Tese Filipe Jaeger de Oliveira
Tese Filipe Jaeger de Oliveira
Tese Filipe Jaeger de Oliveira
Aos meus pais, Marco e Jussara, pelo dom da vida, por me ensinarem a vivê-la com
dignidade; pelo amor incondicional e por renunciarem seus sonhos para que eu pudesse realizar
os meus. Dedico a vocês, tudo o que sou.
Ao meu irmão Sebá, pela amizade e pelas alegrias da vida. À Manú pelo carinho e
presença constante.
Aos meus queridos e amados avós Anita, Geraldo e Sebastião (in memoriam), por
serem verdadeiros pilares e sinônimos de sabedoria e perseverança. À vovó Adma (in
memoriam), por todos ensinamentos, carinho, amor e dedicação. Sei que continua torcendo e
se orgulhando de mim. Hoje, tenho a certeza que a senhora vibra ao meu lado e entende o
motivo das incontáveis ausências nos almoços de domingo. Obrigado por ter sido a melhor avó
do mundo. Te amo vovó! Aos tios, tias, primos e primas pelos momentos familiares agradáveis.
À Gabi, pelo amor, amizade, incentivo e por estar sempre ao meu lado. Obrigado por
entender os inúmeros momentos de ausência e por ter me representado durante vários deles. A
toda sua família pela convivência, carinho e valores ensinados.
Ao meu orientador Professor Doutor Ricardo Alves Mesquita, pela confiança, tempo
dedicado à minha formação e pelos inúmeros ensinamentos.
Aos grandes mestres da cirurgia Antônio Custódio, Belini Freire-Maia, Carlos Bettoni,
João Batista, João Marcos, Leandro Napier e Maurício Greco pela amizade, inspiração e
ensinamentos éticos, humanos e profissionais. Obrigado por acreditarem em mim.
Aos amigos que a profissão me deu, Carlos de Carvalho e Juarez Garcia, sinônimos
de ética e profissionalismo.
Aos colegas e amigos Marcio Bruno Amaral, Guilherme Lacerda e Gustavo Chiavaioli
pela contribuição durante todas as etapas da pesquisa.
incisão feita com bisturi, com eletrocautério ou a laser cirúrgico de diodo com
de diodo foi eficaz durante o corte, porém levou maior tempo para a realização das
Conclui-se que o laser cirúrgico de diodo provou ser eficaz e seguro durante as incisões
The aim of this study was to evaluate through a randomized clinical trial the
efficacy and safety of diode laser during the circumvestibular incision for the Le Fort I
osteotomy. Patients were randomly allocated in one of three groups based on the
diode laser. Clinical parameters were used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the
diode laser: incision velocity, duration of the surgery, bleeding, postoperative functions
alterations (eating and speech), pain, oedema, wound clinical healing and secondary
infection. Thirty patients were enrolled in the study, 10 in each group. The diode
surgical laser was effective during cut, but was slower to perform the incisions when
was found between the groups in relation to the total surgical time (p>0.05). Regarding
bleeding, the incisions performed with diode laser promoted lower bleeding rate in
associations were found between the groups in relation to other clinical parameters
studied. In conclusion, the diode laser is effective and safe during the circumvestibular
Key words: Orthognathic surgery; Diode Laser; High-power laser; Clinical trial.
LISTA DE SÍMBOLOS E SIGLAS
λ Comprimento de onda
® Marca registrada
µm Micrômetro
Deformidades Craniofaciais
CW Continuous wave
Er-YAG Érbio-Ítrio-Alumínio-Garnet
EV Endovenosa
KTP Potassium-titanium-phosphorus
mg Miligrama
ml Mililitro
mm Milímetro
Nd:YAG Neodimio-Ítrio-Alumínio-Garnet
nm Nanômetro
OS Orthognathic surgery
W Watt
SUMÁRIO
1. CONSIDERAÇÕES INICIAIS………………….……………………… 13
1.1. INTRODUÇÃO……………………………………………….….…... 13
1.2. REVISÃO DE LITERATURA............................................................. 15
1.2.1. Cirurgia ortognática.............................................................................. 15
1.2.2. Lasers de alta intensidade..................................................................... 15
1.2.3. Laser de diodo...................................................................................... 17
1.2.4. Estudos experimentais.......................................................................... 18
2. JUSTIFICATIVA....................................................................................... 21
3. OBJETIVOS............................................................................................... 22
3.1. Objetivo geral.......................................................................................... 22
3.2. Objetivos específicos............................................................................... 22
4. HIPÓTESE.................................................................................................. 23
5. METODOLOGIA EXPANDIDA.............................................................. 24
5.1. Desenho do estudo................................................................................... 24
5.2. Aspectos éticos e legais........................................................................... 28
5.3. População alvo........................................................................................ 29
5.4. Critérios de inclusão................................................................................ 29
5.5. Critérios de exclusão............................................................................... 29
5.6. Plano amostral......................................................................................... 30
5.7. Análise estatística.................................................................................... 30
6. ARTIGOS CIENTÍFICOS........................................................................ 31
6.1. Artigo 1.................................................................................................... 31
6.2. Artigo 2.................................................................................................... 39
7. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS……………………………………………. 68
8. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS…………………………………. 69
9. ANEXOS…………………………………………………………………. 74
9.1. Anexo A: Aprovação no comitê de ética e pesquisa…………………... 74
9.2. Anexo B: Aprovação no REBEC……………………………………… 76
9.3. Anexo C: Termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido………………... 77
9.4. Anexo D: Ficha para a coleta dos dados………………...…………….. 79
10. ATIVIDADES DESENVOLVIDAS DURANTE O DOUTORADO... 86
10.1. Artigos publicados em periódicos……………………………………. 86
10.2. Artigo da tese publicado em periódico….........………...............…….. 87
10.3. Artigos da tese submetido para publicação……………....…….....….. 87
10.4. Projeto de extensão…………………………………………………… 87
10.5. Palestras ministradas…………………………..……………………... 87
10.6. Apresentações de trabalhos e resumos publicados……………............ 89
10.7. Menções honrosas……………………………………………………. 91
10.8. Orientações de trabalho de conclusão de curso……....………………. 91
10.9. Participação em bancas de conclusão de curso…….………...........…. 93
10.10. Aprovações em concursos…….…………..…………….…………... 93
10.11. Organização de eventos…….………..………………….…………... 94
1. CONSIDERAÇÕES INICIAIS
1.1 Introdução
afetando funções como a mastigação, fala, respiração e fonação (Proffit et al., 1990;
Sato et al., 2014). Tais deformidades podem ser isoladas da maxila ou mandíbula, ou
ainda, envolver múltiplas estruturas craniofaciais (ONG, 2004). Na maioria dos casos,
facilidade, precisão e por causar mínimo dano aos tecidos adjacentes (Liboon et al.,
tendo como vantagem melhor hemostasia através do selamento dos vasos sanguíneos
Nos últimos anos, os lasers de alta intensidade têm se tornado uma ferramenta
útil nos diversos procedimentos cirúrgicos odontológicos. Vários tipos de lasers tem
sido descritos para uso nos tecidos moles da cavidade bucal, incluindo potássio-titânio-
13
durante as incisões, mínimo edema e cicatriz, redução do tempo cirúrgico e diminuição
Desta forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e segurança do laser
14
1.2 REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
cirurgia ortognática, por conceito, consiste no ato operatório para reposicionamento dos
maxilares (ortho = correto + gnathos = maxilar) e tem como objetivo corrigir a relação
Fort I, primeiramente descrita por Langenbeck em 1859. O uso desta técnica aumentou
muito nas últimas décadas devido aos trabalhos publicados sobre microcirculação óssea
por William Bell em 1969, 1973 e 1980. Nestes estudos, demonstrou-se a possibilidade
reparo tecidual, já que a mucosa palatina e vestibular fornecem irrigação suficiente após
Radiation (amplificação da luz por emissão estimulada de radiação). A luz pode ser
visível ou não, dependendo do meio ativo que produz esse tipo de onda
15
aplicações únicas.
justificada pelo fato de o feixe de laser ser composto de um único comprimento de onda,
de forma que, se atravessarmos essa luz por um prisma, ela sairá do outro lado da
mesma forma que incidiu (Boulnois, 1987; Svelto, 1989; Silveira LB et al., 2015). A
mesma frequência, com alinhamento de cristas e vales, de modo que caminhem paralela
direcionalidade é definida pela capacidade que essa luz tem de se propagar em uma
λ=2940nm), laser de CO2 (λ=9600, 10600nm) e laser de diodo (λ=805, 980nm). Dentro
da faixa visível do espectro eletromagnético, lasers de argônio estão na faixa entre 458
tecidos. Lasers que apresentam comprimento de onda ultravioleta (100 a 380nm) são
maioria dos lasers cirúrgicos estão dentro do comprimento de onda infravermelho (700
16
a 10000nm) e causam aquecimento tecidual, por isso são também denominados lasers
entre 805 e 980nm (Figura 1) e sua energia luminosa é rapidamente absorvida pelos
tecidos moles e pobremente absorvida pelos tecidos duros (Kravitz; Kusnoto, 2008).
17
operatório e melhora a visibilidade da cirurgia devido a ausência de sangramento
concluiu que o laser cirúrgico de diodo (comprimento de onda 808nm, potência média
mais rápida nos pacientes que foram submetidos à remoção da lesão através da técnica
convencional.
em baixa intensidade, os lasers cirúrgicos de diodo são uma ferramenta útil para
excisão, cauterização e redução bacteriana dos tecidos moles (Bader, 2000). Romanos
& Nentwig (1999) verificaram o uso do laser cirúrgico de diodo para tratar uma série
é uma ferramenta útil no tratamento das lesões de tecidos moles da região oral e
maxilofacial e que a incisão com o laser cirúrgico de diodo é mais controlável, logo
18
Dos vários tipos de estudos experimentais, o de uso mais frequente, uma vez
a saúde, sejam elas medicamentosas ou não (Oliveira MA et al., 2015). São estudos
2010; Oliveira MA et al., 2015). A alocação dos sujeitos de pesquisa pode ser de forma
aleatória dos pacientes, de modo que cada caso possa ter a mesma chance de ser alocado
O primeiro ensaio clínico nos moldes que hoje conhecemos foi publicado no
final da década de 1940, quando o estatístico Sir Austin Bradford Hill alocou
determinação de efeito de uma terapêutica, por diversos motivos, seu uso na cirurgia
não é tão difundido como nas outras especialidades. Ensaios clínicos são laboriosos e
19
dificultam sua confecção e realização é a dificuldade no mascaramento. O
impossível impedir que o cirurgião saiba qual técnica ele estará usando. Logo, é
guiarem a nossa prática clínica diária. A elaboração de um ECR visa a um estudo que
seja suficientemente grande para que um efeito clínico importante seja estatisticamente
significativo, mas não tão grande para que desfechos pouco importantes sejam
20
2. JUSTIFICATIVA
21
3. OBJETIVOS
eletrocautério.
§ sangramento transoperatório;
§ dor pós-operatória;
§ edema pós-operatório;
22
4. HIPÓTESE
operatória.
23
5. METODOLOGIA EXPANDIDA
Office Excel para Mac 2011), os pacientes foram alocados em um dos 3 grupos a
Thera Laser Surgery – DMC Equipamentos LTDA, São Carlos/SP) com os seguintes
wave) por contato; 4) sistema de entrega por fibra óptica com diâmetro de 600µm.
(Alphacaine 100, DFL Indústria e Comércio S.A., Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) pelo efeito
benéfico do vasoconstritor.
24
de primeiro molar contralateral. As incisões transfixaram a mucosa, submucosa e
procedimento cirúrgico, a sutura contínua da ferida foi padronizada com Vicryl 4.0
corticoide por via endovenosa (EV) durante a indução anestésica. Foram administrados
No momento da alta hospitalar, as seguintes medicações foram prescritas por via oral:
Todos os grupos foram acompanhados por 6 meses, tempo esperado até o completo
mensurados por um avaliador cego (doutorando) em relação ao tipo de incisão que foi
Eficácia:
25
mucosa a ser incisada foi demarcada com azul de metileno e o comprimento da incisão
outro após o final da sutura (tempo cirúrgico total). A velocidade de incisão foi
Segurança:
os critérios adotados por El-Kholey (2014) modificado, em uma escala de quatro pontos
funcionais de alimentação e fala no 1o, 7 o, 28 o, 60o e 180o dias após a cirurgia e para
mensurar a intensidade da dor 24h, 48h, 72h e 7 dias após a cirurgia. Em relação as
pacientes foram orientados a anotar a intensidade da dor em cada período, sendo que
26
(2003) modificado, através da mensuração com fita métrica das distâncias: (A)
comissura palpebral ao ângulo mandibular; (B) tragus ao encontro das linhas traçadas
entre o centro da pupila e asa do nariz; (C) tragus ao subnasale; (D) tragus à comissura
labial; (E) tragus ao pogônio mole (Figura 3 e Figura 4). A soma pré-operatória das 5
(direito/esquerdo). O edema foi avaliado no 1º, 7º, 14º, 21º, 28º, 60º e 180º dias pós-
operatórios. A diferença entre as mensurações pós e base indicaram o edema facial nos
dias avaliados;
comissura palpebral e labial, encontro das linhas traçadas entre o centro da pupila e asa
27
Figura 4 – Vista frontal da distância B. Tragus ao encontro das linhas
bem como o tratamento proposto. Para se considerar a infecção, os sinais clínicos como
C reativa).
28
A), obedecendo ao exigido pela legislação brasileira, conforme as resoluções CNS no
Baleia.
pesquisa poderia gerar, ficando livre para negar a participação na pesquisa. Todos os
resguardada.
29
5.6 Plano amostral
forma aleatória. A partir dos resultados parciais, o cálculo amostral foi realizado com
A análise estatística foi realizada por um estatístico também cego em relação aos tipos
realizados através do SPSS (versão 22 para Windows; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
quando aplicados. O teste Kruskal Wallis ou ANOVA One-Way foram utilizados para
30
Os resultados e discussão serão apresentados na forma de artigos científicos.
6. ARTIGOS CIENTÍFICOS
Revista: Lasers in Medical Science; Qualis: A2; Fator de impacto: 2.299; Data
31
Gmail - Decision on your manuscript #LIMS-D-17-00144R2 21/09/17 09(03
It is a pleasure to accept your manuscript entitled "High-power diode laser in the circumvestibular incision for Le
Fort I osteotomy in orthognathic surgery: a prospective case series study" in its current form for publication in the
'Lasers in Medical Science'.
Thank you for your fine contribution. On behalf of the Editors of the 'Lasers in Medical Science', we look forward to
your continued contributions to the Journal.
Keyvan Nouri
Editor-in-Chief
Lasers in Medical Science
__
https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=8dd19f393e&jsver=YkW…97da155&q=decision&qs=true&search=query&siml=15e9a2ba297da155 Página 1 de 1
32
Lasers Med Sci
DOI 10.1007/s10103-017-2333-4
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Abstract The incisions during orthognathic surgery are clas- of the swelling had resolved after the third postoperative
sically performed with conventional scalpel or electrocautery. week, and 28.8% of swelling remained after 2 months after
Considering that the high-power diode laser surgery may pro- the surgery. The pain decreased after 2 and 3 days, and 90.0%
vide advantages when compared to conventional incision of the patients reported no pain after 7 postoperative days.
techniques, the current study aimed to present a prospective High-power diode laser is effective and safety during
case series of patients submitted to circumvestibular incision circumvestibular incisions for Le Fort I osteotomy in
for Le Fort I osteotomy. Ten patients with dentofacial defor- orthognathic surgery decreasing bleeding, surgery time, pain,
mities who underwent to rapid assisted maxillary expansion or and edema after orthognathic surgery.
bimaxillary orthognathic surgery were enrolled in the study.
All incisions were performed by a single surgeon using an Keywords Diode laser . High-power laser . Orthognathic
808-nm diode laser, with an optical fiber of 600 μm, at a surgery . Surgery
power of 2.5 W, in a continuous-wave mode. The performance
of the incision was evaluated by incision velocity, bleeding,
edema, secondary infection, clinical healing, and pain. The
velocity of the incision ranged from 0.10 to 0.20 mm/s (mean Introduction
0.13 ± 0.03 mm/s). Considering bleeding during the soft tissue
incision, all surgeries were classified as absent bleeding. All Dentofacial deformities are common in large portion of the
patients presented a clinical healing of the surgical wound in a population, which can detrimentally impact in many impor-
period that range from 3 to 5 weeks and experienced swelling tant physiological functions, including chewing, talking,
during the follow-up period. On average, approximately 50% breathing, and phonation [1]. These deformities can be re-
stricted to jaws or may compromise multiple craniofacial
structures [2] and are a result of genetic alterations of normal
development process, which might be corrected using a com-
bination of orthodontic treatment with orthognathic surgery
* Filipe Jaeger (OS) in adults [3, 4].
[email protected] OS usually requires pre-surgical orthodontics for alignment
and leveling of the dental arches to further reposition of the
1
Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, jaws. These procedures are aimed to reach a more harmonic
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil facial aspect [5]. During the OS surgical approaches, incisions
2
Department of Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas are typically made using regular scalpel or electrocautery.
Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil Scalpels have been used for many years due to their friendly
3
Department of Dentistry, Centro Universitário Newton Paiva, Belo use, accuracy, and minimal damage to surrounding tissues. In
Horizonte, Brazil fact, the use of electrocautery—in contrast to scalpels—pro-
4
Oral and Maxillofacial Sugery Service, Baleia Hospital – vides enhanced hemostasis by sealing blood vessels during the
CENTRARE, Belo Horizonte, Brazil incision procedure. However, incisions using electrocautery
Lasers Med Sci
may harm muscle fasciculation, leading to delayed wound were performed with vicryl 4–0 (Ethicon, Johnson &
healing due to extensive thermal damage in comparison to Johnson, US).
scalpel-guided surgery approach [6].
High-power lasers are becoming the gold-standard tool for
Laser parameters
almost all oral and maxillofacial procedures, and their use is
increasing within the different surgical areas in dentistry and
Laser irradiation was performed using an 808-nm high-power
medicine [7]. Surgical laser systems have been used in different
diode laser (Thera Lase Surgery, DMC LTDA, São Carlos,
surgery modalities, including (1) potassium-titanium-
Brazil), with an optical fiber of 600 μm, at a power of
phosphorous (KTP), (2) neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet
2.5 W, in continuous mode by contact, with power density
(Nd: YAG), (3) carbon dioxide (CO2), and (4) diode laser with
of 893 W/cm2.
semiconductors [8, 9]. High-power diode lasers are portable,
compact, and cost-effective in comparison to other lasers.
Diode lasers have wavelengths of between 805 and 980 nm, Postoperative evaluations
which can be used in continuous or pulsed mode using an op-
tical fiber with or without physically contacting the tissues [10]. Incisions using high-power diode laser were evaluated using
Considering that there is a large literature about scalpel- multiple parameters, including by (1) incision velocity, (2)
based surgical approaches, and taking into account the puta- bleeding, (3) edema, (4) secondary infection, (5) clinical
tive advantages of the application of high-power diode laser healing, and (6) pain. Before incision, gingival mucosa was
surgery in oral and maxillofacial surgery, we provided here a delineated with methylene blue, and the extension of the inci-
prospective study of case series where patients were submitted sion was measured with a 2–0 surgical silk suture (Ethilon,
to circumvestibular incision for Le Fort I osteotomy during Johnson & Johnson, US) (Fig. 1). A precise millimetric ruler
OS using a high-power diode laser. was used throughout the procedures to estimate incision
length. The incision velocity was calculated in millimeter
per second (mm/s) and was calculated dividing the length of
Material and methods the incision (mm) by the time for performing of the incision
(in seconds). Bleeding level was estimated during soft tissue
Patients incision, using an adapted El-Kholey parameter [11], where
0 = was considered as no bleeding, 1 = minimal bleeding,
This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics 2 = moderate bleeding, and 3 = excessive bleeding. The level
Committee of the Universidade Federal Minas Gerais of facial swelling was determined by a modification of the
(UFMG, number 53476816.9.0000.5149), and informed writ- tape measuring method described by Ustun [12], in which five
ten consent was obtained from all participants. Ten patients measurements were made using seven reference points: tra-
who underwent to surgically assisted rapid maxillary expan- gus, lateral corner of the eye, subnasale, outer corner of the
sion (SARME) or bimaxillary orthognathic surgery were re- mouth, soft tissue pogonion, angle of the mandible, and a
cruited from the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service of point that represents the intersection of drawn lines between
Baleia Hospital (CENTRARE, Belo Horizonte, Brazil). The
selection of cases included adult patients who presented
dentofacial deformities with surgical indications. Patients cur-
rently using anti-inflammatory or analgesic medications and
syndromic patients were not included in this evaluation.
Surgical procedures
Postoperative care
the pupil center and nose ala (Fig. 2). The preoperative sum of Results
these five measurements: A (tragus and angle of the mandi-
ble); B (tragus and the intersection of drawn lines between the Clinical profiles and patient’s data are provided in Table 1.
pupil center and ala of the nose); C (tragus and subnasale); D This study enrolled six males (60.0%) and four females
(tragus and outer corner of the mouth), and E (tragus and soft (40.0%). Patient ages ranged from 18 to 31 years (mean
tissue pogonion) was considered as a baseline for right and left 25.20 ± 5.89). According to surgery indication, 8 patients
side (T0). The difference between each postoperative measure- (80.0%) were submitted to bimaxillary orthognathic surgery
ment and the baseline defined the facial swelling for that day. and 2 patients (20%) to SARME. The incision velocity ranged
The measurement was performed after day 1 (T1), day 7 (T2), from 0.10 to 0.20 mm/s (mean 0.13 ± 0.03 mm/s).
day 14 (T3), day 21 (T4), day 28 (T5), and day 60 (T6) post- Considering bleeding during the soft tissue incision, all sur-
operative days. Secondary infection was determined by the geries were classified as absent bleeding (Fig. 3).
Table 1 Clinical data of the patients and postoperative evaluations of the circumvestibular incision for Le Fort I osteotomy in orthognathic surgery
using high-power diode laser
Patients Age Gender Surgery type Bleeding Incision velocity Surgery time Healing (days) Complications
(mm/s) (min)
F female, M male, SARME surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion, mm/s millimeter per second
Lasers Med Sci
Discussion
Patients T0 (mm) T1–T0 (mm) T2–T0 (mm) T3–T0 (mm) T4–T0 (mm) T5–T0 (mm) T6–T0 (mm)
1 1.215 110 65 65 50 50 30
2 1.310 50 50 40 20 10 10
3 1.117 108 48 43 43 38 38
4 1.170 60 15 15 5 0 0
5 0.955 165 175 155 155 150 135
6 1.230 85 45 15 10 10 0
7 1.175 80 20 15 15 0 0
8 1.035 100 85 75 65 60 45
9 1.140 84 75 45 40 38 30
10 1.175 68 55 35 20 1 0
Total Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD)
91.0 (30.9) 63.3 (42.5) 50.3 (39.9) 42.3 (41.7) 35.7 (43.5) 28.8 (39.1)
surgical time due the decrease of hemostatic procedures dur- procedures using laser systems, which is related to the sealing
ing the surgery. of the lymphatic vessels [27, 28]. The combination of high-
Other key questions were raised regarding the use of the power diode laser incisions with well-accepted strategies to
high-power diode laser, including the presence of bacterial edema controlling may contribute to reduced side effects, pro-
contamination and surgical procedures without the need of moting a better postoperative outcome.
infiltrative anesthesia [8, 18, 19]. Strikingly, no surgery com- Reduced pain after surgery seems to be the most important
plications and infections were observed in the patients en- benefit of high-power laser systems in comparison to scalpel
rolled in this study. Of note, it has been previously reported surgery [20, 27]. Mild pain may be explained due to protein
that the use of diode laser may require local anesthesia during coagulum that is formed around the wound, which acts as a
second-stage implant surgery and fibrous hyperplasia treat- biological dressing sealing sensory nerves, and also due to the
ment [11, 20]. Due to the complexity of the OS, all procedures photo biomodulation effect [29, 30]. In this prospective case
in our study were performed under general anesthesia, and the series, 40.0% of the patients related no pain 1 day after the
infiltrative anesthesia always applied before all incisions due surgery. The pain decreased after 2 and 3 days and after 7 days,
to the vasoconstriction benefit. 90.0% of the patients had no complains related to pain, and
Assessment of the swelling after OS and how to control the only one patient (10.0%) related mild pain. Together, our data
postoperative consequences after tissue injury have been pre- suggest that diode laser is a promising option to reduce post-
viously described. It has been proposed that use of glucocor- operative pain after OS.
ticoids [21, 22], compressive tapes [23, 24], low-level laser Regarding the surgical wound, faster clinical healing with
therapy [25], and cold therapy [26] have been proved to de- high-power diode laser incisions has been already reported in
crease facial edema in the short-term period after surgery. the literature. Fast wound healing during ankyloglossia has
Moreover, mild edema has been reported in oral surgery been already treated with diode laser surgery in comparison
to scalpel surgery [29]. In addition, others have demonstrated
that diode lasers might produce more alterations in the oral
tissue due to thermal damage, inducing a higher inflammatory
reaction, delaying tissue organization [31, 32]. Here, we re-
vealed a better clinical outcome regarding healing ranging
from 3 to 5 weeks (average = 4 weeks). These results are in
agreement with previous studies that demonstrated delayed
healing with diode laser in comparison to scalpel surgery for
the management of fibrous hyperplasia [20].
In conclusion, we demonstrated that the use of diode laser is
an effective and safe surgery alternative for circumvestibular
incisions during Le Fort I osteotomy in OS procedure. The use
of diode laser-based surgery revealed several benefits, includ-
ing decreased bleeding rate, reduced surgery time, lower pain
scores, and milder edema after OS. Together, our data beget
that these devices may be a safe choice to incision procedures
Fig. 4 Clinical healing of the surgical wound after 4 weeks when available.
Lasers Med Sci
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the National 13. Brailo V, Zakrzewska J (2015) Grading the intensity of non-dental
Council for Scientific and Technological Development (#309322/2015- orofacial pain: identification of cutoff points for mild, moderate and
4). RA Mesquita is research fellow of CNPq, Brazil. severe pain. J Pain Res 8:95–104
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Mesquita is research fellow of CNPq, Brazil. 15. Kim NA, Yoo YC, Chun DH, Lee HM, Jun YS, Bai SJ (2015) The
effects of oral atenolol or enalapril premedication on blood loss and
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Compliance with ethical standards
1114–1121
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duced hypotension. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 43:577–580
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of 17. Consensus conference (1988) Perioperative red blood cell transfu-
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18. Kara C (2008) Evaluation of patient perceptions of frenectomy: a
Ethical approval This study is in compliance with ethical standards and comparison of Nd:YAG laser and conventional techniques.
was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Photomed Laser Surg 26:147–152
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6.2 Artigo 2 - Artigo da tese submetido para publicação.
trial.
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Efficacy and safety of diode LASER during circumvestibular incision for Le Fort I osteotomy in orthognathic
surgery: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial.
Original Paper
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DEPARTAMENTO DE ODONTOLOGIA
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE MINAS GERAIS
Av. Dom José Gaspar, 500 – Coração Eucarístico
Belo Horizonte – MG. CEP: 30.535-901
October 8, 2017
J. Wiltfang
Editor-in-Chief
JOURNAL OF CRANIO-MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
It is our pleasure to submit the manuscript entitled: “Efficacy and safety of diode LASER
blind randomized clinical trial” to appreciation of the editorial board of the JOURNAL OF
CRANIO-MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY.
At the best of our knowledge, this is the first study designed to evaluate through a triple-
blind randomized clinical trial, the efficacy and safety of diode LASER during circumvestibular
We demonstrated that the high-power diode laser is effective and safe in this field.
Since lasers systems are becoming the gold-standard tools in different medical procedures not
only restricted to oral mucosa, we believe that our study may provide interesting insights in a
This paper is not under consideration elsewhere and the undersigned author warrants
that the article is original and has not been previously published. All individuals listed as authors
had contributed substantially to the design and performance of the work. We also affirm that this
I sign for and accept responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-
authors. We thank you very much for your attention, and we will be looking forward to hearing
My best regards,
Filipe Jaeger
*Title Page
Efficacy and safety of diode LASER during circumvestibular incision for Le Fort I
osteotomy in orthognathic surgery: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial
Authors:
1. Filipe Jaeger, DDS, MSc, PhD-researcher, Professor a,b,c,d
2. Gustavo Marques de Oliveira Chiavaioli, DDS d
3. Guilherme Lacerda de Toledo, DDS d
4. Belini Freire-Maia, DDS, MSc, PhD, Professor b,d
5. Marcio Bruno Figueiredo Amaral, DDS, MSc, PhD d
6. Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães de Abreu, PhD, Professor a
7. Ricardo Alves Mesquita, DDS, MSc, PhD, Professor a
Institutional affiliations:
a
Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology. School of Dentistry. Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
b
Department of Dentistry. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte.
Brazil.
c
Department of Dentistry. Centro Universitário Newton Paiva. Belo Horizonte. Brazil.
d
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service. Baleia Hospital - CENTRARE. Belo Horizonte.
Brazil.
Correspondence:
Filipe Jaeger
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais
Departamento de Odontologia
Av. Dom José Gaspar 500 - Coração Eucarístico
Belo Horizonte, MG. Brasil
30.535-901
Telephone and fax: +55-31-3319-4453
E-mail: [email protected]
Conflict of interest:
None declared.
Manuscript
Click here to view linked References
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate, through a triple-blind randomized clinical trial, the
efficacy and safety of diode LASER during circumvestibular incisions for Le Fort I osteotomy
and scalpel. Patients were randomically allocated in one of three groups based on the technique
employed to perform incisions: diode LASER, electrocautery and scalpel. Parameters used to
evaluate the efficacy and safety of the diode LASER were: incision velocity, duration of the
surgery, bleeding rate, alterations in postoperative functions, pain, oedema, wound clinical
healing and infection. Thirty patients were enrolled in the study, being ten in each group.
Regarding bleeding, the incisions performed with diode LASER promoted lower bleeding rate
in comparison to the scalpel and electrocautery (p=0.00). The diode surgical LASER was
effective during incision procedure, but was slower to perform the incisions in comparison to
other evaluated techniques (p<0.05). No statistically difference was found between the groups
in relation to the total surgical time and other safety parameters (p>0.05). In conclusion, diode
LASER proved to be effective and safer during circumvestibular incisions for Le Fort I
Key words: orthognathic surgery; diode LASER; high-power LASER; clinical trial.
Introduction
Orthognathic treatment refers to the management of the functional and aesthetic consequences
(Castro et al., 2013; Ptacas et al., 2017). Dentofacial deformities are common in a large portion
of the population, which can impact in physiological functions, including, chewing, talking,
breathing and phonation (Proffit and White, 1990). These deformities result from developmental
alterations during growth process and genetically modulated associated with syndromes or
congenital defects that can be restricted to jaws or may compromise multiple craniofacial
Incisions during orthognathic surgery (OS) are typically performed using regular scalpel
or electrocautery. Scalpels are usually the first choice due to their friendly use, accuracy and
hemostasis by sealing blood vessels during the incision procedure. However, incisions using
electrocautery may harm muscle fasciculation and delay wound healing due to extensive
High-power LASERS are becoming the gold-standard tool for almost all oral and
maxillofacial procedures, and their use is increasing within the different surgical areas in
dentistry and medicine (Strauss and Fallon, 2004). A number of surgical LASER systems are
garnet (Nd:YAG), carbon dioxide (CO2) and diode LASER with semiconductors (Romanos and
Nentwig, 1999; Angiero et al., 2012). High-power diode LASERS are portable, compact, and
low cost effective in comparison to other LASER systems. Diode LASERS have wavelengths of
between 805 and 980nm, which can be used in continuous or interrupted mode using an optical
fiber with or without physically contacting the tissues (Jackson and Lauto, 2002).
Considering that there is a large literature about scalpel-based surgical approaches, and
taking into account the putative advantages of the application of high-power diode LASER in
oral and maxillofacial surgery, the aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy and
safety of diode LASER during circumvestibular incisions for Le Fort I osteotomy in
orthognathic surgeries compared with conventional techniques using electrocautery and scalpel.
Materials and Methods
Patients were recruited consecutively from Baleia Hospital (CENTRARE, Belo Horizonte,
Brazil), from January to December 2016. Considering a 95% confidence level, 80% test powers
and 5% error, the sample size was calculated based on incision velocity. The parameters used to
perform the sample size calculation were obtained from a pilot study with 9 patients (3 in each
group). Thirty-six patients were enrolled in this study considering a security loss range of 20%,
to assure a minimal number of 28 patients. Patients who underwent to surgically assisted rapid
maxillary expansion (SARME) or bimaxillary orthognathic surgery were enrolled in this study.
The cases selected were adult patients who presented dentofacial deformities with surgical
indications. Patients were using anti-inflammatories or analgesic medications during the period
of the surgery were excluded from the study. The present study performed a triple-blind
randomized clinical trial and patients were divided in three groups based on the technique
employed to carry out the circumvestibular incision: diode LASER, electrocautery and scalpel.
The randomization procedure was blindly performed by a researcher not involved in the
evaluation of the patients and surgeries using a computer-generated list of random numbers to
allocate subjects to the groups (Microsoft Office Excel software, 2009). All surgical procedures
were made under hypotensive general anesthesia. Therefore, all information related to the
surgery was hidden from the patient, blinded researcher (responsible for postoperative
This study received human research ethics committee approval of the study institution
Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement (Schulz et al., 2010). Each patient signed
a statement of informed consent prior to inclusion in the study. This study is registered at
ensaiosclinicos.gov.br (RBR-8pbjf5).
Surgical procedures
All surgical circumvestibular incisions for Le Fort I osteotomy were performed by the same
surgeon, 5mm above of the mucogingival line, extending from mesial of the first molar to the
mesial of the contralateral tooth. Before all incisions the areas were infiltrated with 10ml of 1%
lidocaine containing adrenaline 1:100.000 (DFL Indústria e Comércio S. A., Rio de Janeiro,
LASER group enrolled 10 patients and the incisions were performed using an 808nm
high-power diode LASER (Thera Lase Surgery, DMC LTDA, São Carlos, Brazil), with an
optical fiber of 600µm, at a power of 2.5W, in a continuous-wave mode. Protective glasses were
uses by the surgeons during the incisions to avoid eye damage. The electrocautery group
consisted of 12 patients. The generator unit used (Deltronix B-3300 SM) was set on blend mode
with 35W of power. A monopolar hand piece was used as the electrocautery needle tip. Ten
patients also composed the Scalpel group and the incisions were made using a surgical blade
(#15). Perioperative medication protocols were standardized for all patients. Right of the
induction of the general anesthesia, the patients received dexamethasone IV 10mg and cefazolin
IV 2g. After the procedures, continuous sutures were performed with vicryl 4-0 (Ethicon,
The following parameters were assessed for the three groups: incision velocity, duration of the
surgery, bleeding rate, oedema, pain, postoperative functions alterations (eating and speech),
Before surgery, an incision track was delineated in the mucosa with methylene blue and
the extension of the incision was measured with a 2-0 surgical silk suture (Ethicon, Johnson &
Johnson, US, Somerville, New Jersey) (Figure 1). A millimetric ruler was used throughout the
procedures to determine incision length. The incision velocity was calculated in millimeter per
second (mm/s) dividing the length of the incision in millimeters by the time for performing the
incision in seconds (Nitta et al., 2011). The duration of the incisions and total surgery time were
measured with a digital chronometer (Vollo VL 1809). Bleeding level was estimated during soft
tissue incision, using an adapted parameter (El-Kholey, 2014), where: 0 = was considered as no
facial swelling was determined by a modification of the tape measuring method (Ustun et al.,
2003), which five measurements are made using 7 reference points: tragus, lateral corner of the
eye, subnasale, outer corner of the mouth, soft tissue pogonion, angle of the mandible and a
point that represents the intersection of drawn lines between the pupil center and nose ala
(Figure 2). The preoperative sum of these 5 measurements: A (tragus and angle of the
mandible); B (tragus and the intersection of drawn lines between the pupil center and ala of the
nose); C (tragus and subnasale); D (tragus and outer corner of the mouth) and E (tragus and soft
tissue pogonion) was considered as a baseline for right and left side. The difference between
each postoperative measurement and the baseline defined the facial swelling for that day. The
measurement was performed after day 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60 and 180 postoperative days. Patients
were asked to separately rate the degree of pain intensity, discomfort during speech and eating
using a visual analogue scale (VAS) ranging from 0-10 (Manninon et al., 2007; Brailo and
Zakrzewska, 2015). Patients were also instructed that scoring 0 meaning “no pain” or “no
were asked to rate the degree of pain on postoperative days 1, 2, 3 and 7. According the
postoperative functional alterations they were asked to rate de degree on postoperative days 1,
7, 30 and 180. The values between 1 to 3 were categorized as mild pain or discomfort, 4 to 6 as
After the surgery and under the usual 24 h of hospitalization, all patients used the same
medications, including dipyrone IV 2ml 6/6 h, ketoprofen IV 100mg 12/12 h and cefazolin IV
1g 6/6 h. Infection was investigated by the presence or absence of local exudation and fever.
Clinical healing of the postoperative wounds was assessed at the weekly follow-ups until
complete healing.
Postoperative care
All patients were instructed to improve their oral hygiene care during the postsurgical period.
After the hospital discharge, dipyrone (500mg; 6 times/day for 5 days) and nimesulide 100mg
Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for
Windows, version 17.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and included descriptive statistics and
association tests for comparisons between the groups. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to
evaluate the distribution of the data (normal or non-normal), followed by parametric or non-
parametric tests, when appropriated. The Kruskal Wallis test or ANOVA One-way were used to
compare independent quantitative variables while the ANOVA or Friedman test to compare the
dependent quantitative variables. The Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was applied to compare
the categorical variables. P-values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
A total of 36 patients were enrolled in this clinical trial. One patient declined to participate. Two
patients that were under anti-inflammatory treatment, one that was taking analgesics during the
surgery procedure period and other two patients that did not participate in all postoperative
stages were excluded. Therefore, 30 patients were analyzed in the study (Figure 3). This study
enrolled 10 males (33.3%) and 20 females (66.7%). Patient ages ranged from 18 to 50 years
(mean 28.8 years). According to surgery type, 25 patients (83.3%) were submitted to
comparison to others groups (P = 0.00) was observed. All incisions made with diode LASER
were classified as absent bleeding (100%), while using an electrocautery only 10% was
classified as absent, 50% as minimal and 40% as moderate. Bleeding rate in scalpel group was
classified as moderate in 60% of cases and as excessive in the other 40% (Table 1).
The median incision velocity using scalpel and electrocautery was 1.27mm/s (ranging
from 0.60 to 2.23mm/s) and 1.12mm/s (ranging from 0.80 to 2.01mm/s), respectively. Diode
LASER incision was slower in comparison to the 2 groups, being the median 0.12mm/s ranging
from 0.10 to 0.20mm/s (P = 0.00). No statistical differences were found between the groups
All patients had oedema during the follow up period. Oedema mean from all days after
surgery are shown in Table 2. No differences between the three groups were found regarding
Clinical healing of the postoperative wound was statistically faster in the scalpel group
(mean = 23.8 days) in comparison to diode LASER (mean = 28.0 days, Figure 4) and
electrocautery (mean = 28.7 days) (P = 0.01, Figure 5). No infections, hemorrhage, necrosis and
In this randomized clinical trial study was compared efficacy and safety of incisions with high-
power diode LASER and two conventional techniques applying electrocautery and scalpel. A
standard circumvestibular incision for Le Fort I osteotomy during orthognathic surgeries was
defined as model. Despite incision velocity was statistically lower with the diode LASER, data
clearly shown that this technique is an effective choice for incisions during OS, demonstrating
all benefits of a classical incision device, but with lower bleeding rates.
and scalpel groups. Bleeding from soft tissue incision was virtually absent throughout all
procedures in diode LASER group. Due to bone and soft tissue bleeding at the incision site and
the intricacy mesh of orofacial blood vessels, OS procedure eventually causes significant blood
loss during the operative procedure (Kim et al., 2015). In fact, over-bleeding might also increase
patient morbidity and mortality rates by extending surgery time and anesthesia duration. In
these cases, blood transfusions during surgery may be necessary (Consensus conference, 1988;
Carlos et al., 2014). In the present study, although the incision velocity was faster when made
with electrocautery and scalpel, we believe that the absent bleeding from soft tissue and the
decreasing of hemostatic procedures during the surgery may compensate the final time.
Lower oedema levels reached using LASER systems might be at least partially
attributed to a reduced level of lymphatic vessel sealing, which helped to maintain oedema
drainage from swollen tissues (Cervani et al., 1994; Coleton, 2004). In contrast, others have
shown that over oedema after inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia removal was observe during
diode LASER in comparison to scalpel (Amaral et al., 2015). No difference was demonstrated
on oedema between the groups. The mean values showed a significant oedema in the first
postoperative and after 7 days in all groups. In average, approximately 50% of the swelling
reversed after the third postoperative week (21 days) and only 28.8% of swelling remained after
2 months after the surgery. OS involves a considerable surgical manipulation of bone and soft
tissue and the contribution of the incision protocol seems to be not significant to the final
oedema and others functions alterations such as eating and speech.
In these cases, reduced pain after surgery seems to be the most important benefit of
high-power LASER systems in comparison to scalpel surgery (Cervani et al., 1994; Amaral et
al., 2015). Mild pain using diode LASER may be explained by a combination of facts: protein
coagulum formed around the wound may act as a biological dressing that seals sensory nerves,
and also due to the photo biomodulation effect (Haytac and Ozcelik, 2006; Elanchezhiyan et al.,
2013). In the present study, no differences according pain were found between the groups, and
Regarding the surgical wound, faster clinical healing with high-power diode LASER
incisions has been already reported in the literature (Elanchezhiyan et al., 2013). In contrast,
others studies have demonstrated that diode LASER migth disturb the oral tissue due to thermal
(D’arcangelo et al., 2007; Jin et al., 2010). In the present study, clinical healing was significant
faster in the scalpel group (3 weeks) in comparison to diode LASER and electrocautery
techniques. However, all incisions were completely healed between 4 and 5 weeks. These
results are in agreement with previous data that demonstrated a delayed healing when diode
LASER was used in comparison to scalpel surgery for the management of inflammatory fibrous
hyperplasia (Amaral et al., 2015). It has also been hypothesized that high-power diode LASER
could reduce local bacterial contamination during surgical procedures (Romanos and Nentwig,
1999; Kara, 2008; Aras et al., 2010). However, since our study had no surgery complications
and postoperative infections with patients enrolled in either group, the putative antibiotic effects
of LASER technique are still elusive. This begets that infections could be more related to the
diode LASER decreased the bleeding and no difference between the three techniques were
found regarding oedema, pain and postoperative functional alterations. However, wound healing
was significantly faster in scalpel group in comparison to diode LASER and electrocautery.
Together, this suggests that high-power diode LASER can be applied for incisions in
orthognathic surgery; however, significant clinical differences were not found in comparison to
classical scalpel and electrocautery. Therefore, the decision of the incision technique should
consider individual benefits, since patients with bleeding disorders might have advantages with
high-power diode LASER, while those with impaired wound healing (i.e. diabetic patients) may
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological
1- Angiero F, Parma L, Crippa R, Benedicenti S. Diode laser (808 nm) applied to oral soft tissues
2- Amaral MB, Ávila JM, Abreu MH, Mesquita RA. Diode laser surgery versus scalpel in the
treatment of fibrous hyperplasia: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 44:
1383-1389, 2015.
3- American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. AAOMS criteria for orthognatic
4- Aras MH, Goren M, Gungormus M, Akgul HM. Comparison of diode laser and Er:YAG lasers
cutoff points for mild, moderate and severe pain. Journal of Pain Research 8: 95-104, 2015.
6- Carlos E, Monnazzi MS, Castiglia YM, Gabrielli MF, Passeri LA, Guimarães NC. Orthognathic
surgery with or without induced hypotension. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 43: 577-580, 2014.
7- Castro V, Prado CJ, Neto AI, Zanetta-Barbosa D. Assessment of the epidemiological profile of
patients with dentofacial deformities who underwent orthognathic surgery. J of Craniofac Surg
8- Cernavi I, Pugatpchew A, Boer N, Tyas MJ. Laser applications in dentistry: a review of the
9- Coleton S. Lasers in surgical periodontics and oral medicine. Dent Clin N Am 48: 937-962,
2004.
10- Consensus conference. Perioperative red blood cell transfusion. JAMA 260: 2700:2703, 1988.
11- D'arcangelo C, Maio FD, Prosperi GD, Conte E, Baldi M, Caputi S. A preliminary study of
healing of diode laser versus scalpel incisions in rat oral tissue: a comparison of clinical,
histological, and immunohistochemical results. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol
13- Haytac MC, Ozcelik O. Evaluation of patient perceptions after frenectomy operations: a
comparison of carbon dioxide laser and scalpel techniques. J. Periodontol 77: 1815–1819, 2006.
14- El-Kholey KE. Efficacy and safety of a diode laser in second-stage implant surgery: a
comparative study. Int J Oral of Oral and Maxillofac 43: 633-638, 2014.
15- Jackson SD, Lauto A. Diode-pumped fiber lasers: a new clinical tool. Lases Surg Med 30: 184-
90, 2002.
16- Jin Jy, Lee SH, Yoon HK. A comparative study of wound healing following incision with a
scalpel, diode laser or Er,Cr:YSGG laser in guinea pig oral mucosa: a histological and
17- Kara C. Evaluation of patient perceptions of frenectomy: a comparison of Nd:YAG laser and
18- Kim NA, Yoo YC, Chun DH, Lee HM, Jun YS, Bai SJ. The effects of oral atenolol or enalapril
premedication on blood loss and hypotensive anesthesia in orthognathic surgery. Yonsei Med J
19- Liboon J, Funkhouses W, Terris DJ. A comparison of mucosal incisions made by scalpel, CO2
laser, electrocautery, and constant-voltage electrocautery. Orolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116:
379-375, 1997.
20- Mannion AF, Balangué F, Pellisé F, Cedraschi C. Pain measurement in patients with low back
21- Nitta N, Fukami T, Nozaki K. Electrocautery skin incision for neurosurgery procedures. Neurol
22- Phillips C, Bakley G, Joskolka M. Recover after orthognathic surgery: short-term health-related
23- Proffit W, White R. Who needs surgical–orthodontic treatment? Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath
24- Ptacas R, Cunningham SJ, Shute J, Lloyd T, Obwegeser JA, Arjomand L, Sharma S. Motivation
for orthognathic treatment and anticipated satisfaction levels - a two-centre cross-national audit.
25- Romanos G, Nentwig GH. Diode laser (980 nm) in oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures:
clinical observations based on clinical applications. J Clin Laser Med Surg 17: 193-197, 1999.
26- Schulz KF, Atltman DG, Moher D, CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated
guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. CMB Med 8: 18, 2010.
27- Strauss RA, Fallon SD. Lasers in contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery. Dent Clin N Am
28- Ustun Y, rdo an , Esen E, Karsli ED. Comparison of the effects of 2 doses of
methylprednisolone on pain, swelling, and trismus after third molar surgery. Oral Surg, Oral
Med, Oral Pathol, Oral Radiol, and Endod 96: 535-539, 2003.
Figure 1. Demarcation of the gingival mucosa with methylene blue and a 2-0 surgical nylon
suture to measure the extension of the incision.
Figure 2. Tape measuring method for evaluation of facial swelling. Five measurements were
made between 7 reference points and sum of the 5 measurements: A: tragus and angle of the
mandible; B: tragus and the intersection of drawn lines between the pupil center and ala of the
nose; C: tragus and subnasale; D: tragus and outer corner of the mouth and E: tragus and soft
tissue pogonion.
Figure 4. Clinical aspect of wound healing following diode LASER incision. (A) Postoperative
aspect of the wound after 7 days. (B) Postoperative aspect of the wound after 14 days. (C)
Postoperative aspect of the wound after 21 days. (D) Complete healing of the wound after 28
days.
Figure 5. Comparison of the time healing (in days) of postoperative wounds in scalpel,
electrocautery and diode LASER groups.
Table 1
Table 1. Summary and statistical analysis of the parameters evaluated in the study in the scalpel, electrocautery and diode LASER groups
Parameters Scalpel group Electrocautery group Diode LASER group P-value
Bleeding, n (%)
Absent 0 (0%) 1 (10%) 10 (100%) 0.00*
Minimal 0 (0%) 5 (50%) 0 (0%)
Moderate 6 (60%) 4 (40%) 0 (0%)
Excessive 4 (40%) 0(0%) 0 (0%)
Incision velocity, mm/s (range; median) 0.60 – 2.23; 1.27 0.80 – 2.01; 1.12 0.10 – 0.20; 0.12 0.00†
Duration of surgery, min (mean ± SD) 136.6 ± 58.1 143.9 ± 58.5 149.8 ± 74.7 0.88†
Clinical healing, days (mean ± SD) 23.8 ± 3.6 28.0 ± 3.2 28.7 ± 3.9 0.01†
Pain
Pain day 1 (range; median) 0 – 7; 2.0 0 – 5; 2.8 0 – 5; 1.6 0.32§
Pain day 2 (range; median) 0 – 6; 1.8 0 – 6; 2.1 0 – 4; 0.5 0.86§
Pain day 3 (range; median) 0 – 5; 1.6 0 – 5; 1.8 0 – 6; 1.0 0.61§
Pain day 7 (range; median) 0 – 3; 0.4 0 – 3; 1.1 0 – 5; 0.7 0.84§
Speech
Speech day 1 (range; median) 0 – 8; 3.3 3 – 9; 6.0 0 – 8; 4.3 0.14§
Speech day 7 (range; median) 0 – 5; 1.8 0 – 7; 2.2 0 – 7; 3.2 0.09§
Speech day 30 (range; median) 0 – 7; 0.9 0 – 5; 1.9 0 – 3; 0.6 0.26§
Speech day 180 (range; median) 0 – 0; 0.0 0 – 2; 0.4 0 – 0; 0.0 0.12§
Eating
Eating day 1 (range; median) 0 – 8; 4.3 2 – 10; 6.4 0 – 8; 4.7 0.24§
Eating day 7 (range; median) 0 – 7; 2.8 4 – 2; 5.5 0 – 6; 2.6 0.20§
Eating day 30 (range; median) 0 – 2; 0.4 0 – 6; 2.6 0 – 2; 0.6 0.36§
Eating day 180 (range; median) 0 – 0; 0.0 0 – 2; 0.2 0 – 0; 0.0 0.36§
SD, standard deviation.
*
Fisher`s exact test
†
Kruskal Wallis test
§ 2
X test
Table 2
Table 2. Comparison of the facial swelling between the scalp, electrocautery and diode LASER groups
Oedema Scalpel group Electrocautery group Diode LASER group P-value
Baseline, mm(mean ± SD) 1137.2 ± 51.9 1155.8± 43.5 1152.2 ±99.0 0.82*
Edema 1, mm(mean ± SD) 1209.3± 65.4 1240.6 ± 50.5 1243.2 ± 77.0 0.44*
Odema 7, mm(mean ± SD) 1196.7 ± 56.1 1210.2 ± 31.3 1208.3 ± 78.2 0.85*
Oedema 14, mm(mean ± SD) 1183.5 ± 55.7 1186.0 ± 37.7 1204.0 ± 73.1 0.68*
Oedema 21, mm(mean ± SD) 1167.5 ± 51.5 1171.8 ± 45.7 1193.0 ± 67.5 0.55*
Oedema 28, mm(mean ± SD) 1159.5 ± 47.3 1158.7 ± 37.9 1191.6 ± 68.0 0.29*
Oedema 60, mm(mean ± SD) 1151.8±47.7 1152.4 ± 38.7 1183.0 ± 70.8 0.35*
Oedema 180, mm(mean ± SD) 1147.3 ± 50.1 1146.1 ± 39.4 1163.0 ± 97.9 0.82*
Item Reported
Section/Topic No Checklist item on page No
Title and abstract
1a Identification as a randomised trial in the title 01
1b Structured summary of trial design, methods, results, and conclusions (for specific guidance see CONSORT for abstracts) 02
Introduction
Background and 2a Scientific background and explanation of rationale 03
objectives 2b Specific objectives or hypotheses 03
Methods
Trial design 3a Description of trial design (such as parallel, factorial) including allocation ratio 05
3b Important changes to methods after trial commencement (such as eligibility criteria), with reasons -
Participants 4a Eligibility criteria for participants 05
4b Settings and locations where the data were collected 05
Interventions 5 The interventions for each group with sufficient details to allow replication, including how and when they were 06
actually administered
Outcomes 6a Completely defined pre-specified primary and secondary outcome measures, including how and when they 06
were assessed
6b Any changes to trial outcomes after the trial commenced, with reasons -
Sample size 7a How sample size was determined 05
7b When applicable, explanation of any interim analyses and stopping guidelines -
Randomisation:
Sequence 8a Method used to generate the random allocation sequence 05
generation 8b Type of randomisation; details of any restriction (such as blocking and block size) 05
Allocation 9 Mechanism used to implement the random allocation sequence (such as sequentially numbered containers), 05
concealment describing any steps taken to conceal the sequence until interventions were assigned
mechanism
Implementation 10 Who generated the random allocation sequence, who enrolled participants, and who assigned participants to 05
interventions
Blinding 11a If done, who was blinded after assignment to interventions (for example, participants, care providers, those 05
*We strongly recommend reading this statement in conjunction with the CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration for important clarifications on all the items. If relevant, we also
recommend reading CONSORT extensions for cluster randomised trials, non-inferiority and equivalence trials, non-pharmacological treatments, herbal interventions, and pragmatic trials.
Additional extensions are forthcoming: for those and for up to date references relevant to this checklist, see www.consort-statement.org.
ortognáticas. Apesar da incisão com o laser ser estatisticamente mais lenta, o tempo
68
8. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
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15. Broers DL, Heijden GJ, Rozema FR, Jongh A. Do patients benefit from
orthognathic surgery? A systematic review on the effects of elective orthognathic
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8.
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V. Nd:Yag and diode laser in the surgical management of soft tissues related to
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38. Louis PJ, Austin RB, Waite P. Soft tissue changes of the upper lip
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57. Silveira LB, Sousa GR, Soares BM. Laser aplicado à periodontia.
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73
9. ANEXOS
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE
MINAS GERAIS
pesquisa deverão ser dirigidas aos pesquisadores e que esclarecimentos sobre dúvidas éticas poderão ser
consultados no COEP. Informar os retornos de acompanhamento pós-operatórios (1º,7º, 14º, 21 º, 28 º e 60º
e 180 º no TCLE)
Página 04 de 05
74
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE
MINAS GERAIS
Aprovado
Necessita Apreciação da CONEP:
Não
Assinado por:
Telma Campos Medeiros Lorentz
(Coordenador)
Página 05 de 05
75
9.2 Anexo B – Aprovação no REBEC
76
9.3 Anexo C – TCLE
Este documento tem como finalidade convidar você para participar do projeto de
têm se tornado uma ferramenta útil nos diversos procedimentos cirúrgicos. Desta
forma, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia e segurança do laser cirúrgico durante
(bisturi ou eletrocautério).
incisão na arcada superior será feita pela técnica convencional utilizando o bisturi;
Grupo 2 – a incisão na arcada superior será feita com eletrocautério; Grupo 3 – a incisão
da dor após a cirurgia, e alterações funcionais como fala e alimentação, por isso
incisão, o que pode beneficiar futuros pacientes. Você não terá nenhum custo para
77
participar e poderá retirar o seu consentimento a qualquer momento se assim o desejar.
e todas as minhas dúvidas foram respondidas a contento. Permito a utilização dos dados
para divulgação e ensino, respeitando sempre meu direito de não ser identificado.
do meu tratamento.
Assinatura: ____________________________
Data: _______/_______/_______
Pesquisador: ______________________________________
Este projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFMG (COEP).
COEP através do telefone: (31) 3409-4592.
Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 – Unidade Administrativa II - 2º andar - Sala 2005
Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte – MG – Brasil, CEP: 31270-901
9.4 Anexo D – Ficha para coleta dos dados
78
9.4 Anexo D – Ficha para coleta dos dados
!
Departamento de Odontologia
Laboratório de Patologia Bucomaxilofacial da FOUFMG
Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha - Sala 3202-D
Belo Horizonte - MG - CEP: 31270-90
Telefone: (31) 3409-2499
DADOS DO PACIENTE
Grupo: 1 2 3
79
AVALIAÇÃO PRÉ OPERATÓRIA DAS MENSURAÇÕES FACIAIS (Fig. 1)
Média: ___________ mm
Altura LS 1: ___________ mm
Altura LS 2: ___________ mm
Altura LS 3: ___________ mm
Média: ___________ mm
80
AVALIAÇÕES TRANSOPERATÓRIAS
Tipo de cirurgia:
Bimaxilar
Monomaxilar (maxila)
Avanço ____ mm
Recuo ____ mm
Impacção ____ mm
Rep. inferior ____ mm
AVALIAÇÕES TRANSOPERATÓRIAS
Intercorrências/complicações:
81
AVALIAÇÃO DA DOR - PÓS OPERATÓRIO TARDIO
28 dias
35 dias
DPO 7:
82
AVALIAÇÃO DO EDEMA - PÓS OPERATÓRIO TARDIO (Fig. 1)
DPO 14:
A - Comissura palpebral ao ângulo mandibular: D ______ mm / E ______ mm
DPO 21:
DPO 28:
83
AVALIAÇÃO DO EDEMA - PÓS OPERATÓRIO TARDIO (Fig. 1)
DPO 60:
A - Comissura palpebral ao ângulo mandibular: D ______ mm / E ______ mm
DPO 180:
A - Comissura palpebral ao ângulo mandibular: D ______ mm / E ______ mm
Média: ___________ mm
84
AVALIAÇÃO DA ESPESSURA DO LÁBIO SUPERIOR - PÓS 6 MESES (Fig. 3)
Ponto A ao contorno do lábio superior Ponto C ao contorno do lábio superior
Infecção:
Sim Não
Tratamento proposto:
OUTRAS COMPLICAÇÕES
85
10. ATIVIDADES DESENVOLVIDAS DURANTE O DOUTORADO
1. Gonçalves GA, Costa AD, Bernardes VF, Jaeger F, Silva JM, Aparecida TA,
2. Jaeger F, Capistrano HM, Castro WH, Caldeira PC, Carmo MA, Mesquita RA;
Aguiar MC. Oral spindle cell lipoma in a rare location: differential diagnosis. The
3. Jaeger F, Assunção AC, Caldeira PC, Queiroz-Júnior CM, Bernardes VF, Aguiar
preliminary study. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral
Radiology. 2015;119:451-458.
4. Jaeger F, Castro CH, Pinheiro GM, Souza AC, Mesquita RA, Menezes GB, Souza
5. Jaeger F; Noronha MS, Vieira ML, Amaral MB, Grossmann SM, Horta MC,
Alencar PE, Aguiar MC, Mesquita RA. Prevalence profile of odontogenic cysts and
6. Gonçalves AS, Jaeger F, Wastowski IJ, Aguiar MC, Silva TA, Ribeiro-Rotta FR,
7. Vasconcelos AC, Silveira FM, Gomes AP, Tarquínio SB, Sobral AP, Barbosa LF,
Kato CN, Jaeger F, Silva TA, Mesquita RA. Odontogenic Myxoma: a 63-year
86
Medicine, 2017.
1. Jaeger F, Chiavaioli GM, Toledo GL, Freire-Maia B, Amaral MB, Mesquita RA.
2017.
1. Jaeger F, Chiavaioli GM, Toledo GL, Freire-Maia B, Amaral MB, Abreu MH,
óssea.
87
3. I Congresso Internacional da Paraíba – CIOPB, 2017. Sequelas de face –
ortognática.
de bichectomia
sociedade.
aplicação da biotecnologia.
88
10.6 Apresentação de trabalhos e resumos publicados em anais de congressos
– FHEMIG, 2016. Mazzoni G, Castro CH, Pinheiro GM, Soza AC, Souza LN,
3. XIII Jornada Mineira de Estomatologia – JOME, 2016. Pedrosa DP, Pedrosa BA,
4. XIII Jornada Mineira de Estomatologia – JOME, 2016. Bernis CS, Castro CH,
Pinheiro GM, Souza LN, Mesquita RA, Jaeger F. Tratamento de lábio duplo
5. XIII Jornada Mineira de Estomatologia – JOME, 2016. Campos FL, Souza LN,
6. XIII Jornada Mineira de Estomatologia – JOME, 2016. Jesus AO, Jaeger F, Matias
MD, Alencas PE, Mesquita RA, Amaral MB. Ameloblastoma com reconstrução
89
imediata: relato de caso clínico.
7. XIII Jornada Mineira de Estomatologia – JOME, 2016. Pedrosa BA, Pedrosa DP,
8. XIII Jornada Mineira de Estomatologia – JOME, 2016. Marigo HA, Ferreira AA,
Grossmann SM, Souto GR, Pinto NC, Jaeger F. Lesão periférica de células gigantes
9. XIII Jornada Mineira de Estomatologia – JOME, 2016. Sales KN, Nascimento PA,
10. XIII Jornada Mineira de Estomatologia – JOME, 2016. Souza LN, Souza HT,
Pinheiro HM, Castro CH, Mesquita RA. Trauma crônico causado por prótese
11. 20ª Jornada Odontológica e 8º Encontro de Pesquisa da PUC Minas. 2017. Assis
JS, Moreira MC, Capistrano HM, Castro CHB, Jaeger F, GR Souto. Relato de
12. 20ª Jornada Odontológica e 8º Encontro de Pesquisa da PUC Minas. 2017. Moreira
MC, Assis JS, Capistrano HM, Castro CHB, Jaeger F, GR Souto. Cisto epidermóide
90
13. 20ª Jornada Odontológica e 8º Encontro de Pesquisa da PUC Minas. 2017. Souza
LC, Assis LC, Moreira MCS, Souto RS, Castro CHB, Jaeger F. Lipoma em lábio
Guimarães WM, Moreira MC, Leal RM, Souto GR, Castro CHB, Jaeger F.
15. 20ª Jornada Odontológica e 8º Encontro de Pesquisa da PUC Minas. 2017. Pinheiro
GM, Souza LN, Souto GR, Castro CHB, Jaeger F. Reconstrução mandibular
extensa com enxerto ósseo livre de crista ilíaca: relato de caso clínico.
imediata: relato de caso. Jesus AO, Jaeger F, Matias MD, Alencas PE, Mesquita
PUC Minas.
91
procedimentos realizados no curso de Pós-Graduação da PUC Minas. 2016.
4. Aline Teodoro de Souza e Ana Lara Borges Rocha. Fraturas panfaciais: revisão de
andamento).
10. Roberta de Faria Antunes e Tatiani Sueli dos Santos Lucas. Reconstrução de face
11. Ariadne Paulina, Isabela Fernandes e Isabella Alves. Correlação do volume real do
92
12. Ana Alice Alves, Maria Elisa e Maria Luiza de Bessa. Osteonecrose associada ao
13. Acsa Eduarda , Ana Flávia Gomes e Rayssa Ayeska. Prótese de Articulação
3. Jaeger F, Souza LN, Gomez RS. Participação em banca de Ilka Oliveira Uematu.
4. Jaeger F, Souza LN, Gomez RS. Participação em banca de Christiane Santos Bernis.
FACSETE, 2015.
93
Bucomaxilofacial I e II – UninCor, 2015.
Paiva, 2016.
Paiva.
94