Marcelo Amaral
Marcelo Amaral holds a B.Sc. in economics and an M.Sc. and D.Sc. in industrial engineering from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. He did postdoctoral studies at the University of São Paulo (USP) and was a visiting scholar at North Carolina State University. Marcelo is a specialist in project management-oriented to technology innovation, certified by the International Association of Innovation Professionals (IAOIP). He worked from 1999 to 2006 in organizations like the Electric Energy Research Center (CEPEL), Rio de Janeiro State Federation of Industries (FIRJAN), and Centre for Mineral Technology (CETEM). Marcelo was an entrepreneur, founder, and part-owner of several companies. Since 2006, he has been a professor in the Department of Administration of the Institute of Human and Social Sciences (ICHS), a unit of Fluminense Federal University (UFF). Marcelo integrates the Master Program in Administration (PPGA) and Doctoral Program in Law, Institutions, and Business (PPGDIN). In two periods (2011-2015 and 2017-2019), he was Dean of ICHS/UFF. As a researcher, Marcelo has 27 years of experience as a member and coordinator of R&D&I projects. Since 2008, he has headed the Triple Helix Research Group (www.triple-helix.uff.br) and has published more than 100 academic works. He has also been a reviewer and member of several scientific and editorial committees. He was a member of the Executive Board (2018-2022) and vice-president of the Triple Helix Association (2021-2022). Currently, he is associate editor of the International Journal of Innovation Science, editor-in-chief of the Review of Administration, Society and Innovation (RASI), and co-editor-in-chief of the Triple Helix Journal. His research interests are in the field of innovation management, particularly on issues like business strategy; entrepreneurship; project management; industrial property rights; economic development; science, technology and innovation policies; incubators and technological parks; knowledge and technology transfer; and Triple, Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models.
Supervisors: José Manoel Carvalho de Mello and Lia Hasenclever
Supervisors: José Manoel Carvalho de Mello and Lia Hasenclever
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Papers by Marcelo Amaral
DESIGN / METHODOLOGY / APPROACH - We carried out multiple case studies in three consolidated Science and Technology Parks (STPs). We collected data from primary (interviews and field notes) and secondary sources (documents), and used them for data triangulation. As to data treatment, we used content analysis by frequency and topic.
FINDINGS OR EXPECTED OUTCOMES - The three STPs studied have different ways of defining the Quadruple Helix (QH), but converge in their reports on the Quintuple Helix. All of them can see society concretely, either through associations, collectives or communities, or even through a single identity, such as Pacto Alegre. Distinctions in representing society can result from the maturity of environments, cultural aspects of localities, and their formation history. On the other hand, Quintuple Helix is not seen as an actor, but is noticed in sustainability actions and as a driver, represented by disseminating business impact at Tecnopuc and Porto Digital. The managers of Tecnopuc and Porto Digital also see the collectives as civil society’s representatives. Collectives have a solid role in the mobilization of the ecosystem, with challenges regarding their form of governance, renewal, and engagement, which QH representatives confirmed. These groups, led by young people, assumed roles very similar to those of the association, leading entrepreneurs to question bureaucratic structures and their value. At Porto Digital, the associations got closer to the collectives, joining forces and preventing actors from destroying themselves. Carayannis and Campbell’s (2009) perception can be seen in the collectives and in Pacto Alegre, present at Porto Digital and Tecnopuc. Collectives are a representation of society, comprised by citizens in mutual support, which strengthen each day and foster a cultural revolution supported by digital transformation. In addition, members of the collectives hold different positions in society, which reinforces their representation, showing a more active society. Collectives contribute to the ecosystem by bringing a new view to the processes, raising necessary topics for the ecosystem, besides contributing to a process of digital change that society undergoes. Regarding Pacto Alegre, society is represented by several entities from different spheres, that come together to contribute to the process of transforming the city into a world reference for innovation.
ORIGINALITY / VALUE - This study clarifies QH representation, by identifying actors and ways of strengthening STPs, through the different perceptions of STP managers and helix representatives. In the Quintuple Helix, the study adds on the perception of environmental sustainability as a basis, and focuses on disseminating companies through impact businesses. The role of QH can be drivers for other STPs, and even for those that we studied. Finally, the paper shows an active society, with voice to mobilize public policies and review how STPs operate. Thus, society ceases to be a basis and becomes a strong actor for mobilization and connection. In addition, the study explains that associations cannot represent the Quadruple Helix, since they represent companies that are already part of the Triple Helix.
PRACTICAL / SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS - We only noticed the Quadruple Helix described in that seminal paper in the collectives and in Pacto Alegre, present in two of the STPs examined. The study also shows an active society capable of fostering public policies and reviewing how Science and Technology Parks act, going from a foundation to a strong actor that mobilizes the ecosystem.
DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH / LIMITATIONS - Limitations of the study include the lack of approach to new actors’ relationships, how STPs are connected to society, characterization of these environments’ formation, and how companies see the new actors. To fill this gap, we suggest that future studies seek to understand how the shape of environments can influence the definition of society’s representation, what are the primary relationships established by the new helices, besides identifying other forms of sustainability perception.
FINDINGS OR EXPECTED OUTCOMES - The first technology park in Brazil was created in 1983. Until December 2021, 102 technology park initiatives in Brazil were identified by the researchers, with 61 technology parks in operation, 23 parks in the process of being implemented and 18 parks in the initial planning stage. According to the data presented in this study, in 2021, Brazil had 57 technology parks in operation that generated more than 40 thousand jobs by their tenant companies. By the year 2000, there were about 379 tenant companies, and in January 2023 the statistics show 2.321 companies within Brazilian parks. In terms of the land ownership, about 42% of technology parks in operation were located on the university land, 22% of the parks have their own land, 20% of the parks are based on the City Hall land, 7% are established on the Federal Government land, another 4% on the State Government land and the land of 5% of technology parks belongs to Associations. In any of the legal models presented by the parks in Brazil, it is necessary to have councils or other bodies for collegiate decision making, with representatives from different sectors, reflecting the nature of the parks as intermediate organizations, strongly influencing the university-business-government relationship and balancing the interests and objectives of the different stakeholders, as a Triple Helix Model. In 2021, universities made up the boards of 100% of the technology parks in operation, followed by the Municipal Government (83%), Business associations (66%) and State government (54%). This governance process, which is a parks’ critical success factors, established by collegiate decision making, permits the stakeholders alignment and the focus in decision making process. The results showed that technology parks in Brazil are young (age of the park) and small (number of tenant companies), with a financing deficit, which had as a major challenge the attraction of companies for their environment, in particular anchor companies. The south and southeast regions comprise 79% of the technology park initiatives in Brazil. This spatial pattern seems to reflect the economic conditions of the region. The number of tenant companies is an important variable in the park's performance, and is usually the main metric for stakeholders, as in addition to contributing to the park's primary mission, social and economic development also impacts the parks' financial sustainability. The results showed that the dissemination of technology parks in Brazil has encountered relevant challenges, in particular the scarcity of resources for expansion and improvement of infrastructure and difficulty in attracting companies. ORIGINALITY / VALUE - The results presented here represents a systemic framework about the evolution, dissemination, dynamic and results of technology parks in Brazil, throughout its history, which can instruct park managers and public agents to make factual decision, from quantitative and qualitative information, which allows the understanding of the main challenges and bottlenecks for the development and success of technology parks in the country. Another element worth mentioning is that a competitive intelligence platform was developed by the researchers with the aim to collect, integrate and monitor technological parks in Brazil, their tenant companies and other resident organizations, over time. This platform, called MCTI-InovaData- BR, and this study were established with the financial support from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovations (MCTI) of the Brazilian government. It is expected that the platform will help the government and decision makers formulate strategies, design public policies and identify actions that will stimulate innovation and induce economic development. Free access to MCTI- InovaData-BR is available at: https://www.inovadata-br.ufv.br/.
PRACTICAL / SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS - The results demonstrate the importance of technology parks in Brazil and the need to maintain public policies in the long term, in order to increase the size of parks, in terms of concentration of new technology- based companies, and attraction of anchor companies, generating jobs and income qualified. It is estimated that technology parks in Brazil made investments of the order of 5,63 billion reais until 2021, and they need more 5 billion reais. So, it is expected that the correct understanding of the context of technology parks, as developed in this study, allows the proposition of actions, management and governance models, as well as public policies, which can contribute not only to the success of these ventures, but can also help with the leverage of technological innovation, country’s competitiveness and consequently improvement of the Innovation Index of Brazil.
DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH / LIMITATIONS - There is a clear need for more systemic approaches, supported by analytical and statistical references, which can be applied in a practical way by various stakeholders of the technology parks. The continuity of studies and research, initiated in this work, with the support of MCTI- InovaData-BR, as a strategic tool, with the due provision of data by the technology parks, will allow a proposition of increasingly assertive strategic actions in the long run.
DESIGN / METHODOLOGY / APPROACH - This effort is part of a project carried out since 2009 to map production on the topic of university-industry-government linkages and build a database. The TH database is a spreadsheet in MS Excel and has approximately 4,000 items published in all Triple Helix Conferences, Triple Helix Journal, and other sources. This database allows the use of bibliometric analysis techniques and serves to study the evolution of the academic movement. The members of the Triple Helix Research Group Brazil reviewed a considerable part of the existing literature produced on the topic and selected 258 scientific communications, published between 1983 and 2021. Additionally, other documents were accessed, many of them unfinished or original versions of later published papers, collected by the Triple Helix Association. From the analysis of this material, in many cases articles already read and cited and, in other cases, using the floating reading technique, it was possible to select 73 most relevant works. This material has been treated by this research group since mid-2021. Eighteen of these articles were discussed in depth in a master’s course and 54 were summarized.
FINDINGS OR EXPECTED OUTCOMES - This paper presents the Triple Helix model, from its antecedents, its central concepts, and the discussions that it influences. Triple helix is based in previous approaches (like university-business collaboration and national innovation system), and it is supported by several theories (like Simmel’s social geometry of triads interaction, Gaudens’ intermediaries’ properties, and Occam’s Razors). The model has a neo institutional and neo-Schumpeterian approaches working together to improve the comprehension of innovation phenomena. Thus, it is possible to identify a research agenda based on the most relevant ideas, unfinished ideas, and gaps found. It seems two ways to do that. One in theoretical studies and a second one in comparative case studies across countries. The role of the university in the society and the transformation process to reach an entrepreneurial university; how to measure linkages across actors and spheres; how transform this metaphor in practical tool to be implement in companies and public policies; are questions mapped and open to future research. ORIGINALITY / VALUE - There are revisionist works by Triple Helix, but essentially done by the main authors themselves. This is the first revisionist work conducted in large scale. It discusses gaps in the model and proposes a research agenda.
PRACTICAL / SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS - It is expected that this study will dialogue with active researchers in the field and attract new brains to advance in theoretical solutions that later allow advances in the real world in search of the prosperity of society. For scholars working on the topic, the paper discusses new horizons for research. Also, it is a good introduction for those who want to know more about the topic. There’s no practical or social implication in terms of policy or use of Triple Helix.
DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH / LIMITATIONS - There is a clear lack of practical and useful tools to apply Triple Helix in the public policy and in the companies. In terms of research, there are several peripheral ideas, not developed, such as the movement of people across the helices as a dynamic element (DZISAH; ETZKOWITZ, 2008) and the transformation of spheres into spaces (ETZKOWITZ; RANGA, 2010). There were efforts to try to position Triple Helix as a recipe for exiting economic crises (RANGA; ETZKOWITZ, 2012), but the lack of more normative and predictive content limited and continues to limit such use. More recently, efforts have been observed to approach topics such as open innovation (LEYDESDORFF; IVANONA, 2016) and sustainability (CAI; ETZKOWITZ, 2020). These efforts bring us to the discussion about the inclusion of new helices. Another idea, the financial sector as a helix, appears in the literature due to the relevance of venture capital and state funding in the innovation process. This is a subject that can be further discussed.
DESIGN / METHODOLOGY / APPROACH - This work is a practical experience study based on a collection of previous works, institutional documents, and action-research experiences. Since the creation of UFF’s Innovation Agency, documentary and field research have been conducted to identify successful cases of innovation mechanisms and environments like incubators, technoparks, and technology transfer offices (Amaral et al., 2022; Stolze et al., 2022). Also, several internal players carried out benchmarking, experience exchange, and action-research activities (such as graduate programs, labs, and research groups) (Almeida & Amaral, 2019). In this approach, examples of projects and activities performed under university-industry-government interaction were studied to
comprehend the configuration of an academic innovation ecosystem and the emergence of an entrepreneurial university (Velasco et al., 2022).
FINDINGS OR EXPECTED OUTCOMES - This set of projects and activities supported the profile and the mandate’s definition of UFF’s Innovation Agency, described in the innovation policy approved in 2020. One of its main objectives is to expand the technological incubator to receive projects and startups born in the University. Another key objective was enhancing the university-business interaction to execute research and innovation projects. These two objectives were accomplished with
the support of government funding and regulation, composing a triplehelix approach. Since 2018, the support of state and federal government S&T
funding agencies allowed the growth of AGIR through triple-helix projects. The two supporting agencies are FAPERJ, a Rio de Janeiro State Foundation to Support Research, and CNPq, a Federal Council of Research and Technological Development. FAPERJ granted resources through four programs to develop the UFF’s Incubator at Niteroi (UFF’s headquarters) and to spread innovation hubs to four other cities in the state. With the resources of these programs, mainly used for supporting the incubated companies through mentoring, the number of ideas and startups incubated from three in 2018 to ten in 2022, and four more startups will start the process in 2023. Most of the startup’s opportunities resulted from UFF’s R&D projects. Three of them have sustainable development as their purpose: 1) INNOMAKER developed an autonomous boat moved by solar energy to collect contaminant elements from rivers and oceans; 2) NEWBRICK is developing an ecological brick from industrial rejects; and 3) AMBMET uses computer simulation to develop longterm rain forecasts to electricity companies. Regarding the ten current incubated companies, three were selected in FAPERJ’s Entrepreneurial Doctor Program for researchers who concluded a doctorate level and wished to create startups. This program gives scholarships for a doctor and one student to work in the startup and resources for company development. With the support of another FAPERJ Program, AGIR is implementing innovation hubs in four cities where UFF has campuses and develops scientific and technological research in different areas of knowledge, such as engineering, computing, odontology, environmental technology and management sciences. The Vírgula Innovation Hub VR is already operating at Volta Redonda in partnership with the City Hall, two private
colleges, and the local chamber of commerce. The other hubs in Rio das Ostras, Petropolis, and Friburgo will be implemented in 2023 with the same triplehelix managerial model. CNPq resources come through programs to support graduate students’ projects developed in partnership with companies. Under these programs, called MAI/ DAI, Academic Master and Doctorate for Innovation, CNPq supports scholarships while the associated company has to contribute with resources for the project development. UFF has been granted in these programs twenty doctorates, ten masters, and sixty undergraduates’ scholarships; part already implemented. A total of nine UFF’s graduate programs and fifteen companies are involved in these triple-helix projects. For 2023 and 2024, another FAPERJ program is already granted to prospect and develop patent licensing from the UFF’s patent portfolio. Also, in 2023 it will be implemented in Niterói, an Innovation Center in association with UFF’s foundation (Fundação Euclides da Cunha) and the City Hall to match
local demands and offer technology and solutions.
ORIGINALITY / VALUE - All these initiatives have the value of contributing to the improvement of the academic innovation ecosystem at UFF with an impact on regional innovation systems at Rio de Janeiro State. The experience opens a new role for the university in being entrepreneurial through the development of startups and innovative projects beyond the formation of high-level professionals trained to work in tech companies.
PRACTICAL / SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS - The triple-helix initiatives described in this abstract has practical and social implication at UFF and in the cities where they are implemented: 1) the development of startups companies and job offer increase; 2) the development of innovation hubs in different cities allows innovative solutions to be implemented in these spaces, improving the competitiveness of local companies; and 3) the conclusion of the graduate students projects developed in partnership with companies creates opportunities to these high-level professionals in companies.
DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH / LIMITATIONS - For the future, it is important to have an overall balance of the results of these initiatives in the university and an endless search for funding and models or ways to interact with business and government.
atores externos. Trata-se de pesquisa aplicada com abordagem qualitativa que utilizou como técnicas a revisão de literatura, pesquisa documental, entrevistas e observação participante com os pesquisadores e as entidades parceiras dos projetos do edital. A pesquisa identificou que a instituição ainda está mais voltada para o ensino do para pesquisa. Sobre à interação com o atores externos foram identificados projetos com prefeituras, universidade e empresas, mas não projetos de pesquisa mais complexos. Não foram identificados atores da esfera sustentabilidade nos projetos analisados, mas sim, motivações e objetivos ligados a tal tema. A noção de universidade empreendedora de Etzkowitz pode não ser aplicável ao como
terceira missão, mas talvez a ideia de universidade engajada.
DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: This research is characterized as exploratory. A database of scholarly communications was built with publications from Brazilian authors in Brazil from 1997 to 2020. The 382 documents collected from academic databases (like Scielo, Spell, and CAPES), conference proceedings, and grey literature were organized in an MS Excel spreadsheet. The database was split in two, one related to the authors from THERG-Brazil and the Brazilian THA Chapter, named Jose Mello's database (an homage to the former vice-president of THA and one of the main 3H disseminators in Brazil). The second one includes the remaining authors. In a second
moment, the authors performed a content analysis to classify the studies using a typology proposed by the authors, with three approaches and nine categories, as shown in Table 1. A detailed analysis was about the sources (references) cited in these communications.
Table 1. Typology to classify TH academic communications
Approach
Categories
Theoretical approach
Addresses TH theoretically.
Macroeconomics aspects of innovation
National or supranational/regional innovation system, such as S&T&I policies, funding agencies.
Regional or local innovation systems (regional economic development projects or state policies).
Innovation in a sector.
Microeconomics aspects of innovation
Innovation in the productive sector of goods and services, such as companies, spin-offs/spin-outs.
Innovation at the university and research institutes/centers (entrepreneurial university, internal policies, projects, technology transfer offices).
Government innovation, practices, and projects.
Innovation in technology transfer mechanisms (TTO/NITs, incubators, and parks).
Other organizations in the hybrid and consensus space.
FINDINGS OR EXPECTED OUTCOMES: There are two main findings. The first one is a typical bibliometric analysis. From the total 382 communications, 52 were included in Jose Mello's database. The other 330 publications can be classified as 194 academic papers, 58 monographs/thesis/dissertations, 54 conference communications, six book chapters, etc. Around one-third of these communications were published in the last five years. An average of 30 communications was published by year, confirming the relevance of the subject. The most prolific academic authors are Dusan Schreiber (8 communications), Pelayo Olea (8), Andrea Paula Segatto (7), Carlos Alberto Silva (6), Asa Fujino (4), Geciane Porto (4), Gabriela Ferreira (4), Adriana Faria (4), Eric Charles Dorion (4) and Daniel Pedro Puffal (4). More than a hundred authors were identified, ensuring broad
dissemination of 3H in the country. The authors are predominantly from public research universities from the southeast and south regions of Brazil.
From the 382 communications references, 1125 citations were from Etzkowitz and Leydersdorff's works, 296 citations from the authors of José Mello's database, and 1321 citations from other Brazilian authors. No one from José Mello's database was in the ten most-cited authors. They are Andrea Segatto (99 citations), Renato Dagnino (63), Márcia Rapini (62), Ary Plonski (57), Geciane Porto (43), Eva Stal (41), José Cassiolatto (34), Asa Fujino (29), Sandra Brisolla (27), and Carlos Brito Cruz (27). Some of them also in the most prolific list. Several of these authors, in fact, dialogue with 3H, such as Segatto and Plonsky, which deals with technology transfer and science parks. However, most of the author's research topics related to the innovation system (IS) approach.
The most referenced communication is Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff (2000), followed by the Portuguese translation of Etzkowitz’s book published in 2009. The book had a small edition and it is not available, which raises a question about ethics.
The 9-categories typology allows classifying the 330 communications in: 24% addressing theoretical aspects (79); 46% approaching macroeconomic aspects (153 studying regional/local innovation systems); and 55% addressing microeconomic aspects (181 on discussions about the role of the university, TTO/NITs, etc.). Some communications are in more than one category.
A second discussion is related to the quality of these communications. For example, there are references to communications about local productive arrangements (APL), hence the citations to works written by Cassiolato. It may indicate an incomplete understanding that 3H is an evolution of the IS approach, which it is not. By placing the university on the same level as the other entities (as the source of knowledge that will generate innovations in the knowledge economy), 3H breaks with the IS vision, essentially based on the firm's ability to innovate. The IS analyses the existence of the institutions and the execution of their roles, while 3H is an approach where the actors extrapolate their institutional roles and assume new missions. In this sense, the lack of works that explains how to apply 3H (if it should be applied) leaves the subject open to interpretation.
Another possible interpretation is that Brazilian authors have comprehended only the
Neoinstitutionalist functionality of 3H (related to the institutions) without comprehending the Neoschumpeterian aspects (dynamic and complexity of innovation process) (Cai & Etzkowtiz, 2020). There is an effort to add a new helix in some studies, which is not incorrect or prohibited. Still, when this new helix is the army or the intermediate entities, it reinforces the notion of an incomplete concept comprehension. The same matter happens with the merging of the APL concept with 3H. Most of the case studies reviewed advocate the existence of a 3H only due to the participation of organizations from the three spheres in regional development projects. There is no concern in analyzing the objectives and results of the projects and the role of organizations. When it is a project to modernize the industry aiming to upgrade its competitive capabilities, there is probably no relation with 3H.
By the end, most of the authors used secondary literature. In the 382 communications, there are on average 2.94 references to the published research from Etzkowitz and Leydersdorff, 3.45 references to other Brazilian authors, and only 0.77 references to the Mello's database authors. The effort of researchers connected to José Mello to be part of the international movement has no local repercussion.
ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Scientometrics studies are relevant and developed, but similar studies were not found in the literature analyzing academic movements either their dissemination in a country. The work highlight valid results: a review of the methods used in research on the topic; review of objectives and approaches for research on the themes; discovery of themes or gaps not investigated; and increase of knowledge of researchers and institutions that work with 3H in Brazil.
PRACTICAL/SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS: The work was not intended to have practical and social implications. It was essentially an academic exercise. However, the dissemination of the results may impact the comprehension and application of the 3H approach in Brazil and the future agenda of local researchers.
DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH/LIMITATIONS: The work has limitations due to the construction of the database. Probably, the database is incomplete, and, in this sense, this project will continue. Some works initially published as congresses articles or monographs/dissertations are, in a second moment, published again or source for new publications, which leads to a possible double counting of subjects, research, and authors.
KEYWORDS (3-5): Triple Helix; Academic Movements; Brazil
This paper is a product of the project "Management practice in the context of global value chains," funded through the program InternAbroad, Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research (DIKU 2021). InternAbroad initiative seeks to increase the number of students taking internships in international organizations as part of their higher education studies (Norwegian Government 2020).
The HEI partners in the project received a grant to enhance the collaboration in business education integrating problem-based learning (PBL). The project started in 2018 through a summer/winter school in Brazil and Norway: Nord University Business School (HHN/NORD), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), and Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS) (Hermann et al., 2020). The Norwegian partner was responsible for the curricular development, and its students will benefit from credit-issuing international internships. The activities analyzed on this document were held in 2019
and 2020.
DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Methodologically, research on international internships integration in the business curriculum has relied on quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. Initial research on the topic departed on large scale surveys in North American MBA programs (Dillon et al., 2011), conjoint analysis (Albers-Miller et al., 1999), archival data analysis (Ryan et al., 2013), quantitative content analysis (Silva et al., 2016), qualitative studies rely on action-research (Conroy & McCarthy 2019), a case study at programs within business schools (Gill et al., 2016; Johnson & Jordan 2019), and ethnographic methods (Young & Karme 2015). More recently, mixed methodologies gain traction (Charterina et al., 2019; Ding et al., 2019).
The internship partner organizations agreed to adapt the ITDEM'D pedagogical action research methodology (Norton 2019), acknowledging this diversity in methods and the nature of our research question, closely connected with practice and curricular development. Thus, ITDEM'D is an enhanced improvement of educational action research's four steps: plan, act, observe, reflect (Norton 2019).
The project's activities were executed over 2019 and stopped in 2020 due to the pandemic. The internship from Norwegian master students in Brazil was performed from June to August 2019. Six students were sent to Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre to work in Brazilian organizations (four startup companies, one public HEI, or one non-profit association). The project's evaluation was conducted in the second semester of 2020 after all students' reports were delivered and evaluated. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were recorded with six students and seven representatives from the host partners. The interview guide, categories, and codebook for content analysis were developed according to the literature review.
Content analyzes techniques were applied to approximately ten hours of records, addressing two main themes: international internship experience and PBL. The codebook is organized in seven basic categories: support structures (cultural immersion, administration, coordination), credits timeframe (academic recognition, fit into the curriculum, assessment, theory use, and methodological variety in the report), preparation phase (recruiting firms, initial/framing problem, kick-off meeting, meeting students and firm), solution phase (application of theory, coaching/ supervision), PBL-pedagogy (collaboration, self-directed learning, open-ended situations, and problems, unstructured problems not predefined-solutions), implementation (implementing recommendations of the intern), and assessment (multiple methods, focus on how knowledge is used to solve the problem, and formative
assessment.
FINDINGS OR EXPECTED OUTCOMES: The paper presents pedagogical action research which developed content for international internships in business in a Norwegian-Brazilian perspective for bachelor and master students. It was an action-research experience of developing international internships at undergraduate and graduate levels in business and management education. The study results are the proposition and validation of a pedagogical framework to support similar initiatives connected to loosely defined problems at the host organization.
ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The paper analyses an authentic experience in international education and has value in the sense that it aggregates all the previous literature in its framework. The linkages among universities from different countries, their students, the partnership from universities with companies and non-profit organizations, and the people's circulation are elements in the core of the Triple Helix framework.
PRACTICAL/SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS: The framework also has practical applications for teaching and administrative staff interested in developing international internship programs at home universities and requires more guidelines about connecting the practical aspects with the teaching-learning elements about international internships. Besides the pedagogical objectives linked to course development, the project seeks other goals. The partner institutions will gain experience and create routines for organizing international internships in business. As a counterpart, the Brazilian HEI partners enhance their internationalization experience and allow affiliated companies to host students with an international background. The action-research approach also provides the advantage to take a critical perspective about the internship programs in international business, thus adding to current debates about the shortcomings and barriers of internships as an educational alternative. Finally, teachers and administrators of business schools and programs will benefit from the pedagogical framework presented here to match their own study program needs.
DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH/LIMITATIONS: The program and the framework need to be replicated and gain scale to verify its applicability. Future research can discuss how to apply PBL and Action Research to this context. Also, how to integrate additional content as entrepreneurial education and sustainability.
KEYWORDS (3-5): International business; internships abroad; problem-based learning, higher education; internationalization.
DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH:
This paper presents an applied research with descriptive, exploratory, and inductive characteristics. The study is part of the BRAIN initiative, Brazilian Research in Auto Industry. It has the aim to be a repository of information and studies on the automotive sector in Brazil.
From a theoretical viewpoint, the GVC and TH help understand the relations between industry, governmental entities (Resende City Hall, State Department of Development, and Federal Government), the academy, and society.
Information from the industry was collected on market sources related to the automotive industry, such as the National Association of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (ANFAVEA) and the Brazilian Electric Vehicle Association (ABVE). Then, a case study was developed, constructed from the collection of information with the VWTB, through official and unofficial documents, observation in technical visits, and indirect statements of employees and others involved throughout 2019 and 2020. The informal nature is necessary due to the secrecy of the development process. As a result, this study presents an initial overview of the e-Delivery Project.
FINDINGS OR EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
The e-Delivery Project is an electric mobility project that involves developing and producing
the prototype of a 100% electric truck using Brazilian technology. To enable the investment, the automaker brought together suppliers through the e-Consortium business model, in the form of a "Modular Consortium," in which VWTB determines a cluster relationship with its suppliers and workers the assemblage of trucks replicating the current value chain model. Thus, the company is active in developing the "ecosystem" that comprises from assembly to the infrastructure of recharge and battery life management of electric trucks, thus boosting and generating the engagement of the entire supply chain in an integrated way (Ito & Amaral, 2020).
This phase of the e-Mobility business plan received BRZ 110,8 million from the company, partly financed by the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES), and own resources from an "investment cycle" of BRZ 1.5 billion by VWTB in the country. The e-Consortium has eight companies: Bosch (electronic management), CATL (Chinese manufacturer of batteries), Moura, Semcon, Siemens (supplier of all energy infrastructure for battery recharge), Weg (electric motors), Meritor, and Eletra (specialized in pure electric buses).
From a strategic viewpoint, WVCO's move directly responds to foreign companies such as China's BYD, which already produces electric buses. From the TH's perspective, the project has not found connections between the university and the industry. Collaborative R&D initiatives among the academy and the companies integrating the e-Consortium were not identified. The link is limited to the training of human resources. Also, universities do not present a research agenda to meet the needs and interests of the e-Consortium companies.
Other actors such as industrial entities and associations (FIRJAN, SENAI, SEBRAE) and intermediaries have limited performance. In the relationship between VWTB and the government, tax incentives are in use (Rota 2030 Program and BNDES reimbursable financing). In this sense, the relationship is a TH laissez-faire configuration, where there is little interaction between the actors and low impact on regional socio-economic development. There is an opportunity for actors to build and use knowledge-creating an advantageous competitive position for the medium and long term.
In technological terms, there is also so far no patent filing in Brazil. Then, it is understood that technology for development is dominated by participants, with no technological innovation in the components.
ORIGINALITY/VALUE:
The future of the automotive sector is in the electrification of motor vehicles along with automation and connectivity. The Brazilian automotive industry will face major challenges involving bureaucracies, competitiveness, infrastructure, and tax issues to be able to keep up with all the transformations that are taking place in the global automotive chain.
PRACTICAL/SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS:
From the viewpoint of the GVC, what is seen in the project is a reconfiguration of the modular consortium for the production of electric cargo vehicles, with the entry of partners with specific competencies, without changing its central character of a chain-driven by producers (Sturgeon et al., 2011; Sturgeon et al., 2017). Such reconfiguration generates opportunities and threats to current modulists, especially in areas where the necessary knowledge is different. Initially, the new modulists will act on a product very similar to the
current one, being the propulsion distinct, expanding the market for companies currently in the consortium, except for Powertrain. Possibly, VWTB will produce both types of vehicles for a few years. In this sense, the modulist that delivers for both configurations will be able to position itself more strategically.
DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH/LIMITATIONS:
Futures studies can explore issues related to e-Delivery and an agenda of innovation, development, and competitiveness of the automotive sector in Southern Fluminense. First, expand the research of the e-Delivery project with interviews and the follow-up of its results. A second approach is to compare VWTB's case with other automotive companies that have already advanced in the development of electric vehicles, such as BYD or Tesla. One way is also to study the requirements for the electrification of vehicles and whether the production chain in Brazil can meet these requirements. Finally, there is the issue of public policies. It is possible to analyze the "Rota 2030" and other programs and recommend adjustments in these policies to support the process of electrification of the national fleet, which can impact sustainable development.
KEYWORDS (3-5): e-Delivery; Volkswagen Trucks and Buses; electric trucks.
However, there are different opinions concerning the university's third mission and its scope. The third mission is "directly associated with entrepreneurial activities, innovation, patenting and technology transfer." The third mission can also be understood as only extensionist activities (Gimenez & Bonacelli, 2015). The term "Entrepreneurial University" can be understood as a third mission university that makes changes in its structure and organizational culture, becoming more proactive, flexible, and dynamic in its management and relations with the economy and society. The university transformation allows itself to commercialize new knowledge to support economic development (Clark, 1998; Etzkowitz, 2004; 2013; 2016). Thus, there is a realignment of the missions considering new economic and social contexts, among others, related to the current knowledge society (Gimenez & Bonacelli, 2015).
Although these universities continue to value the first and second missions, what differentiates them is articulating the three missions to generate the economic and social impact in the region of their activities (Silva et al., 2018). That is, to formulate academic objectives, to transform them into knowledge to generate economic and social value (Gomes et al., 2016; Nascimento et al., 2016).
The work explores the questioning if the "Federal Institute of Southeast of Minas Gerais State" (known as IF Sudeste MG) can be characterized as an entrepreneurial university. IF Sudeste MG is a higher, basic, and professional education institution specializing in providing professional and
technological education in the different teaching modalities. The Federal Institutes of Education, Science, and Technology (IFs) were created in 2008 by the Brazilian Government and are equated with universities as entities that generate scientific and technological knowledge (Ministério da Educação, 2008). Additionally, they received an explicit role in acting in technical education and regional development. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the articulation of academia, with government and companies, and civil society and sustainability within the scope of Quintuple Helix, to establish activities aimed at innovating and promoting economic and social development. The research identified the barriers and facilitators for promoting the activities of quintuple interactions in the institution. It proposed a model for evaluating such interactions' maturity as a critical element of the transition to an entrepreneurial university.
DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH:
From the perspective of academia, in a context of the expansion of teaching the countryside, the relationship between education and socio-economic development gained relevance in the discussions for the implementation of the IFs, seen as strategic spaces for the qualification of labor for the development of the country's regions (Olivera & Amaral, 2020).
This paper presents the results of original research from a master's thesis and a book chapter published in 2020 combined with recent information on the progress of the analyzed projects. A case study was elaborated through the collection of documentary and primary data. The field research was based on interviews with researchers from IF Sudeste MG and representatives of the partner actors of Interfaces projects. The Interfaces, a notice released in 2018, was a strategic effort of the institution's management to leverage external interaction, whether in research or extension, to expand the generation and disseminate technical-scientific knowledge. The notice funded ten projects that aimed to encourage partnerships with society to solve practical problems. Twenty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted throughout 2019, analyzed using the content analysis technique. The interviews were combined with field observation (participation in meetings, visits in laboratories, and informal conversations with managers of the institution), configuring a broad case study of the institution. In addition, the final results of the projects were analyzed through the technical reports.
FINDINGS OR EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
It was possible to verify that the external interaction activities of IF Sudeste MG with the actors of
the university-company-government-society spheres are in an initial phase of structuring. The institution encounters barriers and facilitators that converge with each other, which must be worked on to improve these activities. For this, the Nucleos of Innovation and Technology Transfer (NITTEC), acting as a technology transfer office, has a leading role in promoting interaction activities.
Also, the study proposes a model for identifying these relationships and possible maturity assessment, based on a broad literature review (Bonaccorsi & Piccaluga, 1994; Segatto-Mendes & Sbragia, 2002; Fuquen & Escobar, 2018; Khademi & Ismail, 2013). The model, called Oliveira-Amaral, helps support the institution's activities in favor of external interaction. It integrates levels of knowledge management (generation, appropriation, and dissemination) with types of interactions (formal and informal), thus creating a tool for broad-spectrum mapping interactions.
Fonte: Oliveira & Amaral (2020).
There weren't identified any actors of a possible fifth helix, but objectives and activities in the analyzed projects included sustainability as a relevant element.
ORIGINALITY/VALUE:
The work is original for analyzing such recent and unique institutions (created in 2008, and some units were pre-existing) in the context of the Brazilian academy. In addition, the model presented is an original contribution to future studies.
PRACTICAL/SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS:
The paper presents a complete approach to the interactions of the Ifs with the productive sector, government, and other social actors. The research found that IF Sudeste MG has contributed to disseminating its researchers' knowledge to society. The study also signals the richness of interactions related to teaching and extension and those performed informally. Interaction Types Interaction Goals (knowledge stages - K) Informal Internal Generation K (activities) K Appropriation (mechanism) K Difusion (activities) External Formal Internal External
DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH/LIMITATIONS:
The study is limited to analyzing the interactions of IF Sudeste MG with the actors of the other helixes that make up the productive and social fabric, and this analysis does not apply in other IFs, research centers, or for traditional universities only signals possible similarities. However, the methodology used and the proposed model are replicable, allowing further studies and comparison.
KEYWORDS: Entrepreneurial University; University-Company-Government-Society-Sustainability Interactions; Maturity Models.
O objeto de pesquisa é o Projeto e-Delivery da Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus (VWCO), empresa localizada em Resende, município situado no sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, como de central importância para tratar uma agenda de inovação, desenvolvimento e competitividade do setor automotivo instalado naquela região, assim como um esforço para aumentar a captura de valor e inserção na Cadeia Global de Valor (CGV)
– Problema de Pesquisa e Objetivo (no máximo 600 caracteres);
O trabalho apresenta o referido projeto e o analisa a partir do marco de teórico da CGV e de modelos com a Triple Helix. Estas abordagens ajudam a compreender o processo de desenvolvimento a partir da relação entre a indústria (VWCO), o governo (Prefeitura de Resende, Secretaria Estadual de Desenvolvimento e Governo Federal), a universidade, e a sociedade como um todo, pois a mesma tem como essência contribuir para o desenvolvimento econômico regional
– Fundamentação Teórica (no máximo 600 caracteres);
A pesquisa em questão aborda um conjunto de questões teóricas presentes na literatura, a começar pelas teorias das Cadeias Globais de Valor (CGV) e da Triple Helix (3H), que são instrumentos na compreensão do impacto do projeto e-Delivery na região Sul Fluminense no que tange o conceito de desenvolvimento regional e inovação. É também apresentada uma revisão das políticas públicas recentes de incentivo ao setor automotivo no Brasil e que impactam no desenvolvimento do projeto estudado.
– Metodologia (no máximo 600 caracteres);
Trata-se de uma pesquisa aplicada, de cunho descritivo, exploratório e indutivo. Foi realizada revisão de literatura, com pesquisa em bases acadêmicas, e coleta de dados secundários e primários para a elaboração do estudo de caso. Dados secundários sobre a indústria automotiva foram coletados em(revistas, sites especializados e entidades representativas; sobre a empresa e o projeto em documentos oficiais e não oficiais. Os dados primários foram obtidos por observação em visitas técnicas e depoimentos informais de funcionários e outros envolvidos em 2019-2020, devido ao sigilo do projeto.
– Análise dos Resultados (no máximo 600 caracteres);
Do ponto de vista da CGV o que se vê no projeto e-Delivery é uma reconfiguração do Consórcio Modular para a produção de veículos de carga elétricos, com a entrada de parceiros com competências específicas, sem alterar a característica central de uma cadeia impulsionada pelo produtor. Do ponto de vista da Triple Helix, o projeto e-Delivery não apresenta nenhuma relação entre a universidade e a indústria em atividades de pesquisa. O governo surge como parceiro por meio de incentivos fiscais (Rota 2030) e de financiamento do BNDES. Outros atores (FIRJAN, SENAI e SEBRAE) têm atuação limitada.
– Conclusão (no máximo 600 caracteres);
O artigo teve o objetivo de estudar o projeto e-Delivery da Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus, empresa sediada em Resende-RJ. Para a realização do estudo utilizou-se de arcabouços teóricos como Cadeia Global de Valor e a Triple Helix. O que se verificou, neste momento inicial, é que foi organizado um novo consórcio modular para o desenvolvimento e produção do ônibus elétrico, sem que isso alterasse de forma significativa as relações anteriores. A empresa VWCO segue liderando e induzindo os parceiros internos e a interação externa, com atores governo e universidade, segue limitada.
– Contribuição / Impacto (no máximo 600 caracteres);
Como consequência espera-se analisar o grau de influência de políticas públicas como o Inovar-Auto e o Rota 2030 no estímulo ao processo de modernização da VWCO e analisar o reflexo do e-Delivery para o desenvolvimento regional, além do compartilhamento de conhecimento entre a montadora e as universidades (LIMA, 2018). E assim, apurar se a VWCO através do projeto e-Delivery produziu externalidades positivas por parte do setor automobilístico na região Sul Fluminense.
A percepção dos pesquisadores é que faltava uma literatura nacional que melhor explorasse melhor as nuances desse modelo que é bastante difundido no Brasil. Organizado pelo Triple Helix Research Group (THERG-Brazil – http://www.triple-helix.uff.br), grupo de pesquisas sediado no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração da UFF (http://www.ppga.sites.uff.br), o livro contou com apoio da Fundação Carlos Chagas de Amparo à Pesquisa no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ).
Acesse o ebook ou compre a versão impressa em http://www.helicesdainovacao.com.br
anos por muitos países e várias pesquisas procuram investigar os aspectos envolvidos
nesta relação. Esta pesquisa tratou de analisar as interações universidade-empresagoverno-
sociedade no IF Sudeste MG e a emergência de uma universidade com uma
postura empreendedora. Tendo por objetivo apresentar um modelo de avaliação da
maturidade das interações do IF Sudeste MG com os demais atores da Hélice
Quádrupla a fim de promover a atuação como universidade empreendedora. Optouse
pela construção do modelo baseado na revisão da literatura, somados com pesquisa
documental e bibliográfica, além de um estudo de caso composto de entrevistas
semiestruturadas e observação participante. Pode-se concluir que o modelo de
avaliação de maturidade apresentado, mostra-se como proposta para fortalecer as
interações da instituição, tendo o Núcleo de Inovação Tecnológica papel
preponderante para fazer a transição dos níveis de maturidade, considerando que o
núcleo é encarregado de promover a proteção das invenções e transferir o
conhecimento e tecnologia externamente. O modelo proposto pode ser aplicado para
o estudo em outras organizações similares.
casos, enfrentam problemas devido à má execução em virtude do desconhecimento ou ausência de procedimentos adequados nas organizações públicas. Assim, esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar a importância da capacitação dos fiscais de contratos de terceirização para o exercício da função, a partir da seguinte questão problema: ações de capacitação podem contribuir para a melhoria do processo de
fiscalização de contratos? O estudo teve como objeto de estudo uma Instituição Pública de Ensino Superior no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, com sede na cidade de
Niterói. Levantou-se a opinião dos fiscais de contrato da Instituição e realizou-se uma pesquisa documental junto ao setor de contratos e legislações pertinentes. Os
resultados destacaram a importância do papel do fiscal de contratos administrativos de terceirização de mão de obra e como ações de capacitação podem contribuir
para a melhoria do processo de fiscalização e, ainda, apontou fragilidades no que se refere à execução e necessidade de treinamento dos fiscais de contrato. A pesquisa indicou limitações e proposições para avanços em novos estudos.