English language and Literature

Hydrogen production Crystal structure Surface morphology Optical absorption analysis a b s t r a c t Synthesis of single phase nanocrystalline zinc ferrite (zincite) thin films that provides high surface area for active redox reactions is reported. Electrostatic spray method is employed for obtaining these ferrite films onto a stainless steel substrate of 9 Â 9 cm 2 area using zinc acetate and iron nitrate precursor solutions, mixed in 1:1.5 proportions in triply-distilled water. Single zinc ferrite phase in films, confirmed from the X-ray diffraction pattern, reveals the aggregation of several nanometer-sized spherical grains. About 4 nm average roughness is obtained from the 3D AFM image. Zinc ferrite film deposited onto a glass substrate shows both direct (2.96 eV) and indirect (1.92 eV) band gap energies. Hydrophilic behavior that might facilitate easy reaction kinetics in a water splitting process is noticed.

We report for the first time, using a simple and environmentally benign chemical method, the low temperature synthesis of densely populated upright-standing rutile TiO 2 nanoplate films onto a glass substrate from a mixture of titanium trichloride, hydrogen peroxide and thiourea in triply distilled water. The rutile TiO 2 nanoplate films (the phase is confirmed from x-ray diffraction analysis, selected area electron diffraction, energy-dispersive x-ray analysis, and Raman shift) are 20-35 nm wide and 100-120 nm long. The chemical reaction kinetics for the growth of these upright-standing TiO 2 nanoplate films is also interpreted. Films of TiO 2 nanoplates are optically transparent in the visible region with a sharp absorption edge close to 350 nm, confirming an indirect band gap energy of 3.12 eV. The Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface area, Barret-Joyner-Halenda pore volume and pore diameter, obtained from N 2 physisorption studies, are 82 m 2 g −1 , 0.0964 cm 3 g −1 and 3.5 nm, respectively, confirming the mesoporosity of scratched rutile TiO 2 nanoplate powder that would be ideal for the direct fabrication of nanoscaled devices including upcoming dye-sensitized solar cells and gas sensors.

The modulus of elasticity for the high-performance concrete was obtained at lowest compressive strength 50 % less compared to the self-compacting concrete. The value of mechanical properties such as elastic modulus further 2.5 times at the lowest of compressive strength to four times of the compressive strength. Whereas the in case of self-compacted concrete mechanical properties 10 to 15 % increment to 60 % of the compressive strength increments. The mechanical properties such as elastic modulus increases rapidly in case of selfcompacting concrete compacted to the high performance concrete. A thorough investigation of the self-compacting concrete is indeed to understand the behavior and mechanical properties.

This paper deals with the stationary solutions of the equilibrium libration point L 0 of the planar restricted three body problem when the bigger primary is a triaxial rigid body and source of radiation, perturbation effects act in coriolis and centrifugal forces with one of the axes as the axis of symmetry and its equatorial plane coinciding with the plane of motion. It is seen that there are six libration point; two triangular and four collinear. It is further obserbed that the collinear points are unstable, while the triangular points are stable for the mass parameter (the critical mass parameter). It is further seen that the triangular points have long or short periodic elliptical orbits in the same range of .

The amputation is the procedure that removes a part through one or more bones and should be distinguished from disarticulation that removes a part through a joint (Campbells) In other words, it is the removal of limb through a part of bone(Johan Ebnezar). The main goal for the prosthesis is to compensate for the loss of a limb and allow the individuals mobility so that they may reintegrate into their environment and it also enables them to execute activities of daily living and social activities to enhance their overall quality of life. Research reported that the prosthesis uses on daily basis and documented that 96% of trance tibial, 76% through knee and 50% in trance femoral amputee and furthermore 4% of trance tibial, 12% of through knee and 39 % of trance femoral amputees reported absolutely no use of their prosthesis.

Since centuries, Fostering thinking as a skill has always been the prime objective of formal education. The present study is to investigate the Reaction of English Language learners on the Effectiveness of CoRT Training Programme for development of thinking skills. The length of the program lasted for 3 months. The study sample consisted of (75) students of B.Ed. Course from DAV College of Education, Abohar. 75 students of Teaching of English were given 60 exercises from different dimensions of CoRT programme at the rate of one exercise per day. On a self-Constructed reaction scale, reaction of students was taken on the CoRT programme which was administrated on them for the period of 3 months. The scale was administrated twice once after the 10 th exercise and secondly after the 60 th exercise to analyze the difference in their reaction at the beginning of programme and at the culmination too. For analyzing the interest of students towards this thinking training programme called as CoRT (Cognitive Research Trust Programme) given by Edward de bono to foster thinking skills among the students. t-test was conducted which tested the statistical significance of the differences between the pre and post scores on reaction Scale.

As a literary form of literature, autobiography has indeed become a popular genre amongst the common and critical readers for various reasons. The basic purpose of reading any prose form of literature is to view life and aspects of life in the story form. The stories elevate the reader’s attention towards life and aspects of living. Autobiography satisfies the legitimate curiosity of the reader. While attempting an autobiography, psychological and cognitive faculty comes into play such as memory. Psychological memory is the process in which information is programmed, deposited, and retrieved. While attempting an autobiography, psychological and cognitive faculty comes into play such as memory. Psychological memory is the process in which information is programmed, deposited, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to reach the five senses in the forms of chemical and physical stimuli. The conscious and subconscious past which is recollected in the present m...

Nelson Mandela the first black South African President elected democratically, is the moral and ethical face of the humanism in the world. His autobiography Long Walk to Freedom (1994) is written after becoming the first President of South Africa. His life involved intense struggle and sacrifice for his nation and humanity. His autobiography is very unique and inspiring to many who are fighting against any injustice anywhere in the world. The form, narration and the style is also characteristic. His life struggle is revealed and the contributions of ANC and his coworkers have received great importance in the book. His legacy is unfolded through this epic autobiography. As a reader one get lost in the past and present times of South Africa. Nelson Mandela's Long Walk to Freedom is divided into 11 distinctive sections which symbolizes distinct important phases in his life. His labeling to those life experiences signifies the importance and approach towards those events. The word Long in the title shows the struggle, hardship and sacrifices made by these freedom fighters against the apartheid regime. The adjective in the title "long" signifies many connotations attached with the word as it hits clearly towards the efforts and suffering he endured in his slow 'walk' towards freedom. It stretches the journey of life into long span of time. Humanism is the philosophy that put human welfare at the center and subsides all other religious, political, institutional and other issues. Nelson Mandela by taking the fight of common black citizen of South Africa for the justice against Apartheid regime make him a true humanist. His autobiography which depicts his philosophy and sacrifice thus becomes a document of humanism.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a system that is based on
computers, internet, electronics devices and cell phones and is widely used in schools,
colleges and universities for teaching and learning. The technology is accepted for its
benefits and advantages over the conventional teaching learning process. The
conventional class room teaching method has its limitations and lacunas. As the
technology has made its impact over almost all walks of life how can education field be
remain behind? Nowadays ICT has been applied not only to learning and teaching but
also in examination, instructions and assessment. It is considered as a powerful tool and
technic for educational change and reforms. The influx of technology is inevitable and
necessary for the changing environment of education. One of the tool of ICT is cell
phones withsoftware application and systems. The student’s generation has been affected
by mobile phones in variety of ways. The present research paper tries to find out the use
of Whats App application in students learning process. The Second year students of
Computer Science are chosen for the research study and they are given a task of
collecting and presenting the information about a poem of their syllabus. The poem
‘Daffodils’ by William Wordsworth is included in their academic syllabus. The use of
cell phone and the application Whats App is very popular among the students. The
students were given a task to present their learning outcomesin the class.
KEYWORDS :- ICT, Whats App, William Wordsworth, Daffodils, English poem.

The suffering of Blacks as an individual and community is portrayed vividly and candidly in
Tony Morrison’s novels. She herself was a victim of such hatred and her characters go through same
trauma and tragedies. Her Fictions have become a mirror to such suffering. Nobel laureate, novelist,
writer, editor, essayist and lecturer Toni Morrison stormed the literary discourse with her first
novel, The Bluest Eye (1970). She penned the traumatic experiences of a girl who symbolises the young
generation of women in American society imposing the white, middleclass American standardization
of beauty on the developing female identity of a young girl during the first half of 20th century. In one
of her article Morrison speaks about the seed of the novel sown in her mind as she had a memory of
primary school classmate who desired to have blue eyes. Morrison talks to Charles Raus about her
childhood friend who wanted blue eyes. Morrison clearly questions her strange desire against her
cultural background.

Holocaust is the darkest chapter of our world history. This is a tragic eventwhich demands to be remembered. Holocaust literature gives a voice to the six million victims perished in the inhumane, tragic event of Holocaust and relates us with their misery, trauma and survivals. This article aims to study the Holocaust literature, its background and significance. The author tries to explain the meaning of 'Holocaust' using different definitions given by scholars and also discusses the background and actual events happened in it. The definition of 'Holocaust Literature' given by different authors and critics is also discussed in this article. Thereafter the author tries to discuss the Holocaust literature at a glance. The author also discusses the Holocaust literature written in different languages and in different countries as well as he discusses the same by categorizing it into the different periods and genres. Later, in the next part of the article, author tries to explain the contribution of women writers and discusses the difference between the views and survivals of Men

In the famous book-'The Second Sex', Simone De Beauvior has written-"One is not born a woman, but rather becomes, a woman." With a sincere apology to Beauvoir, author of this article would like to change her quote in today's perspective as-"One is not born as Man or Woman, but rather becomes one." This is 21st century where world has become a global village. We are planning to build colonies on Moon and Mars but have we accepted ourselves as the race of social animals with varied characteristics? Have we accepted the differences among us? In this article, we are going to discuss the concepts of Sex, Gender, Closet and Sexual Identity with special references to the great poet and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore's famous story-'Housewife' and award winning Bollywood movie-'Daayraa'. The story of this movie is written by Timeri N. Murari, a famous novelist, screenwriter and playwright. Let's have a quick overview of these two stories: 1.1)Housewife:Rabindranath Tagore has written this story originally as 'Ginni' in Bengali. Ginni is a Bengali word which means 'the female head of the household' or 'the Housewife'. It is a story of an introvert school boy 'Ashu'. Tagore's story 'Housewife' portrays his own childhood in the constricted atmosphere in an aristocratic household and the bitter relationships with his tutors. Ashu was different than his classmates. He never played with any other boy and he didn't want his classmates to think of him as anything more than a schoolboy. His teacher 'Shibanath' was a strict and cruel man, who loves nagging and punishing his students and giving them insulting new names. One day, he caught Ashu playing dolls with his sister. The next day, Shibanath humiliated Ashu in front of all his classmates and described everything in the class with withering amusement and gave an insulting name 'Housewife' to Ashu. After the school, boys gathered around Ashu and started dancing and chanting 'Housewife, housewife!' At the end of the story Ashu realized that to play with your little sister was the most shameful thing in the world and people would never forget what he had done.

This research article aims to compare the protagonists and the themes as well as the similarities of Novels- 'The old man and the sea' by Hemingway, Ernest and 'The Alchemist' by Coelho, Paulo. Both the novels are masterpieces of world literature and bestsellers. They share the common theme of quest for life and the same name-'Santiago' for their protagonist. Author of this article will analyse the connection between these two protagonists. This article will also show the impact of 'The old man and the sea' on Paulo Coelho's 'The Alchemist'. The Biblical themes, symbols and imagery will also get dis- cussed in the article. These two novels are al- legorical and have deep meaning and philoso- phy of life. The article tries to bridge these two masterpieces, their protagonists and themes by using Critical analysis; Character analysis as well as analysis of symbols and descriptive method of research.

ABSTRACT
Ecocriticism is a literary study of the interaction between
humans and nature as presented and documented in a text.
One of the primary objectives of an ecocritical reading of a
literary text is to find out if the author explicitly or implicitly
furthers, endorses or reinforces a particular attitude or an
outlook towards nature or represents nature in a particular
manner which could in turn influence, determine or define the
reader’s perception of and interaction with nature and the
environment. This paper engages in a close ecocritical reading
of William Golding’s novel The Lord of the Flies and finds a
trace of ecophobia in the narrative. Likewise it analyses the
politics of representation of Nature which is shorn of all
vitality and reduced to a functional entity in the narrative and
is merely used as a prop to serve a utilitarian purpose in
complementing the plot of the novel.
Keywords: Nature, dualism, consumable, dehumanize,
territorialize, homocentric.

A critique of the powers-that-be in a country that is still reeling from the effect of centuries of slavery and subjugation and trying to find a footing after its new found independence, that Chinua Achebe’s widely read, acclaimed, evaluated, and analysed novel A Man Of The People, is a grim portrayal of the adage “Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely”has been proved beyond any reasonable doubt. On the one hand is the putrid and well-ensconced class of corrupt, ruthless, unscrupulous and power hungry politicians epitomised by Chief Nanga while on the other is the emerging class of educated, urban, young men like Max and Odili who join hands to resist and overthrow people like Nanga and the tyranny they spell.This research paper however aims at trying to understand Odili the protagonist and the narrator of the novel in a new light, not as the young, righteous, and evolved young man who dreams of and is driven by single minded determination to save his country from the clutches of Nanga-like corrupt politicians who are eating into the very entrails of the land but as a man ridden with prejudices and weaknesses, haunted by ghosts of a colonised past, coming to terms with his own personal truths, ambiguity underlying every single move he makes, driven by revenge rather than the desire to do good and who is as much an opportunist and a hypocrite as Nanga is, if not more.

This is the idea of the paper. It incorporates a slightly Marxist feminist perspective that basically works on the premise that we are all agents in the production cycle like cogs in a wheel and we have different roles to play to keep the production cycle going and all institutions and arrangements in society that we see are determined by economics. Men and women through their different roles in the cycle of production create a society which in turn shapes them. Marriage is a contract which has economic reasons and the family acquires the status of a hegemonic institution because it is instrumental in facilitating production and in furthering the interest and the material wellbeing of the state. The man works for the state, the woman works for the man and she also reproduces so in other words she brings in more workers or caretakers which will contribute to this cycle of production.
I have taken up Mahashweta Devi’s MO1084 and I am looking at how she is trying to disrupt the family as a hegemonic institution and critiquing its functioning just as a mere tool of the state which undermines individual growth and well-being of a person. So we have grieving mother Sujata who has lost her son to the Naxalite movement and she is the only one who is mourning his death. But not publicly. Because they belong to a particular social class, the Bengali bhadralok or the bourgeoisie their actions and reactions and even the dynamics within the family are determined and governed by their class consciousness. So the Brati the dead Naxalite son who has brought bad name to the family is reduced to a number 1084 and disowned in many ways by the family. They don’t discuss him, they obliterate him from their thoughts and they go on as if nothing has happened. Because that’s whats best for the family and the family name and the family business.
Except Sujata. She is torn between conforming to middle class standards and mourning over her dead son. And if she is seen to be grieving she allows herself to be labelled as strange, not dutiful enough to her husband and his reputation. So devi gives us a glimpse of this family where no true bonds exist either between the couples, all the married couples share a very perfunctory arbitrary relationship. They are just married to each other because it is socially correct to remain married. There is no bond between the children and the mother because they are in different camps playing the game of capitalist patriarchy.
SO through this model of a dysfunctional family devi exposes the decay and the damage which submission to the state machinery can cause to a family and how the family in turn because of its puppetlike existence can be detrimental to the well-being of the individual, how it can lead to estrangement and frigidity and ostracism and marginalisation and finally death.
And the paper of course attempts a very close reading of the text to substantiate and consolidate this argument.