazköy fort. Erstmals konzentrieren sich die Überlegungen auf einen gut stratifizierten und datierten Befund aus dem 16. Jahrhundert v. Chr., so daß Einblicke in die Nutzungsweisen dieser Gebäude aus einem für die hethitische Geschichte wesentlichen Zeitraum möglich werden. Obwohl die Ergebnisse nur einen Ausschnitt der hethitischen Geschichte erhellen, vermitteln sie einen Eindruck von der Nutzung der Tiere als wichtigem wirtschaftlichem Faktor in einer Zeit wesentlichen Wandels und Veränderungen im hethitischen Staatswesen.
here you can learn more about the most recent publication of the Bogazköy Excavation Project:
https://www.dainst.org/-/bogazkoy-hattusa-ergebnisse-der-ausgrabungen
for the contents see:
https://www.dainst.org/documents/10180/97180/BoHa+24+Inhaltsverzeichnis.pdf/618d830f-4cf9-4ff6-afcc-22d45191a4eb
the page of the publisher:
http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/468768
Papers on Bogazköy / Hittites by Andreas Schachner
The geography of northern Central Anatolia, the heartland of the Hittite Empire, is characterized... more The geography of northern Central Anatolia, the heartland of the Hittite Empire, is characterized by agreat heterogeneity of topography, geologyand climate. Thisl eadst oacorrespondingly large diversity of anthropogenic lifestyles and economical strategies adapted to the particular regional conditions. In this chapter, this diversification is presented as the background of cultural development and its manifestations. Based on evidence from Boğazköy and Kuşaklı, it shows how Hittite society dealt with the obstacles of the natural habitat and argues for as tronger consideration of Hittite culture against the background of these regional patterns.
Since the beginning of the study of H ttite culture, architecture has played a central role. Whil... more Since the beginning of the study of H ttite culture, architecture has played a central role. While the focus has long been on a typological-descriptive approach to inventory the findings, the potential for understanding the development of social structures has long remained untapped. The changes in the built environment show how the establishment of the Hittite dynasty brought about changes in social organization and economic processes in Central Anatolia. This is particularly visible in the introduction of new and indigenous ground plans, which codified the social behaviors associated with them far beyond their formative phase, thus contributing significantly to identity formation and the creation of social cohesion. Thus, the findings demonstrate the function of state-sponsored Hittite architecture within the framework of the state's exercise of power. However, it is noteworthy that Hittite state culture and architecture was apparently unable to fundamentally change the longue durée of cultural development in Central Anatolia. For this was molded by geography and thus offered limited possibilities for change.
e-Forschungsberichte, 2024
As part of the interdisciplinary research project into the Hittite capital of Hattuša, various di... more As part of the interdisciplinary research project into the Hittite capital of Hattuša, various digital methods have been used since 2014 in cooperation with Italian universities for the three-dimensional documentation of large-format inscriptions and sculptures, extensive architectural ensembles and complex topographical terrains. Only this approach has made it possible to understand monuments that were previously difficult to interpret (e.g. the inscription of Nişantepe, the hieroglyphic inscriptions of Yerkapı or parts of Yazılıkaya) as well as complex geographical structures (e.g., the Budaközü Canyon) in their overall context in such a way that, in addition to the interpretation of the individual monument, the relationship between anthropogenic activity and topographical conditions becomes recognizable.
e-Forschungsberichte, 2024
Archäologischer Anzeiger, 2024
The continuation of the research on Büyükkale’s Northwest Slope (BK-NWH), on the Büyükkale and on... more The continuation of the research on Büyükkale’s Northwest Slope (BK-NWH), on the Büyükkale and on the western slope of the Upper Town has yielded significant new results relating to the Hittite period. The development of the Upper City now appears to be a fluid process that very probably began in the first half of the 16ᵗʰ century B.C. (contribution by M. Gruber § 129–153). We were able to gain insights into the Hittite period on the Büyükkale Northwest Slope (contribution A. Schachner § 2–96), in the
poterne of Yerkapı (contributions by M. Marazzi – N. Bolatti-Guzzo, and L. Repola – V. Morra § 159–194) and on the Büyükkale (contribution by J. Becker § 97–128). The excavations on the western slope of the upper town not only confirm that this part of the city was settled in the 16ᵗʰ century B.C., but also provide strong evidence that this process began earlier than previously assumed and continued dynamically throughout the entire century. On Büyükkale, substantial remains of the Hittite Empire period are becoming increasingly apparent, which profoundly change the appearance of the Hittite royal castle. In the poterne of Yerkapı, open questions regarding the painted Anatolian hieroglyphs could be clarified, which, in turn, provide clues to the Hittite understanding of the city’s topography. For the first time in several decades, the research at the Büyükkale Northwest Slope has provided well-dated contexts for the discovery of a spectacular bone inlay, which, in addition to contributing to our understanding of the development in Ḫattuša, provides rare insights into the supra-regional relationships of this period. Also, at the Büyükkale Northwest Slope, a text was found in connection with a building of the late Hittite Great Kingdom period, through which the previously unknown Indo-European language of Kalašma could be reconstructed. A second focus of the work relates to research into the 1ˢᵗ millennium B.C. layers on the Büyükkale and the Büyükkale Northwest Slope. At Büyükkale, a detailed stratigraphic investigation of the sequence of building layers from the Middle and Late Iron Age allows for a check of the sequence proposed several decades ago. At the Büyükkale Northwest Slope, not only was it possible to document an Early Iron Age settlement for the first time outside Büyükkaya, but a shift in the settlement from the Middle to the Late Iron Age up the slope can also be seen. This is all the more remarkable given that in the subsequent Hellenistic-Galatian period the settlement was again located in the area of the Middle Iron Age. These changes in the choice of settlement site within a defined geographical area are structurall corresponding to similar developments in the Bronze Age. For the first time it is possible to identify such processes in antiquity that are otherwise only documented for the Ottoman period in Central Anatolia.
Anatolian Studies 74, 2024
The intense use of scientific dating over the last three decades makes it possible for the first ... more The intense use of scientific dating over the last three decades makes it possible for the first time reasonably to connect the topographically diverse parts of the Hittite capital Ḫattuša. Not only was the decision to found a city at this site based on pre-Hittite parameters, but at the same time, it also becomes clear that the settlement is one of the very few in Anatolia which was continuously used from the end of the third millennium BC through the second millennium until the beginning of the Iron Age. Furthermore, the accumulation of radiocarbon dates in individual, archaeologically intensively studied areas of the site makes it now possible to understand the development as a dynamic and fluent process. Based on the results outlined here, permanent moves back and forth of the settled areas within a geographically defined space can be reconstructed. The Hittite city of Ḫattuša was always a construction site. Next to densely built-up districts there existed at all times large expanses of either ruins of buildings or of open spaces, which could have been used as pasture or arable land. The settlement’s map, regularly reproduced as its overall plan, thus represents a status reconstructed or idealised by modern research. Most probably the settlement was at no time occupied to this extent, and accordingly never looked like this in its history.
Archäologischer Anzeiger, 2023
The Excavations at Boğazköy-Ḫattuša in 2022
The 2022 campaign marks a transition to new areas of ... more The Excavations at Boğazköy-Ḫattuša in 2022
The 2022 campaign marks a transition to new areas of exploration in Boğazköy. On the one hand, the excavations of Bronze Age contexts in the northern Lower City were largely completed (contribution A. Schachner). The same applies to the northern fortifications of the Roman military camp (contribution D. Krüger). On the other hand, new research questions are addressed with excavations on the middle Büyükkale northwest slope (contribution A. Schachner), the Büyükkale (contribution J. Becker – A. Schachner) and the west slope of the Upper City (contribution M. Gruber). An unexpected surprise was the discovery of inscriptions of Anatolian hieroglyphs painted on the walls of the postern under Yerkapı (contribution L. Repola – M. Marazzi – N. Bolatti Guzzo – M. Alparslan – A. Schachner – B. Genç). Restoration activities focused on the completion of the work on the southern gate of the so-called Abschnittsmauer, the residential buildings in the Lower City, the pithoi in the northwestern depots of the Great Temple, and Building E on Büyükkale.
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Books by Andreas Schachner
Der sogenannte Große Tempel und die monumentale Bebauung in seinem Umfeld sind die prägenden Bauten in der hethitischen Hauptstadt Ḫattuša. Es handelt sich um eines der am besten erhaltenen Ensembles monumentaler hethitischer Architektur, das par excellence für die hethitische Kultur in Zentralanatolien steht und heute von allen Besuchern der UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestätte besichtigt wird. Die Bauwerke wurden in mehreren Etappen zwischen 1907 und 1969 zwar untersucht, aber nie im Detail vorgelegt. In der wechselvollen Entwicklung der Grabungen und deren Aufarbeitung spiegelt sich die Geschichte der Erforschung der bronzezeitlichen Großsiedlung exemplarisch. Die differenzierte Vorlage sämtlicher Baubefunde schafft nun erstmals eine fundierte Grundlage dafür, diese Gebäude in moderne Forschungsfragen der Archäologie sowie der Kultur- und Architekturgeschichte einzubeziehen. Aus den Arbeiten ergeben sich nicht nur Veränderungen in der Bewertung der Raumstrukturen und deren Funktionen, sondern insbesondere für die Frage, wann dieses Ensemble gegründet wurde. Die Errichtung dieser Bauwerke bereits in der Entstehungsphase des hethitischen Großreichs lässt sich mit politisch und gesellschaftlich indizierten religiösen Entwicklungen ebenso verbinden wie mit der städtebaulichen Umgestaltung Ḫattušas von einer anatolischen Stadt zum religiösen und politischen Zentrum eines altorientalischen Großreichs.
https://reichert-verlag.de/schlagworte/altertumswissenschaften_schlagwort/9783752008036_ausgrabungen_in_der_unterstadt_von_bogazkoey_ii-detail
https://zenon.dainst.org/Record/003081468
https://publications.dainst.org/books/dai/catalog/book/2112
Andreas Schachner is a member of the research staff of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI), responsible for Near Eastern Archaeology, since 2005. He completed his studies at the University of Munich in 1993, and obtained his PhD from Munich in 1999, followed by the Habilitation in 2005. As of 2006, Schachner is the director of the long-term project “The Excavations of Hattusha” on behalf of the DAI. Before attending the DAI Schachner conducted excavations at Giricano between 2000 and 2003 as part of a joint effort by the University of Munich and the Diyarbakır Archaeological Museum as well as archaeological and epigraphical surveys at the Tigris Tunnel (2004). Schachner is a corresponding member of the DAI, the Turkish Institute for Ancient Studies and an adjunct Professor at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg.
for further informations cf.: http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503575360-1
http://www.homerbooks.com/item/3808-1320617/hattusa%20-%20efsanevi%20hitit%20imparatorlugu-nun%20izinde
A. Schachner, Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen an Yenicekale in der südwestlichen Oberstadt von Boğazköy-Ḫattuša (2006–2008)
D. Hollenstein – G. Middea, The Faunal Remains from the Square Building Horizon in the Valley West of Sarıkale, Boğazköy-Ḫattuša, Turkey (16th/15th Century BC)
here you can learn more about the most recent publication of the Bogazköy Excavation Project:
https://www.dainst.org/-/bogazkoy-hattusa-ergebnisse-der-ausgrabungen
for the contents see:
https://www.dainst.org/documents/10180/97180/BoHa+24+Inhaltsverzeichnis.pdf/618d830f-4cf9-4ff6-afcc-22d45191a4eb
the page of the publisher:
http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/468768
by M. Weedon: http://antiquity.ac.uk/reviews/weeden333.html
by J. Kelder: http://www.academia.edu/2011905/Review_of_Andreas_Schachner_Hattuscha._Auf_dem_Suche_nach_dem_sagenhaften_Grossreich_der_Hethiter._Verlag_C.H._Beck_Munich_2011
Papers on Bogazköy / Hittites by Andreas Schachner
poterne of Yerkapı (contributions by M. Marazzi – N. Bolatti-Guzzo, and L. Repola – V. Morra § 159–194) and on the Büyükkale (contribution by J. Becker § 97–128). The excavations on the western slope of the upper town not only confirm that this part of the city was settled in the 16ᵗʰ century B.C., but also provide strong evidence that this process began earlier than previously assumed and continued dynamically throughout the entire century. On Büyükkale, substantial remains of the Hittite Empire period are becoming increasingly apparent, which profoundly change the appearance of the Hittite royal castle. In the poterne of Yerkapı, open questions regarding the painted Anatolian hieroglyphs could be clarified, which, in turn, provide clues to the Hittite understanding of the city’s topography. For the first time in several decades, the research at the Büyükkale Northwest Slope has provided well-dated contexts for the discovery of a spectacular bone inlay, which, in addition to contributing to our understanding of the development in Ḫattuša, provides rare insights into the supra-regional relationships of this period. Also, at the Büyükkale Northwest Slope, a text was found in connection with a building of the late Hittite Great Kingdom period, through which the previously unknown Indo-European language of Kalašma could be reconstructed. A second focus of the work relates to research into the 1ˢᵗ millennium B.C. layers on the Büyükkale and the Büyükkale Northwest Slope. At Büyükkale, a detailed stratigraphic investigation of the sequence of building layers from the Middle and Late Iron Age allows for a check of the sequence proposed several decades ago. At the Büyükkale Northwest Slope, not only was it possible to document an Early Iron Age settlement for the first time outside Büyükkaya, but a shift in the settlement from the Middle to the Late Iron Age up the slope can also be seen. This is all the more remarkable given that in the subsequent Hellenistic-Galatian period the settlement was again located in the area of the Middle Iron Age. These changes in the choice of settlement site within a defined geographical area are structurall corresponding to similar developments in the Bronze Age. For the first time it is possible to identify such processes in antiquity that are otherwise only documented for the Ottoman period in Central Anatolia.
The 2022 campaign marks a transition to new areas of exploration in Boğazköy. On the one hand, the excavations of Bronze Age contexts in the northern Lower City were largely completed (contribution A. Schachner). The same applies to the northern fortifications of the Roman military camp (contribution D. Krüger). On the other hand, new research questions are addressed with excavations on the middle Büyükkale northwest slope (contribution A. Schachner), the Büyükkale (contribution J. Becker – A. Schachner) and the west slope of the Upper City (contribution M. Gruber). An unexpected surprise was the discovery of inscriptions of Anatolian hieroglyphs painted on the walls of the postern under Yerkapı (contribution L. Repola – M. Marazzi – N. Bolatti Guzzo – M. Alparslan – A. Schachner – B. Genç). Restoration activities focused on the completion of the work on the southern gate of the so-called Abschnittsmauer, the residential buildings in the Lower City, the pithoi in the northwestern depots of the Great Temple, and Building E on Büyükkale.
Der sogenannte Große Tempel und die monumentale Bebauung in seinem Umfeld sind die prägenden Bauten in der hethitischen Hauptstadt Ḫattuša. Es handelt sich um eines der am besten erhaltenen Ensembles monumentaler hethitischer Architektur, das par excellence für die hethitische Kultur in Zentralanatolien steht und heute von allen Besuchern der UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestätte besichtigt wird. Die Bauwerke wurden in mehreren Etappen zwischen 1907 und 1969 zwar untersucht, aber nie im Detail vorgelegt. In der wechselvollen Entwicklung der Grabungen und deren Aufarbeitung spiegelt sich die Geschichte der Erforschung der bronzezeitlichen Großsiedlung exemplarisch. Die differenzierte Vorlage sämtlicher Baubefunde schafft nun erstmals eine fundierte Grundlage dafür, diese Gebäude in moderne Forschungsfragen der Archäologie sowie der Kultur- und Architekturgeschichte einzubeziehen. Aus den Arbeiten ergeben sich nicht nur Veränderungen in der Bewertung der Raumstrukturen und deren Funktionen, sondern insbesondere für die Frage, wann dieses Ensemble gegründet wurde. Die Errichtung dieser Bauwerke bereits in der Entstehungsphase des hethitischen Großreichs lässt sich mit politisch und gesellschaftlich indizierten religiösen Entwicklungen ebenso verbinden wie mit der städtebaulichen Umgestaltung Ḫattušas von einer anatolischen Stadt zum religiösen und politischen Zentrum eines altorientalischen Großreichs.
https://reichert-verlag.de/schlagworte/altertumswissenschaften_schlagwort/9783752008036_ausgrabungen_in_der_unterstadt_von_bogazkoey_ii-detail
https://zenon.dainst.org/Record/003081468
https://publications.dainst.org/books/dai/catalog/book/2112
Andreas Schachner is a member of the research staff of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI), responsible for Near Eastern Archaeology, since 2005. He completed his studies at the University of Munich in 1993, and obtained his PhD from Munich in 1999, followed by the Habilitation in 2005. As of 2006, Schachner is the director of the long-term project “The Excavations of Hattusha” on behalf of the DAI. Before attending the DAI Schachner conducted excavations at Giricano between 2000 and 2003 as part of a joint effort by the University of Munich and the Diyarbakır Archaeological Museum as well as archaeological and epigraphical surveys at the Tigris Tunnel (2004). Schachner is a corresponding member of the DAI, the Turkish Institute for Ancient Studies and an adjunct Professor at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg.
for further informations cf.: http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503575360-1
http://www.homerbooks.com/item/3808-1320617/hattusa%20-%20efsanevi%20hitit%20imparatorlugu-nun%20izinde
A. Schachner, Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen an Yenicekale in der südwestlichen Oberstadt von Boğazköy-Ḫattuša (2006–2008)
D. Hollenstein – G. Middea, The Faunal Remains from the Square Building Horizon in the Valley West of Sarıkale, Boğazköy-Ḫattuša, Turkey (16th/15th Century BC)
here you can learn more about the most recent publication of the Bogazköy Excavation Project:
https://www.dainst.org/-/bogazkoy-hattusa-ergebnisse-der-ausgrabungen
for the contents see:
https://www.dainst.org/documents/10180/97180/BoHa+24+Inhaltsverzeichnis.pdf/618d830f-4cf9-4ff6-afcc-22d45191a4eb
the page of the publisher:
http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/468768
by M. Weedon: http://antiquity.ac.uk/reviews/weeden333.html
by J. Kelder: http://www.academia.edu/2011905/Review_of_Andreas_Schachner_Hattuscha._Auf_dem_Suche_nach_dem_sagenhaften_Grossreich_der_Hethiter._Verlag_C.H._Beck_Munich_2011
poterne of Yerkapı (contributions by M. Marazzi – N. Bolatti-Guzzo, and L. Repola – V. Morra § 159–194) and on the Büyükkale (contribution by J. Becker § 97–128). The excavations on the western slope of the upper town not only confirm that this part of the city was settled in the 16ᵗʰ century B.C., but also provide strong evidence that this process began earlier than previously assumed and continued dynamically throughout the entire century. On Büyükkale, substantial remains of the Hittite Empire period are becoming increasingly apparent, which profoundly change the appearance of the Hittite royal castle. In the poterne of Yerkapı, open questions regarding the painted Anatolian hieroglyphs could be clarified, which, in turn, provide clues to the Hittite understanding of the city’s topography. For the first time in several decades, the research at the Büyükkale Northwest Slope has provided well-dated contexts for the discovery of a spectacular bone inlay, which, in addition to contributing to our understanding of the development in Ḫattuša, provides rare insights into the supra-regional relationships of this period. Also, at the Büyükkale Northwest Slope, a text was found in connection with a building of the late Hittite Great Kingdom period, through which the previously unknown Indo-European language of Kalašma could be reconstructed. A second focus of the work relates to research into the 1ˢᵗ millennium B.C. layers on the Büyükkale and the Büyükkale Northwest Slope. At Büyükkale, a detailed stratigraphic investigation of the sequence of building layers from the Middle and Late Iron Age allows for a check of the sequence proposed several decades ago. At the Büyükkale Northwest Slope, not only was it possible to document an Early Iron Age settlement for the first time outside Büyükkaya, but a shift in the settlement from the Middle to the Late Iron Age up the slope can also be seen. This is all the more remarkable given that in the subsequent Hellenistic-Galatian period the settlement was again located in the area of the Middle Iron Age. These changes in the choice of settlement site within a defined geographical area are structurall corresponding to similar developments in the Bronze Age. For the first time it is possible to identify such processes in antiquity that are otherwise only documented for the Ottoman period in Central Anatolia.
The 2022 campaign marks a transition to new areas of exploration in Boğazköy. On the one hand, the excavations of Bronze Age contexts in the northern Lower City were largely completed (contribution A. Schachner). The same applies to the northern fortifications of the Roman military camp (contribution D. Krüger). On the other hand, new research questions are addressed with excavations on the middle Büyükkale northwest slope (contribution A. Schachner), the Büyükkale (contribution J. Becker – A. Schachner) and the west slope of the Upper City (contribution M. Gruber). An unexpected surprise was the discovery of inscriptions of Anatolian hieroglyphs painted on the walls of the postern under Yerkapı (contribution L. Repola – M. Marazzi – N. Bolatti Guzzo – M. Alparslan – A. Schachner – B. Genç). Restoration activities focused on the completion of the work on the southern gate of the so-called Abschnittsmauer, the residential buildings in the Lower City, the pithoi in the northwestern depots of the Great Temple, and Building E on Büyükkale.
Die Arbeiten in der nördlichen Unterstadt verdichten das Bild der hethitischen und der römischen Nutzungsphasen weiter. Dabei wird einerseits deutlich, dass sich die kleinteilige hethitische Bebauung nach Osten und Süden auf der Terrasse fortsetzt. Andererseits konnten im Norden des Areals möglicherweise der Eingang zu der kaiserzeitlichen Therme von Norden, d. h. vom Militärlager aus, ebenso geklärt werden wie weitere Räume des Gebäudes. Grabungen, die auf der Büyükkale parallel zur Restaurierung des Gebäudes E notwendig wurden, legten nicht nur bisher unbekannte Bereiche der späteisenzeitlichen Bebauung frei, sondern erbrachten überraschenderweise Reste eines hethitischen Gebäudes, das möglicherweise die Verbindung zwischen dem Gebäude E und dem nördlichen Hof darstellt. Im Archiv der Boğazköy-Grabung aufgefundene und in den Grabungen neu gewonnene Radiokarbondatierungen verdichten das Bild der chronologischen Entwicklung der hethitischen ebenso wie der eisenzeitlichen Nutzungsperiode in der Unterstadt und auf der Büyükkale.
Download at: https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/earth/vol31/iss3/4
for digital version see: https://doi.org/10.34780/ac1f-6jeu
dijital yayini icin bkz: https://doi.org/10.34780/ac1f-6jeu
development of a typology of patterns of local governance. The structure of the empirical comparison itself promises methodological insights, since it will entail recognizing, dealing with, and overcoming disciplinary limitations. Starting with the identification of typical patterns and processes, we hope to get a better grasp of the mechanisms by which local configurations of order succeed, while at the same time advancing the theoretical debate. This will allow us to make an interdisciplinary contribution to the understanding of fundamental elements of statehood and local governance that are of central importance, especially in the context of weak statehood. The insights we hope to gain by adopting this historical perspective will contribute to understanding a present that is not based exclusively on its own, apparently completely new preconditions, and will thus significantly sharpen the political analysis of various forms of governance.
The symposium is open to everyone with an interest in the cartography of the (former) Ottoman countries during, but not limited to, the 16th to 20th centuries. The symposium will focus on two main themes:
1) “Cartography of the Ottoman Countries in Europe, Asia and Africa”
2) “Mapping Archaeological Sites, Landscapes and Excavations in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th and 20th Centuries”
The venue of the 8th International Symposium on the History of Cartography will be the Library of the German Archaeological Institute in Istanbul in the heart of the city next to Taksim Square. To explore the city and its cartographic heritage, optional technical and social tours are planned.