TESE Crislaine Xavier Da Silva
TESE Crislaine Xavier Da Silva
TESE Crislaine Xavier Da Silva
CENTRO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS
PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA
Recife
2018
CRISLAINE XAVIER DA SILVA
Recife
2018
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) de acordo com ISBD
Aprovada em 26/04/2018.
BANCA EXAMINADORA
_______________________________________________________________
Profª Dra Rita de Cássia de Moura
Universidade de Pernambuco
_______________________________________________________________
Profª Drª Ana Maria Benko Iseppon
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
_______________________________________________________________
Profº Dr. Luiz Gustavo Rodrigues Souza
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
_______________________________________________________________
Profª Drª Ana Christina Brasileiro Vidal
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
_______________________________________________________________
Profª Drª Neide Santos
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Àquelas cujos nomes carregam Alexandrina, Souza
da Silva e Xavier. Minhas heroínas, que sempre
foram exemplos de força e perseverança. Com muito
amor, dedico.
AGRADECIMENTOS
Revisão da literatura
Figura 1- Síntipo de Euchroma gigantea descrito por Linnaeus em 1758, depositado
no museu The Linnaean Society of London (a-c). Vista dorsal (a), ventral
(b) e lateral (c) do adulto e vista dorsal da larva (d). Fonte: a-c) The
Linnean Society of London, d) Autora..……..……………………………….26
Figura 2- Células em metáfase I de três espécimes de Euchroma gigantea oriundos
do município de Colômbia-SP. Barra: 5 µm..…………………….....….......33
Figura 3- Células em metáfase espermatogonial (A-D) e metáfase I (E) de
espécimes de Euchroma gigantea oriundos de Recife e Igarassu-PE.
Barra: 10 µm. ………………………………………...………………………..34
Figura 4- Padrão de bandeamento C, coloração com AgNO3 e hibridização in situ
fluorescente com sonda de DNAr em células meióticas e mitóticas de
Euchroma gigantea. Metáfase mitótica de um macho (A). Representação
esquemática do bandeamento C dos cromossomos sexuais (B).
Impregnação com AgNO3 em zigóteno indicando a RON (C). Metáfase
espermatogonial exibindo os dois sítios de DNAr (D). Metáfase I indicando
a localização dos sítios nos cromossomos X1 e X2 (cabeças de setas) (E).
Barra: 10 µm. …………………………………….............................……….36
Figura 5- Diagrama do mitogenoma ancestral de insetos. Genes de RNAt estão
indicados pelas abreviações de uma letra para seus aminiácidos
correspondentes segundo a IUPAC. A direção da transcrição dos genes é
indicada pelas setas. O tamanho dos genes é grosseiramente
proporcional ao seu compimento. Abreviações dos genes codificates de
proteínas: atp6, atp8: Subunidades 6 e 8 da ATP sintase; cob: Citocromo
oxidase b; cox1–cox3:Subunidades 1-3 da Citocromo oxidase c; nad1–6,
nad4L, Subunidades 1-6 e 4L da NADH desidrogenase; rrnS, rrnL,
subunidades maior e menor de RNA ribossomal; CR, região
controle......................................................................................................42
Insights into the karyotype evolution and speciation of the beetle Euchroma
gigantea (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Figure 1- Sampling sites of Euchroma gigantea used for cytogenetic and COI
analyses: Pará (PA), Pernambuco (PE), Alagoas (AL), São Paulo (SP),
and Federal District (DF). Coordinates: Belém—01° 28′ 13.55″ S, 48° 26′
49.98″ W; Recife—08° 03′ 060″ S, 34° 57′ 200″ W; Maceió—09° 33′ 4.11″
S, 35° 46′ 6.74″ W; Ribeirão Preto—21° 10′ 16.22″ S, 47° 51′ 19.67″ W;
Brasília—15° 46′ 44.7″ S, 47° 55′ 20.4″ W..............................................69
Figure 2- Chromosomal variation in metaphase I of Euchroma gigantea from (a–d)
Brasília, DF; (e, f) Ribeirão Preto, SP; (g) Belém, PA; (h, j) Recife, PE;
and (i, k) Maceió, AL. Black arrowheads indicate the ends of the sex
chromosome chains with (a, i) five, (b, d–h, k) six, or (c) eight
chromosomes. Note the presence of an autosomal trivalent (T) in a.
Hollow arrowheads indicate examples of punctiform B chromosomes (e,
f, g, k). Note two large B chromosomes (*) in g. Insets in i–k represent
the alternative conditions of pair 1 in these karyotypes. Bar = 10
μm...........................................................................................................70
Figure 3- Variability of multiple sex chromosome mechanism in Euchroma gigantea.
Conventional (a, p) and inverted DAPI staining (d, g, j, m). The same
chain is shown in the second column, after FISH with histone H4 (green)
or H3 (red) as probe, and respective drawing schemes are shown in the
third column. Bar = 10 μm…...................................................................71
Figure 4- (a) Bayesian phylogenetic tree and (b) median-joining haplotype network
topology for COI fragment from Euchroma gigantea. Abbreviations of
sampling sites are shown in the tree and correspond to those in Table 1.
The posterior probabilities/maximum likelihood bootstrap values are
given near the branches. The scale bar indicates 0.04 change per site. In
the network topology, small black circles represent extinct or unsampled
haplotypes; numbers next to the network correspond to the number of
steps among the lineages; and circle areas are proportional to the
haplotype frequencies. Emb. pat.: Embrikillium patricium, Bup. lae.
Buprestis laeviventris, Sphe. sp. Sphenoptera sp., and Sel. cal.: Selagis
caloptera. Asterisks (*) next to the specimen abbreviation in DF samples
correspond to the sexual chain with five (*), six (**), or eight (***)
chromosomes……………………………………………….……………......72
Figure 5- FISH mapping of histones H3 and H4 in (a–e, g) meiotic and (f, h) mitotic
cells of Euchroma gigantea. White arrowheads indicate the ends of the
sex chromosome chains with (a, g) five, (c, d, e) six, or (b) eight
chromosomes. Insets in (g) represent the alternative conditions to pair 1
in this karyotype. Bar = 10 μm……………………………………………...73
Figure 6- Hypotheses of chromosomal evolution in Euchroma gigantea (a, b).
Idiograms A and B (a) correspond to Coleoptera and Buprestidae modal
karyotypes, respectively. Underlined letters are karyotypes described in
this work; remaining karyotypes were described in Mesa and Fontanetti
(1984) and Moura et al. (2008). *Pericentric inversions were observed in
one or two pairs of these karyotypes…………………………………..…..74
Figure S1- Karyotype analysis of Euchroma gigantea with 2n = 22, X1Y1X2Y2X3 from
Brasília-DF. The cells are stained with Giemsa. Autosomal and sexual
chromosomes are indicated and chromosomes of compound trivalent are
indicated as TA (acrocentric) and TM (metacentric). The insert is a sexual
chain from a different metaphase belonging to the same individual. Bar =
5µm……………..………………………………………………………..…....75
Figure S2- Karyotype analysis of Euchroma gigantea with 2n = 22, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3
from Brasília-DF. The cells are stained with Giemsa. Autosomal and
sexual chromosomes are indicated. All cells belong to same individual.
Bar = 5µm……………………………………………………...……………..76
Figure S3- Karyotype analysis of Euchroma gigantea with 2n = 22,
X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4 from Brasília-DF. The cells are stained with Giemsa.
Autosomal and sexual chromosomes are indicated. All cells belong to
same individual. Bar = 5µm…………………………………………………77
Figure S4- Karyotype analysis of Euchroma gigantea with 2n = 24, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3
from Brasília-DF. The cell is stained with DAPI and the color was inverted
using Photoshop CC 2014. Autosomal and sexual chromosomes are
indicated. Bar = 5µm…..……………………………………………………..78
Figure S5- Karyotype analysis of Euchroma gigantea with 2n = 26, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3
from Ribeirão Preto-SP. The cell is stained with Giemsa. Autosomal and
sexual chromosomes are indicated. Bar = 5µm………..………......….…78
Figure S6- Karyotype analysis of Euchroma gigantea with 2n = 28, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3
from Ribeirão Preto-SP. The cell is stained with Giemsa. Autosomal and
sexual chromosomes are indicated. Bar = 5µm……………………….….79
Figure S7- Karyotype analysis of Euchroma gigantea with 2n = 32, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3
from Belém-PA. The cell is stained with Giemsa. Autosomal and sexual
chromosomes are indicated. Bar = 5µm…………………………..…….…80
Figure S8- Karyotype analysis of Euchroma gigantea with 2n = 32, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 + 2
B, from Belém-PA. The cell is stained with Giemsa. Autosomal and
sexual chromosomes are indicated. Note the presence of two large B
chromosomes. Bar = 5µm.………………………………………………..…81
Figure S9- Karyotype analysis of Euchroma gigantea with 2n = 34, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3
from Recife-PE. The cell is stained with DAPI and the color was inverted
in Photoshop CC 2014. Autosomal and sexual chromosomes are
indicated. Bar = 5µm…………....……………………………………………82
Figure S10- Karyotype analysis of Euchroma gigantea with 2n = 35, X1Y1X2Y2X3
from Maceió-AL. The cell is stained with Giemsa. Autosomal and sexual
chromosomes are indicated. Bar = 5µm……..…………………………....83
Figure S11- Karyotype analysis of Euchroma gigantea with 2n = 36, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3
from Recife-PE. The cell is stained with Giemsa. Autosomal and sexual
chromosomes are indicated. Bar = 5µm…………………………………...84
Figure S12- C-banding in meiotic cell of E. gigantea. The black arrowheads indicate
the ends of sex chain and hollow arrowheads point to punctiform B
chromosomes. In detail, comparison of pair 1 heteromorphic
(submeta/acrocentric) and homomorphic with two homologs acrocentric.
Bar = 10µm……………………………………...…..………………………..85
Figure S13- Co-localization of histone genes in meiotic cell. The white arrowheads
indicate the ends of sexual chain and hollow arrowheads point to
punctiform B chromosomes. Bar = 10µm…………………………...…..…85
18s rDNA and satDNAs mapping in the chromosomes of Euchroma gigantea
(Coleoptera: Buprestidae) highlights the complex evolutionary history of
divergent karyotypes
Figure 1- Egig2 and Egig3 sequence logos (upper) and haplotype networks (bottom).
In the logos each line represents sequence variation in lineages Northeast,
North and Southeast/Midwest. In nodes with more than one mutation
between haplotypes, the number of steps are indicated. Small black circles
correspond to unsampled haplotypes and circles are proportional to the
haplotypes frequencies…………………….…………………………….…..103
Figure 2- Fluorescence in situ hybridization with 18S rDNA probe on meiotic (a-f, h-j)
and mitotic (g,k) cells of Euchroma gigantea. The arrows indicate 18S
rDNA sites and arrowheads indicate the ends of sex chromosome chain
with five (a, h-j), six (b, d-f) or eight chromosomes (c). Note in (a) the
presence of an autosomal trivalent – T. See the dot B chromosomes in (d,
g-k). The diploid numbers and location of sampling are indicated in each
image. Bar = 10µm………………………………………..…......................104
Figure 3- FISH mapping of Egig1 in spermatogonial metaphases (a, c), metaphases
I (b, d) and metaphases II (e, f) of Euchroma gigantea. Note the location of
signals in pericentromeric regions of all chromosomes independent of
diploid number. The diploid numbers and location of sampling are
indicated directly in each cell. Bar:
5µm.…………………………………………………………………………....105
Figure 4- Meiotic cells in metaphases II (a, b) and metaphases I (c-f) of Euchroma
gigantea probed for Egig2 (green) and Egig3 (red) through FISH. Inserts
show separated signals. The diploid numbers and location of sampling are
indicated directly in each image. Bar = 10µm……………………………..106
Figure 5- Chromosomal mapping through FISH of Egig3 and 18S rDNA in Euchroma
gigantea metaphases I showing the co-location of both sequences. Inserts
show the signals separately. Bar 10 µm…………………………………...106
Figure S1- Idiograms showing results of FISH with rDNA probe. The asterisks (*)
identify heteromorphic pairs…………………...…………………………….107
Mitogenoma de Euchroma gigantea (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) revela redução
do gene COII, sequência não codificante e duplicação de genes de RNAt
Figura 1- Mapa circular do mitogenoma de Euchroma gigantea. Os genes de RNAt
estão indicados de acordo com o código de três letras para o aminoácido
segundo a IUPAC. Abreviações: ATP6, ATP8, genes das subunidades 6 e
8 da ATP sintase; Cob, gene da citocromo oxidase b; COI, COII, COIII,
genes das subunidades 1-3 da citocromo C oxidase; ND1-6, ND4L, genes
das subunidades 1-6 e 4L da NADH desidrogenase; rRNAL, rRNAS,
subunidades do RNA ribossomal. O círculo interno em azul representa a
cobertura de reads para cada nucleotídeo. Azul mais escuro marca
regiões onde a profundidade de sequenciamento foi maior que 1000x. O
círculo externo indica as regiões anotadas pelo MITOS com RNAt em
amarelo, genes codificantes de proteínas em azul com exceção do COII
em verde. Os genes de RNAr estão marcados em vermelho e a região
controladora em cinza..................................................... .......................124
Figura 2- Esquema do fragmento entre o gene RNAtL2 e ATP8. Os genes de RNAt
estão indicados de acordo com o código de três letras para o aminoácido
segundo a IUPAC. Note o tamanho do gene COII conservado (618 pb) e
três tipos de organização na região após o gene RNAtAsp. No tipo I, uma
duplicação do gene RNAtAsp, está separada da sua cópia por uma região
não codificante de 370 pb; no tipo II, presença de um gene RNAtAsn2 e
uma região não codificante de 171 pb; no tipo III, presença do gene
RNAtTyr, no sentido inverso, que se sobrepõem em 1 pb ao gene de
RNAtAsp....................................................................................................125
Figura 3- Predição de estruturas secundárias dos genes de RNAt Asp, RNAtTyr2 e
RNAtAsn2 identificadas no mitogenoma de Euchroma. gigantea. Variações
em cada sítio do RNAtAsp1 foram indicadas próximo ao nucleotídeo
correspondente. Cada amostra com mutações foi identificada com uma
cor e as que foram idênticas à sequência identificada na montagem do
mitogenoma foram mantidas em preto. Note em RNAtAsp1 e RNAtAsp1’ que
a diferença em 1pb alterou o tamanho do loop TψU...............................125
Figura 4- Alinhamento entre as sequências variantes do gene RNAtAsp e do gene
putativo RNAtAsn2.....................................................................................126
Figura 5- Árvore filogenéticas bayesiana para as sequências de nucleotídeos dos
genes codificantes de proteínas de Euchroma gigantea e outras espécies
da ordem Coleoptera. Os valores de probabilidade posterior/aLTR estão
indicados próximos aos nós. A barra de escala indica o número de
mutações por sítio...................................................................................127
Figura 6- Árvore filogenética bayesiana para as sequências de aminoácidos dos
genes codificantes de proteínas de Euchroma gigantea e outras espécies
da ordem Coleoptera. Os valores de probabilidade posterior/aLTR estão
indicados próximos aos nós. A barra de escala indica o número de
mutações por sítio...................................................................................128
Figura S1- Estruturas secundárias preditas para os 23 genes de tRNA do
mitogenoma de Euchroma gigantea........................................................130
Figura S2- Comparação da sequência de nucleotídeos do gene COII entre espécies
de Buprestoidea......................................................................................131
Figura S3- Comparação da sequência de aminoácidos do gene COII entre espécies
de Buprestoidea. Note as regiões I e II, e os sítios evolutivamente
conservados entre vertebrados, levedura, milho e insetos: histidina (24,
161) em verde, ácido glutâmico (62 e 202) em rosa e ácido aspártico (88,
139,158 e 173) em azul..........................................................................133
LISTA DE TABELAS
Revisão da literatura
Tabela 1- Números diploides das espécies de Buprestidae analisadas
citogeneticamente.....................................................................................29
Insights into the karyotype evolution and speciation of the beetle Euchroma
gigantea (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Table 1- Euchroma gigantea sampling locations, chromosomal variability, and COI
Genbank accession numbers…………………………………………………..68
Table 2. Pairwise distance of cytochrome oxidase c I subunit within and between
populations of Euchroma gigantea. The means (minimum–maximum) of
pairwise distances are indicated..................................................................69
18s rDNA and satDNAs mapping in the chromosomes of Euchroma gigantea
(Coleoptera: Buprestidae) highlights the complex evolutionary history of
divergent karyotypes
Table 1- Chromosomal data of Euchroma gigantea analyzed individuals per sampling
site……...………………………………………………………………………..104
Mitogenoma de Euchroma gigantea (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) revela redução
do gene COII, sequência não codificante e duplicação de genes de RNAt
Tabela 1- Localidades de coleta dos espécimes analisados e cariótipos................126
Tabela 2- Distância par a par entre as sequências variantes do gene RNAtAsp e o
gene RNAtAsn2.........................................................................................129
Tabela S1- Resumo do mitogenoma de Euchroma gigantea..................................130
LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS
2n Número diploide
AgNO3 Nitrato de prata
AL Estado de Alagoas
CAD Domínio carbamoilfosfato-sintase
CAPES Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
CMA3 Cromomicina A3
CNPq Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
COI Citocromo c oxidase subunidade I
DAPI 4’-6-diamidino-2-fenil-indol
dATP Desoxiadenosina trifosfato
DF Distrito Federal
DNA Ácido desoxirribonucleico
DNA C0t-1 DNA altamente e moderadamente repetido
DNAr DNA ribossomal
DNAsat DNA Satélite
dUTP Desoxiuridina trifosfato
eccDNA Extrachromosomal circular DNA
FACEPE Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de
Pernambuco
FAPESP Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
FISH Hibridização in situ fluorescente
FITC Isocianato de fluoresceína
GO Estado de Goiás
HC Heterocromatina constitutiva
IBAMA Instituto do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis
ICB Instituto de Ciências Biológicas
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
LBGI Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Genética de Insetos
MEGA Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis
mL Mililitros
mm Milímetros
PA Estado do Pará
pb Pares de bases
PE Estado de Pernambuco
PFAUPE Programa de Fortalecimento Acadêmico da UPE
PCR Reação em cadeia da polimerase
RNA Ácido ribonucleico
RNAr RNA ribossomal
RON Região organizadora do nucléolo
RNAt RNA transportador
UFPE Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”
UPE Universidade de Pernambuco
Xyp Sistema sexual Xy com configuração em para-quedas
Xyr Sistema sexual Xy com configuração em bastão
SUMÁRIO
1 INTRODUÇÃO ....................................................................................................... 22
1 INTRODUÇÃO
1.1 OBJETIVOS
2 REVISÃO DA LITERATURA
Subfamília
Cariótipo Referências
Espécies
C. floricola 16, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
Melanophila acuminata 12, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
M. drummondi 16, XY Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
M. intrusa 16, XY Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
Sphaerobothris aghababiani 16, Xyp Karagyan et al., 2012
Stigmodera cancellata 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
S. goryi 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
S. gratiosa 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
S. macularia 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
S. porosa 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
S. roei 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
Themognatha alternata 20, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. barbiventris 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. bonvouloiri 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. chalcodera 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. chevrolati 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. donovani 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. heros 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. mitchelli 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. mniszechi 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. nickerli 20, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. parvicollis 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. pubicollis 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. regia 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. tricolorata 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. variabilis 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
T. viridicincta 22, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
Chrysochroinae
Acmaeodera flavolineata 20, neo-XY Karagyan e Lachowska, 2007
Capnodis miliares 20, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
C. tenebrionis 14, neo-XY Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
Chalcophora lacustris 21, X0 Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
Dicerca aenea validiuscula 20, Xyp Karagyan et al., 2012
D. divaricata 20, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
D. prolongata 20, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
D. tenebrosa 20, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
Euchroma gigantea 24, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 Mesa e Fontanetii, 1984
E. gigantea 26, X1Y1X2Y2X3 Mesa e Fontanetii, 1984
E. gigantea 32, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 Moura et al., 2008
E. gigantea 33 Moura et al., 2008
E. gigantea 34, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 Moura et al., 2008
E. gigantea 36, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 Moura et al., 2008
Ovalisiana nasdezhdae 20, Xyp Karagyan et al., 2004
Perotis cuprata 20, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
P. lugubris 20, Xyp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
Sphenoptera artemisiae 24, XY Karagyan et al., 2004
31
Subfamília
Cariótipo Referências
Espécies
S. glabrata 40, XY Karagyan et al., 2004
S. mesopotâmica 24, XY Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
S. scovitzi 24 Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
S. scovitzii 38-46 Karagyan et al., 2012
S. tamarisci 30, neo-XY Karagyan e Lachowska, 2007
Julodinae Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
Julodis andreae 26, neo-XY Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
J. faldermanni 26, XY Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
J. whithilli 24, neo-XY Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
Julodella globithorax 26, XYp Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
Stenocera sp. 26, neo-XY Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
S. laevigata 26, neo-XY Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
S. nitidicolis 26, neo-XY Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
Polycestinae
Acmaeodera boryi 18, Xyr Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
A. flavofasciata 18, Xyr Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
A. gibbulosa 18, Xyr Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
A. hepburni 18, neo-XY Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
A. pilosellae persica 20, neo-XY Karagyan et al., 2012
A. vetusta 18, Xyr Karagyan e Kuznetsova, 2000
produzindo 2n = 34, seguido por duas fusões produzindo 2n = 32, cinco fusões
produzindo 2n = 26 e seis dando origem ao 2n = 24. A outra alternativa sugerida
foi que os rearranjos ocorreram a partir do cariótipo 2n = 24, no qual uma fissão
daria origem ao 2n = 26, quatro fissões produziriam o 2n = 32, cinco fissões
dariam origem ao 2n = 34 e seis fissões ao 2n = 36. Além dos rearranjos
descritos, os autores sugeriram a ocorrência de inversões pericêntricas
responsáveis pela alteração da morfologia dos cromossomos nos diferentes
cariótipos observados em E. gigantea.
Ainda no estudo de Moura et al. (2008) as técnicas de bandeamento C,
impregnação com AgNO3 e hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH) com sonda de
DNAr 45S foram aplicadas nos cariótipos com 2n = 32 de E. gigantea. Pequenos
blocos de heterocromatina constitutiva (HC) foram observados na região
pericentromérica dos cromossomos autossômicos e uma grande quantidade de
HC nos cromossomos sexuais. Os cromossomos X1 e X3 apresentaram-se quase
completamente heterocromáticos e no X2 a HC foi observada apenas na região
terminal do braço curto. O Y1 apresentou o braço curto quase completamente
heterocromático e uma banda de HC intersticial no braço longo. O Y 2 apresentou
um bloco de HC se estendendo ao longo dos dois braços cromossômicos e o Y 3
exibiu um bloco de HC pericentromérico no braço curto. Uma RON foi observada
na cadeia de cromossomos sexuais e a hibridização in situ florescente evidenciou
sinais de DNAr 45S nos cromossomos X1 e X2, confirmando o resultado da
impregnação com AgNO3.
36
(BOORE, 1999; DUAN et al., 2017; HONG et al., 2009). Neste mitogenoma
sequências similares aos genes de tRNALeu e tRNAAsn foram encontradas na
região controle (HONG et al., 2009). Estas sequências possuem o anticódon e o
potencial de gerar estruturas secundárias, porém, apresentam distâncias de 50-
58% dos genes regulares e a presença de muitos mismatches nas regiões do
anticódon e aminoacil, o que põe em questão a sua funcionalidade (HONG et al.,
2009). Além disso, neste mitogenoma foi identificado um espaçador de 37 pares
de bases (pb) entre os genes tRNAAsp e AP8, o qual é incomum em Coleoptera e
sua origem não foi discutida (HONG et al., 2009).
Sequências isoladas de DNAmt também têm sido úteis para resolução de
problemas taxonômicos. Em Coleoptera, análises filogenéticas para distintos
grupos utilizando genes mitocondriais em conjunto com genes nucleares têm sido
realizadas, algumas abrangendo famílias inteiras e outras restritas a unidades
taxonômicas mais terminais, como subfamílias, tribos e gêneros (BERGSTEN et
al., 2012; MAGRO et al., 2010; PFEILER et al., 2010; RAUPACH; HANNIG;
WÄGELE, 2011).
A utilização de genes mitocondriais em análises filogenéticas ou de distância
genética (DNA barcode) tem sido especialmente útil no estudo de espécies
crípticas, ou seja, aquelas que pertencem a linhagens geneticamente divergentes,
mas são morfologicamente indistinguíveis ou de difícil distinção. Essas espécies
são encontradas em vários grupos animais (BICKFORD et al., 2007;
PFENNINGER; SCHWENK, 2007) incluindo besouros da família Buprestidae
(KIM; HWANG; KWON, 2014; PENTINSAARI; MUTANEN; KAILA, 2014). Em
geral estas espécies carecem de análise taxonômica (KEKKONEN; HEBERT,
2014; KIM; HWANG; KWON, 2014; MILLS; COOK, 2014) e estas metodologias
podem pode ser utilizadas como o primeiro passo para a organização de grupos
geneticamente divergentes, que podem então ser mais facilmente analisados por
taxonomia convencional (HAJIBABAEI et al., 2007; MILLS; COOK, 2014).
45
Crislaine Xavier1; Rógean Vinícius Santos Soares1; Igor Costa Amorim1; Diogo
Cavalcanti Cabral-de-Mello2; Rita de Cássia de Moura1*
Abstract
Introduction
Cytogenetic analyses
Chromosomal preparations were obtained from 62 individuals by the
classical method of testicular squashing, followed by conventional staining with 5%
Giemsa solution. Ovaries were treated for 30 min with 0.05% colchicine solution;
however, only low-quality preparations could be obtained, frequently with no
metaphases. Whenever possible, the morphology of all chromosomes was also
compared among individuals with the same diploid number. C-banding was
performed as described by Sumner (1972), with exposure to BaOH (barium
hydroxide) for 50 seconds.
Cabral-de-Mello et al. (2010) and Pineau et al. (2005), respectively. PCR products
were sequenced by Macrogen Inc. (Korea), and the sequences were deposited in
GenBank (accession numbers: KX885406, KX885407). The reactions were
performed in a volume of 50 µL containing 1X Taq DNA polymerase recombinant
buffer (Invitrogen), 1.5 mM of MgCl2, 0.02 mM of dNTP, 0.4 μM of each primer and
0.02 units of Taq DNA polymerase. The PCR program consisted of initial
denaturation for 5 min at 94ºC; 30 cycles of 1 min at 94 ºC; 30 s at 55ºC; 60 s at
72ºC; and final extension for 5 min at 72ºC. The H3 and H4 histone probes were
labeled by nick translation using digoxigenin-dUTP (Roche) and biotin-14-dATP
(Invitrogen, San Diego, CA, USA), following the guidelines of the suppliers. The
H3 histone probe was detected with anti-digoxigenin-rhodamine (Roche), and the
H4 histone probe was detected with avidin-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)
(Invitrogen, San Diego, CA, USA). Whenever possible, two probes were combined
in the same slide.
Phylogenetic analysis
following the guidelines of the suppliers, and sequenced with the Jerry primer by
Macrogen Inc. (Korea).
Results
Karyotypes
Extensive intra- and interpopulation chromosomal variability was observed
in meiotic and mitotic cells of the 62 studied individuals (Fig. 2, Fig. S1-S11).
Diploid numbers ranged from 2n=22 to 2n=36. Variation in chromosome number
was found in Brasília – DF (2n=22 and 24), Maceió – AL (2n=35 and 36), Recife –
PE (2n=34 and 36) and Ribeirão Preto – SP (2n=26 and 28), whereas a single
karyotype with 2n=32 was found in Belém – PA (Table 1, Fig. 2, Fig. S1-S11). All
these karyotypes harbor multiple sex chromosome chains consisting of five
(X1Y1X2Y2X3), six (X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3) or eight (X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4) chromosomes,
52
Specimens with 2n=34 were found in Recife – PE, showing one metacentric
and 13 acrocentric autosomal pairs (Fig. 2h, S9), in addition to B chromosomes
ranging in number from two to 14 (Table 1). In individuals with 2n=35,
polymorphisms in autosomal morphology were observed: either all autosome pairs
were acrocentric or only the major autosome pair was submetacentric, which was
also observed in heteromorphic condition. All these individuals presented a sex
chromosome chain formed by five chromosomes (Fig. 2i, S10) and B
chromosomes with number varying from four to 14 (Table 1). Individuals with
2n=36 were found in Maceió – AL and Recife – PE. However, despite
maintenance of diploid number, sex chromosome chain with six chromosomes and
most autosomes being acrocentric, polymorphisms in the major autosome pair
were detected in both localities, showing acrocentric or submetacentric
morphology, or heteromorphic condition (Fig. 2j, k, S11). Punctiform B
chromosomes varied in number from one to 14 (Table 1).
Regarding the sex chromosome chain, differences in chromosomal
morphology were observed even when the number of chromosomes is the same
(Fig. 3, 6, S1-11). It was not possible to determine the proto X or proto Y
chromosome, nor the homologies among all chromosomes in different chain
configurations. However, the X1, identified through morphology by Mesa and
Fontanetti (1984) and Moura et al. (2008) is similar in all karyotypes. Hence,
starting the sex chromosome chain from X1, the other chromosomes could be
denominated. In specimens from Brasília – DF, the chain with X1Y1X2Y2X3 was
composed only of biarmed chromosomes (Fig. 3a-c). In the sex chromosome
chain with X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3, X2 had acrocentric morphology while the other
chromosomes were biarmed (Fig. 3d-f). Finally, in the specimens from Brasília –
DF with X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4, X2 and X4 were acrocentric and the other
chromosomes were biarmed (Fig. 3g-i).
In all analyzed specimens from Ribeirão Preto – SP, Belém – PA and
Recife – PE, and four individuals from Maceió – AL, the sex chromosome chain
contained six chromosomes and showed similar chromosome morphology. While
all X chromosomes in addition to Y1 and Y2 showed meta-submetacentric
morphology, Y3 was acrocentric (Fig. 3 j-l). Further, Y3 was absent in four
specimens from Maceió – AL (Fig. 2i, 3 p-r).
54
Discussion
The high incidence of chromosomal polymorphism in Euchroma gigantea
The description of new karyotypes with 2n=22, 2n=28 and 2n=35 and the
uncovering of morphological variation in karyotypes with the same diploid number
and in sex chromosomes provided in this work, expand the current view on
chromosomal variability in E. gigantea. Our results depict a wider karyotypic
variation than previously described by Mesa and Fontanetti (1984) and Moura et
55
al. (2008), and suggest that intense chromosomal evolution in the species might
have resulted diversification of cryptic species in the genus. Considerable level of
karyotypic diversity has been described in other Coleoptera genera. For instance,
in the genus Blaps (Tenebrionidae) species are found displaying 2n=19, 21, 34,
35, 36, 37 or 38, and may have multiple sex chromosome systems varying from
XXY to X1-12Y1-6 (Juan and Petitpierre 1991; Vitturi et al. 1996). In the suborder
Polyphaga, centric fissions and fusions, in addition to translocations and loss of Y,
have generated polymorphisms in some species. For instance, Botanochara
bonariensis (Chrysomelidae) presents 2n=27, Xyy; 41, Xyy; 44, XXXY; and 47,
XXY (De Julio et al. 2010); whereas Anthonomus bisignifer (Curculionidae) shows
2n=19, XO; 30, Xyp; 32, Xyp; 34, Xyp; and 36, Xyp (Blackmon and Demuth 2015).
However, polymorphisms at species level observed in other Coleoptera or even
Buprestidae (Karagyan and Kuznetsova 2000; Karagyan et al. 2004; Karagyan
and Lachowska 2007; Karagyan et al. 2012) are smaller than the karyotypic
polymorphism observed in E. gigantea.
Comparison among the E. gigantea karyotypes evidenced the occurrence
of autosome-autosome and autosome–sex chromosome translocations, fissions,
fusions, pericentric inversions and Y3 loss in the chromosomal evolution of this
species. These rearrangements are also observed in the karyotype evolution of
other Coleoptera (Cabral-de-Mello et al. 2008; De Julio et al. 2010). Besides these
rearrangements, comparison of the pair 1 in 2n=35 individuals suggests
amplification or loss of heterochromatin, as the short arm of the submetacentric
chromosome was entirely heterochromatic whereas the size of the acrocentric
counterpart corresponded to the long arm of the submetacentric one (Fig. 2i, S12).
This suggests that heterochromatin amplification or loss could be responsible for
morphology variation among individuals for pair 1. Based on the distribution of E.
gigantea karyotypes in Brazilian populations and the COI phylogeny that showed
an evident separation of individuals below and above 2n=30, we proposed an
evolutionary scenario for the chromosomal diversification of this species (Fig. 6),
described in detail below.
From the putative karyotype with 2n=20, Xy, which is ancestral for
Coleoptera and also described for Buprestidae (Karagyan and Kuznetsova 2000;
Karagyan et al. 2004; Karagyan et al. 2012), one autosome fission originated
56
2n=22, which is the modal karyotype in this family (Karagyan and Kuznetsova
2000). The occurrence of a multiple sexual chain with six chromosomes in all
analyzed populations and in a large number of individuals (55 out of 62), suggests
that it was likely present in the ancestor of E. gigantea, as previously proposed by
Mesa and Fontanetti (1984), and originated before other chromosomal
reorganizations, such as increasing diploid numbers. Therefore, we propose that
sex chromosome-autosome translocations originated a chromosome chain with six
sex chromosomes (X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3) from the karyotype with 2n=22, Xy.
Subsequently, the occurrence of additional autosome–sex chromosome
translocation increased the number of chromosomes in the chain. Starting from a
2n=22, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 state, one autosome fission originated a karyotype with
2n=24 (Fig 6a) and, from it, pericentric inversions, a Robertsonian translocation
and Y3-autosome fusion originated the karyotype with 2n=22, X1Y1X2Y2X3, which
has an autosomal trivalent and one heteromorphic pair. From the karyotype with
2n=24, fission events, pericentric inversions and autosome-autosome (A-A)
translocations caused an increase of diploid number to 2n=32, change of
chromosomal morphology, and originated tri- or tetravalents in individuals from the
Southeast/Midwest and North clades (Fig. 6a).
Karyotypes found in the Northeastern population may have arisen from that
with 2n=32 found in the Northern group through autosome fission and pericentric
inversions (Fig. 6a). Nevertheless, the karyotype with 2n=32 from Pernambuco
described by Moura et al. (2008) may have originated independently, through
centric fissions and pericentric inversions, from 2n=22 with six sex chromosomes
(Fig 6b). From this 2n=32 set, karyotypes with 2n=34 and 36 probably originated
through centric fissions (Fig 6b). As suggested for other organisms, the high
number of chromosomal rearrangements throughout the karyotype evolution of E.
gigantea may have favored the emergence of punctiform B chromosomes
(Colombo and Remis 1997; Rosetti et al. 2007; Martis et al. 2012; Zhou et al.
2012; Houben et al. 2014). The occurrence of B chromosome variants (punctiform
and large ones) in distinct populations suggests multiple B chromosome origins or
different evolution, further supporting the extensive chromosomal variability of the
species. Absence of B chromosomes in the population from Brasília – DF and
presence of large B chromosomes exclusively in individuals from Belém – PA
57
indicate that different factors may be acting on the maintenance and dynamics of
these chromosomes in E. gigantea. Such factors may be mechanisms of origin,
composition of these chromosomes, and the possible selective pressure which
individuals are subject to in accordance with different environmental conditions
(Camacho 2005).
Meiotic chains as observed in E. gigantea are also found in other animals,
such as the huntsman spider Delena cancerides (Rowell 1990; Sharp and Rowell
2007), the centipede Otocryptops sexspinosus (White 1973), the termite
Incisitermes schwarzi (Syren and Luykx 1977), the platypus Ornithorhynchus
anatinus (Rens et al. 2004), and many tiger beetles (Cicindelidae) (Galián et al.
2007). In some species, the number of chromosomes involved in the chain is
conserved between individuals (Rens et al. 2004). However, polymorphisms can
be found, and might indicate either recent or rapid evolution of the chain,
especially when there is no genetic differentiation among individuals with distinct
karyotypic features (Luykx and Syren 1981; Rowell 1990). Meiotic chain
polymorphisms are not often tolerated in many species, as they can disrupt the
correct segregation of chromosomes and thus, the essential formation of balanced
gametes. The segregation of contiguous elements can lead to migration of two
chromosomes with partial homology to the same pole, resulting in aneuploid
gametes (Gruetzner et al. 2006; Sharp and Rowell 2007). The alternate orientation
of chromosomes X and Y at the first meiosis in the chains, seen in E. gigantea (Fig
2, S1-11), may have favored correct segregation and consequent production of
balanced gametes.
The sex chromosome chains composed of five elements found in Brasília –
DF and Maceió – AL probably have independent origins. While the individual with
2n=22 presents a heteromorphic pair that probably contains Y3 chromosomes,
individuals with 2n=35 seem to have lost the Y3 chromosome. Loss of the Y
chromosome has been reported in many groups of Coleoptera, including the
suborders Adephaga and Polyphaga (Schneider et al. 2007; Cabral-de-Mello et al.
2008; De Julio et al. 2010). One hypothesis for this evolutionary event is that the Y
chromosome could accumulate transposable elements, especially
retrotransposons, which can change the chromatin structure from a euchromatic
nature into a heterochromatic one, and thus contribute to Y degeneration with
58
genes are usually found near H1, H2A and H2B genes, in a quintet array repeated
in tandem (Nagoda et al. 2005; Roehrdanz et al. 2010). However, the dispersion of
histone sequences in all chromosomes was surprising. Most of the 15 Coleoptera
species mapped for histone genes presented two FISH signals exclusively in
autosome pairs (Cabral-de-Mello et al. 2011; Goll et al. 2015). Three exceptions
were Scarabaeidae species that showed one or two sites located in sex
chromosomes, or six sites in autosomes and the X chromosome (Cabral-de-Mello
et al. 2011). Dispersion of histone sequences was also observed in grasshoppers
(Oliveira et al. 2011; Bueno et al. 2013). However, dispersion in E. gigantea was
found in all different karyotypes, unlike orthopterans, which present variation in
number of sites among individuals within a species with a single karyotype
(Oliveira et al. 2011; Bueno et al. 2013; Pine et al. 2017). Dispersion of histone
genes is generally attributed to mechanisms that maintain highly repetitive
sequences in centromeric regions, such as mobility of transposable elements,
ectopic recombination or extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA), which are
also proposed to explain the dispersion of other classes of repetitive DNA (Fitch et
al. 1990; Raskina et al. 2004; Bione et al. 2005; Cohen et al. 2010; Nguyen et al.
2010).
The dispersion of histone genes in E. gigantea must have occurred before
chromosomal diversification, considering that it is observed in all populations. No
positive correlation exists between chromosome number and histone gene
dispersion, since all tested karyotypes show dispersion in all chromosomes.
However, as previously documented, repetitive elements can trigger chromosomal
rearrangements in invertebrates (Coghlan and Wolfe 2002; Coghlan et al. 2005):
they constitute hotspots for breakpoints leading to chromosomal rearrangements
such as translocations (Coghlan and Wolfe 2002) and fissions (Rousselet et al.
2000), which are frequent in the chromosome evolution history of E. gigantea.
Hence, the presence of a large number of histone genes in E. gigantea, as well as
other repetitive sequences commonly present in the centromeric region, e.g.
satellite DNA (Slamovits et al. 2001; Evans et al. 2017) and transposable elements
(Raskina et al. 2008), may promote the very high frequency of rearrangements
occurring throughout the chromosomal evolution of this species.
60
Conclusions
Several rearrangements were responsible for the formation of distinct
karyotypes within and among Euchroma gigantea populations. The chromosomal
variation in E. gigantea possibly started from a set with 2n=20, Xy, which
underwent centric fissions and fusions, translocations, pericentric inversions and
Y-chromosome loss. Some of these rearrangements may have been differently
fixed in the three lineages exhibiting distinct geographical distribution, and thus
possibly contributed to the adaptation to different habitats and to the speciation
process. The dispersion of histone genes that occurred before karyotypic
diversification, as well as of other repetitive sequences might have favored the
high frequency of chromosomal rearrangements seen in the species.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Dr. Fernando A. B. Silva and M.Sc. Amanda Arcanjo for
providing samples from Belém – PA; to Dr. Edgar Bione for help with specimen
collection in Brasília – DF; to Dr. Sônia Casari and Dr. Carlos Campaner for
providing the specimens analyzed here from the Zoology Museum at the
University of São Paulo; and Dra. Cibele Sotero-Caio for the critical reading of the
manuscript. This study was supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de
Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) (doctorate scholarships to CX and ICA),
Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco – FACEPE (APQ
process number 0777-2.02/15 and Masters scholarship to RVSS), Fundação de
Amparo à Ciência do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP (2014/11763-8) and
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq, Brazil
(PQ-2 of RCM process number 305298/2014-3).
Conflict of interest
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61
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67
Table 1 Euchroma gigantea sampling locations, chromosomal variability and COI Genbank
accession numbers
Localities Id. Sequence GenBank accession 2n Sex B/ B* chromosomes
number chain
Maceió – AL AL1 KY081928 35 5 4
AL2 KY081929 36 6 6
AL3 KY081930 36 6 4
AL4 KY081931 36 6 9
AL5 KY081932 36 6 11
AL6 KY081933 35 5 4
AL7 KY081934 35 5 14
AL8 KY081935 35 5 7
AL9 - 36 6 8
Recife - PE PE1 KY081909 34 6 4
PE2 KY081910 36 6 4
PE3 KY081911 34 6 7
PE4 KY081912 36 6 5
PE5 KY081913 34 6 6
PE6 KY081914 34 6 10
PE7 KY081915 34 6 4
PE8 KY081916 34 6 8
PE9 KY081917 36 6 1
PE10 KY081918 36 6 4
PE11 KY081919 34 6 8
PE12 KY081920 34 6 14
PE13 KY081921 34 6 5
PE14 KY081922 34 6 2
PE15 KY081923 34 6 5
PE16 KY081924 34 6 5
PE17 KY081925 36 6 3
PE18 KY081926 34 6 2
PE19 KY081927 34 6 6
PE20 - 34 6 2
Belém – PA PA1 KY081936 32 6 3
PA2 KY081937 32 6 4/2*
PA3 KY081938 32 6 3
PA4 KY081939 32 6 4
PA5 KY081940 32 6 4
PA6 KY081941 32 6 4
PA7 KY081942 32 6 2
PA8 KY081943 32 6 2
PA9 KY081944 32 6 5/1*
PA10 KY081945 32 6 4
Riberão Preto – SP SP1 KY081899 26 6 8
SP2 KY081900 26 6 16
SP3 KY081901 26 6 8
SP4 KY081902 26 6 12
SP5 KY081903 26 6 16
SP6 KY081904 26 6 10
SP7 KY081905 26 6 10
SP8 KY081906 26 6 16
SP9 - 28 6 15
SP10 - 26 6 14
SP11 - 26 6 10
SP12 - 26 6 10
Colômbia - SP SP13a KY081907 24 or 26 5 or 6 16, 20 or 32
SP14 a KY081908 24 or 26 5 or 6 16, 20 or 32
Brasília - DF DF1 KY081946 22 8 0
DF2 KY081947 22 8 0
DF3 KY081948 22 6 0
DF4 KY081949 22 8 0
DF5 KY081950 22 8 0
DF6 KY081951 24 6 0
DF7 KY081952 22 8 0
DF8 KY081953 22 5 0
DF9 KY081954 22 6 0
DF10 KY081955 22 6 0
DF11 - 22 6 0
a Indicates two individuals analyzed by Mesa and Fontanetti (1984); B: Punctiform B chromosomes;
B*: Large B chromosomes
69
Table 2 Pairwise distance of cytochrome oxidase c I subunit within and between populations of
Euchroma gigantea. The means (minimum - maximum) of pairwise distances are indicated
Between Populations
Within populations Northeast North
Northeast 0.01 (0-0.01)
North 0.00 (0-0.01) 0.03 (0.03-0.04)
Southeast/West Center 0.01 (0-0.04) 0.03 (0.02-0.07) 0.03 (0.02-0.06)
Fig. 1 Sampling sites of Euchroma gigantea used for cytogenetic and COI analyses: Pará (PA),
Pernambuco (PE), Alagoas (AL), São Paulo (SP), and Federal District (DF). Coordinates: Belém –
01º28’13.55’’ S 48º26’49.98’’ W; Recife – 08º03’060” S 34º57’200’’ W; Maceió – 09º33’4.11’’ S
35º46’6.74’’ W; Ribeirão Preto – 21º10’16.22’’ S 47º51’19.67’’ W; Brasília – 15°46'44.7" S
47°55'20.4" W
70
Fig. 2 Chromosomal variation in metaphase I of Euchroma gigantea from (a-d) Brasília – DF, (e, f)
Ribeirão Preto – SP, (g) Belém – PA, (h, j) Recife – PE and (i, k) Maceió – AL. Black arrowheads
indicate the ends of the sex chromosome chains with (a, i) five, (b, d-h, k) six or (c) eight
chromosomes. Note the presence of an autosomal trivalent (T) in (a). Hollow arrowheads indicate
examples of punctiform B chromosomes (e, f, g, k). Note two large B chromosomes (*) in (g).
Insets in i-k represent the alternative conditions of pair 1 in these karyotypes. Bar = 10 µm
71
Fig. 4 (a) Bayesian phylogenetic tree and (b) median-joining haplotype network topology for COI
fragment from Euchroma gigantea. Abbreviations of sampling sites are shown in the tree and
correspond to those in Table 1. The posterior probabilities / maximum likelihood bootstrap values
are given near the branches. The scale bar indicates 0.04 change per site. In the network topology,
small black circles represent extinct or unsampled haplotypes; numbers next to the network
correspond to the number of steps among the lineages; and circle areas are proportional to the
haplotype frequencies. Emb. pat.: Embrikillium patricium, Bup. lae. Buprestis laeviventris, Sphe. sp.
Sphenoptera sp. and Sel. cal.: Selagis caloptera. Asterisks (*) next to the specimen abbreviation in
DF samples correspond to the sexual chain with five (*), six (**) or eight (***) chromosomes
73
Fig. 5 FISH mapping of histones H3 and H4 in (a-e, g) meiotic and (f, h) mitotic cells of Euchroma
gigantea. White arrowheads indicate the ends of the sex chromosome chains with (a, g) five, (c, d,
e) six or (b) eight chromosomes. Insets in (g) represent the alternative conditions to pair 1 in this
karyotype. Bar = 10 µm
74
Fig. 6 Hypotheses of chromosomal evolution in Euchroma gigantea (a, b). Idiograms A and B (a)
correspond to Coleoptera and Buprestidae modal karyotypes, respectively. Underlined letters are
karyotypes described in this work; remaining karyotypes were described in Mesa and Fontanetti
(1984) and Moura et al. (2008). *Pericentric inversions were observed in one or two pairs of these
karyotypes
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Abstract
Introduction
High proportion of Eukaryotic genomes is composed by repetitive DNAs,
that plays an essential role in shaping genomes and could influence the
evolutionary trajectory and ecological adaptation (Long and Dawid 1980;
Charlesworth et al. 1994; Kim et al. 2014). These repettive DNAs may be
arranged in tandem as satellite DNA (satDNAs) and some multigene families, or
they may be dispersed in genomes as transposable elements (TEs) (Long and
Dawid 1980; Charlesworth et al. 1994; Kim et al. 2014). The enrichment of
repetitive sequences on specific chromosome sites may favor the occurrence
of chromosomal rearrangements like fissions, reciprocal translocations and
inversions, as reported in yeast (Fischer et al. 2000), nematodes (Coghlan and
Wolfe 2002), insects (Cáceres et al. 1999; Rousselet et al. 2000) and mammals
(Eichler and Sankoff 2003; Bailey et al. 2004). In addition, repetitive sequences
are often associated to ectopic recombination events (Cáceres et al. 1999;
Coghlan and Wolfe 2002; Paço et al. 2015) and may cause mutations in
repetitive sequence blocks or arrangements among different sequences, thus
reorganizing chromosomal structure (Paço et al. 2015).
The 45S (18S-5.8S-28S) rDNA is a multigene family that evolves through
birth-and-dead and/or in concerted manner through unequal crossover and
gene conversion mechanisms (Nei and Rooney 2005; Eickbush and Eickbush
2007). This sequence presents a low level of variability between copies within
an organism and across organisms as taxonomically diverse as plants and
animals (Nei and Rooney 2005; Eickbush and Eickbush 2007). It has been
proposed that concerted evolution also drive the evolution of satDNA repeats
within species (Dover 1982; Sawamura 2012). Furthermore, meiotic drive may
cause biased transmission of chromosomes harboring a particular kind of
satDNA and may influence the rate and type of chromosomal changes that are
selectively inherited (Brown and O’Neill 2010; Crespi and Nosil 2013; Lindholm
et al. 2016). These sequences could evolve independently and originate
lineage-specific modifications (in sequence identity, copy number and
chromosomal localization) generating incompatibilities both between species or
within populations of the same species (Henikoff et al. 2001; Ferree and
Barbash 2009; Pavlek et al. 2015). For example, rapid turnover of satDNA
sequences clustered within heterochromatin has been involved in post zygotic
89
them and 18S rDNA within different population of E. gigantea with diploid
number ranging from 2n = 22 to 2n = 36 with five, six or eight sex
chromosomes.
Results
satellite DNAs
The three satDNAs recovered from E. gigantea genome (Egig1, Egig2
and Egig3) sequences correspond to clusters CL1, CL44 and CL83 identified by
RepeatExplorer, which are in decreasing order according to their genome
proportion, i.e., 9.71%, 0.299% and 0.09%, respectively. Egig1 corresponds to
a short motif (TACC)n and is the most abundant satellite sequence identified in
E. gigantea genome, while Egig2 and Egig3 are 172 and 202 bp long,
respectively and were the longest monomers identified. The long sequences
were deposited in GenBank under the follow access number: MH844826 for
Egig2 and MH844827 for Egig3. They did not show significant similarities with
other sequences deposited in Genbank or Repbase databases. Egig2 and
Egig3 are different families, since they showed less than 80% identity (42%).
Monomers found in the sequenced genome showed 9.6% of nucleotide
divergence (p-distance) within four monomers of Egig2 and 6% within three
monomers of Egig3.
93
chromosomes (Fig 3). Egig2 and Egig3 were co-localized in two or four sites
per diploid genome in all karyotypes (Fig. 4). In all tested karyotypes, the
pattern of distribution of Egig2 and Egig3 was the same to those observed for
18S rDNA and it was demonstrated to karyotypes 2n = 26 and 2n = 35 (Fig. 5),
except for one individual with 2n = 22, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 that show two sites of 18S
rDNA, but exhibited four sites of Egig2 and Egig3 (Fig. 3b, 4b).
Discussion
The interesting intra and interpopulational chromosomal polymorphism
observed in Euchroma gigantea was previously described (Mesa and Fontanetti
1984; Moura et al. 2008; Xavier et al. 2018). There are evidences that
chromosomal evolutionary history of this species started from a set with 2n =
20, Xy, which underwent centric fissions and fusions, pericentric inversions,
autosome-autosome (A-A) and sex chromosome-autosome (A-X) translocation
and Y loss (Xavier et al. 2018). Because repetitive sequences could be hotspots
for chromosome breakage that precede rearrangements like fission, reciprocal
translocations and inversions (Cáceres et al. 1999; Fischer et al. 2000;
Coghlan and Wolfe 2002; Paço et al. 2015) these sequences were suggested
as promoter of chromosomal rearrangements in E. gigantea karyotypes (Xavier
et al. 2018). On the other hand, these chromosomal rearrangements could act
repatterning distribution of another sequences involved in rearranged areas
(Hirai et al. 1996; Paço et al. 2015).
Although E. gigantea presented highly diverse karyotypes, presence of
two sites of 18S rDNA per diploid genome in 2n = 22 2n = 26, 2n = 34, 2n = 35
and 2n = 36 karyotypes is a conserved condition. This suggests that
rearrangements involved in the increase of diploid number does not caused
dispersion of 18S rDNA in these karyotypes. However, the variable morphology
of chromosomes bearing 18S rDNA sites in karyotypes aforementioned could
be consequence of chromosomal rearrangements experienced by distinct
populations. In addition, dispersion of this sequence with no alteration of
chromosomal morphologies or increase of diploid numbers, as observed in 2n =
32 and 35 karyotypes, suggesting that chromosomal rearrangements are not
unique mechanism that triggered the repatterning distribution of 18S rDNA.
95
The presence of two sites per diploid genomes is the most common
pattern for major rDNA in Coleoptera as a whole, including representatives of
Polyphaga (Schneider et al. 2007; Almeida et al. 2010; Cabral-de-Mello et al.
2011; Goll et al. 2015; Lopes et al. 2017). However, an increasing of major
rDNA cluster and repositioning of them among different autosomes and sex
chromosomes was also reported in this order (Cabral-de-Mello et al. 2011). In
Coleoptera and other insect orders, both chromosomal rearrangements and
ectopic recombination have been proposed to dispersion of rDNA sequences
(Hirai et al. 1996; Nguyen et al. 2010; Cabral-de-Mello et al. 2011; Pita et al.
2016).
Considering that the ancestral sites of 18S rDNA in E. gigantea may be
those in pair 4 of the 2n = 22, which is the putative ancestral karyotype of the
species (Xavier et al. 2018), the most parsimonious scenario for rDNA
reshuffling in this species involves chromosomal rearrangements and events of
ectopic recombination. Two patterns of 18S rDNA dispersion were observed,
i.e. only in autosomes (2n = 32) or in autosomes and sex chromosomes (2n =
35), and this scenario indicate the existence of independent process for rDNA
dispersion as well as chromosomal repositioning of these sequences in these
karyotypes.
Presence and abundance of Egig1, Egig2 and Egig3 in distinct
karyotypes from all analyzed populations suggest that they originated before
karyotype diversification of E gigantea. Occurrence of Egig1, in pericentromeric
region of all chromosomes in different karyotypes reveals that this sequence is
probable involved with structural components of heterochromatin (Plohl et al.
2012). In addition, as well as histone sequences that are abundant in
pericentromeric region (Xavier et al. 2018), Egig1 may favor the occurrence of
ectopic recombination contributing to chromosomal rearrangements (Rousselet
et al. 2000; Coghlan et al. 2005) and to repatterning of rDNA (Nguyen et al.
2010).
Proportion of Egig1, Egig2 and Egig3 in genome, at least in part, reflect
in abundance divergences in number of chromosome sites of these sequences.
Egig1 was most abundant and highly represented in all karyotypes while
Egig2/Egig3 were less abundant and showed only two sites in most of
karyotypes. Dispersion of Egig2 and Egig3 together with 18S rDNA and restrict
96
Conclusions
Dispersion of 18S rDNA, Egig2 and Egig3 in E. gigantea possibly started
in sites presents in metacentric pair 4 in karyotypes with 2n = 22, and were
dispersed in other karyotypes through events of chromosomal rearrangements
and ectopic recombination. Dispersion and repositioning of these sequences
seems follow independent paths in different populations/karyotypes. However,
despite the different patterns distribution and dispersion of Egig2 and Egig3,
97
they do not have significant differentiation in sequence level among the three
studied Brazilian lineages. Abundant distribution of Egig1 in pericentromeric
regions of chromosomes in all tested karyotypes reveals its origin before
chromosomal diversification of E. gigantea and may indicate an important role
of this sequence in chromosomal evolutionary history of E. gigantea.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
References
Almeida MC, Goll LG, Artoni RF, et al (2010) Physical mapping of 18S rDNA
cistron in species of the Omophoita genus (Coleoptera, Alticinae) using
fluorescent in situ hybridization. Micron 41:729–34. doi:
10.1016/j.micron.2010.06.008
Arcanjo AP, Cabral-de-Mello DC, Barros e Silva AE, Moura R de C (2009)
Cytogenetic characterization of Eurysternus caribaeus (Coleoptera:
Scarabaeidae): evidence of sex-autosome fusion and diploid number
reduction prior to species dispersion. J Genet 88:177–82.
Bailey JA, Baertsch R, Kent WJ, et al (2004) Hotspots of mammalian
chromosomal evolution. Genome Biol 5:R23. doi: 10.1186/gb-2004-5-4-r23
Bellamy C (2003) An illustrated summary of the higher classification of the
superfamily Buprestoidea (Coleoptera). Folia Heyrovskiana 10:44.
Benson G (1999) Tandem repeats finder: a program to analyze DNA
98
Fig 1. Egig2 and Egig3 sequence logos (upper) and haplotype networks (bottom). In the logos each line represents sequence variation in lineages Northeast,
North and Southeast/Midwest. In nodes with more than one mutation between haplotypes, the number of steps are indicated. Small black circles correspond to
unsampled haplotypes and circles are proportional to the haplotypes frequencies.
104
Table 1. Chromosomal data of Euchroma gigantea analyzed individuals per sampling site. Note: “-”
identify individuals with no result to Egig2/Egig3 probes.
1 2n = 22, X1Y1X2Y2X3 0 2 -
Ribeirão Preto 2 2n = 26, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 10/ 21 2 2
-Belém
SP - PA 2 2n = 32, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 3/ 4 4/6 4/-
Recife - PE 2 2n = 34, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 2, 5 2 2
1 2n = 36, X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 3 2 -
Maceió - AL 3 2n = 35, X1Y1X2Y2X3 3/ 3/ 6 2/ 3/ 4 -/-/4
Fig 2. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with 18S rDNA probe on meiotic (a-f, h-j) and mitotic (g,k)
cells of Euchroma gigantea. The arrows indicate 18S rDNA sites and arrowheads indicate the ends
of sex chromosome chain with five (a, h-j), six (b, d-f) or eight chromosomes (c). Note in (a) the
presence of an autosomal trivalent – T. See the dot B chromosomes in (d, g-k). The diploid
numbers and location of sampling are indicated in each image. Bar = 10µm
105
Fig. 5 Chromosomal mapping through FISH of Egig3 and 18S rDNA in Euchroma gigantea
metaphases I showing the co-location of both sequences. Inserts show the signals
separately. Bar 10 µm
107
Fig S1. Idiograms showing results of FISH with rDNA probe. The asterisks (*) identify heteromorphic pairs.
108
Resumo
Euchoma é um gênero considerado monoespecífico para E. gigantea,
apesar de apresentar polimorfismos morfológicos ao longo de sua ocorrência na
região Neotropical. Além disso, E. gigantea possui três linhagens
cromossomicamente polimórficas descritas no Brasil. Neste trabalho, o
mitogenoma de E. gigantea foi montado e analisado quanto a sua estrutura. O
mitogenoma apresentou a redução do gene COII e uma região altamente variável
entre os genes RNAtAsp e ATP8, apesar de possuir uma estrutura típica do
genoma mitocondrial animal. A análise dessa região entre indivíduos das três
linhagens da espécie evidenciou a ocorrência de três padrões de organização
nesta região, a qual apresentou uma sequência não codificante e a duplicação do
gene RNAtAsp ou genes putativos de RNAtAsn ou RNAtTyr. A análise filogenética
realizada utilizando mitogenomas de espécies da ordem Coleoptera revelou a
estreita relação de E. gigantea com uma espécie da subfamília Chrysochroinae.
Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram que o mitogenoma de E. gigantea
possui um considerável nível de variação intraespecífico e apresenta
características que podem ser consideradas sinapomorfias no gênero.
Introdução
O genoma mitocondrial apresenta particularidades em relação ao nuclear.
Em animais, por exemplo, a sua herança é predominantemente uniparental
(materna), o tamanho é relativamente pequeno (~16kb), apresenta baixa taxa de
recombinação e alta taxa de mutação (Wolstenholme 1992; Boore 1999). Na
maioria dos animais, incluindo os insetos, este genoma é composto por uma
região não codificante, 13 genes codificantes de proteínas, dois genes de RNA
ribossomal e 22 genes codificantes de RNA transportador (Boore 1999;
Ladoukakis & Zouros 2017). Com raras exceções, além da região não codificante
que contém os elementos controladores da replicação e transcrição, regiões não
codificantes são curtas e pouco frequentes no mitogenoma (Ladoukakis & Zouros
2017).
Em algumas espécies de animais o mitogenoma varia deste padrão, sendo
observadas perdas de genes de RNAt (Song et al. 2010; Nan et al. 2016; Tang et
al. 2017), duplicações gênicas (Liu et al. 2017) e fragmentação do mitogenoma
em duas ou mais moléculas de DNA circular ou linear (Smith et al. 2011; Shao et
al. 2012; Wei et al. 2012). Esses mitogenomas multipartidos variam de dois até 20
minicromossomos em espécies de piolho (Shao et al. 2012; Wei et al. 2012). Em
Coleoptera, grande parte das espécies com mitogenoma caracterizado mantém o
arranjo proposto como ancestral para insetos, o qual inclui 13 genes codificantes
de proteínas, 22 genes de RNAt e dois genes de RNA ribossomal (Timmermans
& Vogler 2012; Song et al. 2017).
Nos besouros da família Buprestidae, o sequenciamento de porções de
genes mitocondriais têm sido úteis em estudos de identificação molecular de
espécies (Wu et al. 2017), análises filogenéticas (Evans et al. 2015) e estudos
populacionais (Lopez et al. 2014). Entretanto, apenas oito espécies desta família
tiveram a descrição parcial (Antaxia sp., Agrilus sp., A. bigutatus, Acmaeodera
sp., Perotis lugubris) ou completa (Acmaeodera sp., Agrilus planipennis,
Chrysochroa fulgidíssima) do seu mitogenoma (Hong et al. 2009; Timmermans et
al. 2015; Duan et al. 2017). Nestes mitogenomas, a quantidade, orientação e
ordem dos genes mostroaram-se idênticas ao observado em outros insetos
(Hong et al. 2009; Timmermans et al. 2015), exceto o mitogenoma do buprestídeo
Chrysochroa fulgidíssima que apresentou sequências similares aos genes de
RNAtLeu e RNAtAsn na região controle (Hong et al. 2009). Estas sequências
111
Material e métodos
Amostras
Os espécimes de Euchroma gigantea analisados neste trabalho foram
coletados em áreas urbanas do Distrito Federal e de quatro estados brasileiros
112
após o gene RNAtAsp e a duplicação deste gene, fizeram com que esta região
fosse estudada com maior detalhamento. Dessa forma, foram desenhados os
seguintes primers para o isolamento de um fragmento entre o gene COII e
qualquer uma das cópias do gene RNAtAsp: L2-COII F
5’TGGCAGAATAGTGCAATGGA e D-COII R
5’GGACATTTCCTCGGCTTCTT. As sequências foram amplificadas em reações
de PCR de 50 µL, contendo tampão de Taq polimerase 1x, 1,5 mM MgCl2, 0,02
mM de dNTP, 0,4 μM de cada primer e 0,1 U de Taq DNA polimerase
recombinante (Invitrogen). O programa de PCR foi realizado da seguinte forma:
uma desnaturação inicial de 5 min a 94 ºC, e 30 ciclos de 1 min a 94 ºC, 30 s a 55
ºC e 1 min 72 ºC, com uma extensão final de 5 min a 72 ºC. Os produtos
amplificados foram purificados (ExoSAP-IT - Affymetrix/USB) e sequenciados pela
Macrogen, Seoul Korea (ABI3730XL (ABI, CA, USA)).
As sequências foram analisadas no software Pregap4 do pacote STADEN
(Bonfield et al. 1995) e foram caracterizadas usando o web server MITOS (Bernt
et al. 2013) com a configuração padrão e código genético mitocondrial de
invertebrados. As sequências nucleotídicas e de aminoácidos foram alinhadas
utilizando o servidor MAFFT (https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/).
Análise filogenética
Na análise filogenética foram utilizadas as sequências nucleotídicas e de
aminoácidos dos genomas mitocondriais completos ou parcialmente completos de
46 espécies da infraordem Elateriformia, depositadas no National Center for
Biotechnology Information (NCBI). As sequências do DNAmt de quatro espécies
de Scirtiformia disponíveis no GenBank foram utilizadas como grupo externo. O
alinhamento das sequências foi realizado no servidor MAFFT
(https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/).
A árvore filogenética foi construída a partir de inferência Bayesiana no
programa Mr Bayes 3.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012) disponível no servidor CIPRES
(Miller et al. 2010), e de máxima verossimilhança no servidor PhyML 3.0
(http://www.atgc-montpellier.fr/phyml/). Nessas filogenias foram utilizados os
modelos de substituição GTR+I+G para sequências nucleotídicas e MtREV+I+G
para as sequências de aminoácidos. Esses modelos foram selecionados pelo
critério Akaike (AIC) implementado no JModelTest (Posada 2008) e ProtTest
114
Resultados
Caracterização do genoma mitocondrial de Euchroma gigantea
O DNA mitocondrial completo de E. gigantea nas duas montagens foi
similar. Na estratégia 1, o genoma apresentou 17701 pb, sendo 3032pb destes
correspondentes à região controle. Na estratégia 2, o genoma total apresentou
16294 pb, sendo 1200 pb correspondentes a região controle. Nestas duas
montagens houve diferenças quanto à região do gene COII. Na primeira
montagem este gene apresentou 150 pb mais um espaçador intergênico de 65
pb, enquanto na segunda montagem os comprimentos foram de 618 pb e 22 pb,
respectivamente. Considerando que o tamanho do gene COII com 618 pb foi
confirmado, a região codificante do mitogenoma de E. gigantea abrange 15094 pb
(Figura 1, Tabela S1) com conteúdo A+T de 65,5%. Um total de 128440 reads
foram mapeados, alcançando uma média de profundidade de sequenciamento de
722 vezes (X) e máxima cobertura de 2302 X.
O mitogenoma de E. gigantea contém 13 genes codificantes de proteínas
[Subunidades 1-6 e 4l da NADH desidrogenase (ND1-6, 4L), Subunidades I, II, e
III da citocromo oxidase (COI, COII, COIII), subunidades 6 e 8 da enzima ATP
sintase (ATP6 e ATP8) e Citocromo b (CYTB)], 22 genes de RNA transportador
(RNAt) e dois genes de RNA ribossomal (rRNA) (Figura 1 e S1). O gene da
subunidade II da citocromo oxidase apresentou divergências entre as duas
montagens realizadas. Na primeira, o seu tamanho foi de apenas 150 pb e 50
aminoácidos, e na segunda montagem o COII apresentou 618 pb, correspondente
a 206 aminoácidos (Figuras S2 e S3). Além disso, nas duas montagens, após o
gene RNAtAsp foi identificada uma região não codificante de 370 pb seguida da
duplicação do gene RNAtAsp (Figura 1), o qual apesar de ter sofrido mutações,
115
Análises filogenéticas
As árvores filogenéticas de inferência bayesiana e máxima verossimilhança
apresentaram topologias similares. Os resultados para as duas análises com as
sequências nucleotídicas estão resumidos na figura 5 e os resultados para as
análises com aminoácidos estão resumidos na figura 6. Em ambas as árvores foi
observada a monofilia de Elateriformia e o agrupamento das espécies em suas
respectivas superfamílias. As espécies representantes de todas as famílias foram
corretamente agrupadas, exceto Elateridae e Omethidae. Euchroma gigantea foi
agrupada com as espécies de Buprestoidea, apresentando estreita relação com a
espécie Chrysochroa fulgidissima (Chrysochroinae).
116
Discussão
Euchroma gigantea apresentou um mitogenoma com características
incomuns em Coleoptera e insetos em geral. O gene COII apresentou 618 pb
correspondente a 206 aminoácidos, quando o esperado para esta sequência em
insetos é entre 226-229 aminoácidos (Liu & Beckenbach 1992). Além disso, uma
região polimórfica entre os genes RNAtAsp e ATP8 foi identificada. Apesar desta
variação, o tamanho do mitogenoma de E. gigantea, bem como a estrutura
condizem com o observado para animais, especialmente representantes de
Coleoptera, nos quais a região codificante, que compreende os 37 genes
mitocondriais, é relativamente estável e possui cerca de 14700 pb (Sheffield et al.
2009; Cameron 2014).
O gene COII com 618 pb, identificado em todos os indivíduos das
diferentes populações testadas pode indicar uma sinapomorfia do gênero
Euchroma. A sequência possui uma redução de pelo menos 20 aminoácidos da
sequência proteica deste gene em relação à maioria dos insetos (Liu &
Beckenbach 1992), sendo 16 aminoácidos ausentes na região N terminal e 4, na
extremidade C terminal. No entanto, algumas características foram conservadas.
O códon iniciador ATA, foi previamente identificado como variante ao ATG em
Coleoptera e duas regiões conservadas em insetos ao nível de aminoácido foram
encontradas no COII de Euchroma. A primeira (I), que é envolvida no sistema de
transferência de elétrons, corresponde as posições 101 a 113. A segunda região
(II), entre as posições 193 a 203, inclui um sítio de ligação a cobre (Figura S3)
(Liu & Beckenbach 1992). Ademais, sítios conservados entre vertebrados,
levedura, milho e insetos incluem histidina (24, 161), ácido glutâmico (62 e 202) e
ácido aspártico (88, 139, 158 e 173) (Figura S3) (Liu & Beckenbach 1992). Estas
características conservadas indicam que, apesar de sua redução, o gene COII no
mitogenoma de E. gigantea pode não ter perdido sua função.
A sequência espaçadora entre os genes RNAtAsp e ATP8 observada no
mitogenoma de E. gigantea é uma característica incomum em Coleoptera. Em
geral, em espécies desta ordem apresentam apenas 1 pb entre estes dois genes
(Sheffield et al. 2009; Song et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2014; Timmermans et al. 2015;
Duan et al. 2017), com exceção da espécie Chryschroa fulgidissima (Buprestidae;
Chrysochroinae), que apresentou uma sequência de 37 pb entre RNAtAsp e ATP8
117
Conclusões
O mitogenoma de E. gigantea apresenta singularidades que podem ser
consideradas sinapomorfias no gênero, como tamanho reduzido do gene COII e a
presença de uma região não codificante entre os genes RNAtAsp e ATP8. Esta
região, que apresentou três padrões de organização, aparentemente linhagem-
específicos, pode ser útil na investigação da diversificação das linhagens
anteriormente identificadas em E. gigantea. Em um gênero considerado
monoespecífico como Euchroma que sabidamente possui distintas linhagens, a
separação de grupos geneticamente distintos pode direcionar análises de
taxonomia alfa. Ademais, o mitogenoma completo desta espécie constitui um
importante instrumento para estudos filogenéticos que visem investigar o
posicionamento de E. gigantea em diferentes níveis taxonômicos.
Referências
Figura 2. Esquema do fragmento entre o gene RNAtL2 e ATP8. Os genes de RNAt estão indicados
de acordo com o código de três letras para o aminoácido segundo a IUPAC. Note o tamanho do
gene COII conservado (618 pb) e três tipos de organização na região após o gene RNAtAsp. No
tipo I, uma duplicação do gene RNAtAsp, está separada da sua cópia por uma região não
codificante de 370 pb; no tipo II, presença de um gene RNAtAsn2 e uma região não codificante de
171 pb; no tipo III, presença do gene RNAtTyr, no sentido inverso, que se sobrepõem em 1 pb ao
gene de RNAtAsp.
Tabela 2. Distância par a par entre as sequências variantes do gene RNAtAsp e o gene RNAtAsn2.
RNAt genes
CII08_ RNAtAsp CII07_ RNAtAsp CII08_ RNAtAsp2
CII08_ RNAtAsp -
CII07_ RNAtAsp 0 -
CII08_ RNAtAsp2 0.08 0.08 -
CII04_ RNAtAsn2 0.15 0.15 0.06
127
Figura 5. Árvore filogenéticas bayesiana para as sequências de nucleotídeos dos genes codificantes de proteínas de Euchroma gigantea e outras espécies
da ordem Coleoptera. Os valores de probabilidade posterior/aLTR estão indicados próximos aos nós. A barra de escala indica o número de mutações por
sítio.
128
Figura 6. Árvore filogenética bayesiana para as sequências de aminoácidos dos genes codificantes de proteínas de Euchroma gigantea e outras espécies da
ordem Coleoptera. Os valores de probabilidade posterior/aLTR estão indicados próximos aos nós. A barra de escala indica o número de mutações por sítio.
129
Figura S3. Comparação da sequência de aminoácidos do gene COII entre espécies de Buprestoidea. Note as regiões I e II, e os
sítios evolutivamente conservados entre vertebrados, levedura, milho e insetos: histidina (24, 161) em verde, ácido glutâmico
(62 e 202) em rosa e ácido aspártico (88, 139,158 e 173) em azul.
134
6 DISCUSSÃO GERAL
autossômica teria originado o cariótipo com 2n = 22, Xy, o qual é modal na família
al., 2004; ROWELL, 1990; SHARP; ROWELL, 2007; SYREN; LUYKX, 1977;
136
WHITE, 1973). No entanto, polimorfismos nestas cadeias não são bem tolerados,
para Drosophila albomicans (ZHOU et al., 2012), bem como do cruzamento entre
foram incluídos (dados não mostrados), pode estar relacionado com a fertilização
em outras espécies de insetos (COLUZZI et al., 2002; MILLS; COOK, 2014). Além
2005).
rearranjos cromossômicos
juntamente com os genes de histona H1, H2A e H2B (NAGODA et al., 2005;
et al., 2011a; GOLL et al., 2015). A dispersão destes genes foi observada em
2011; PINE et al., 2017), enquanto que em E. gigantea a dispersão foi observada
de histonas.
ROUSSELET et al., 2000), bem como para a dispersão das sequências de DNAr
al., 2010; CABRAL-DE-MELLO et al., 2011a; GOLL et al., 2015) e tem sido
DNAr 18S no par 4 dos indivíduos com 2n = 22 parecem ser os sítios mais
coincidente com a maioria dos padrões observados para Egig2 e Egig3, foi
visto que existe variação na morfologia dos cromossomos portadores dos sítios
de DNAr 18S nos cariótipos com apenas dois clusters, ou seja, 2n = 22, 26, 34 e
36.
(HIRAI et al., 1996; NGUYEN et al., 2010; PITA et al., 2016). Assim, considerando
que o sítio primitivo de DNAr 18S está no par 4 de um cariótipo com 2n=22, foi
a relação física entre estas sequências é possível que Egig2 e Egig3 estejam
142
dos gêneros Phaseolus (ALMEIDA et al., 2012), Solanum (JO et al., 2009) e Vicia
mais seis localidades brasileiras. Neste estudo, foram identificadas três espécies
processo de especiação.
insetos em geral, tais como a redução do tamanho do gene COII e uma região
1992) também foram observados, indicando que apesar de ter sofrido redução, o
et al., 2014; SHEFFIELD et al., 2009; SONG et al., 2010; TIMMERMANS et al.,
pertencer a mesma subfamília, pode indicar que neste grupo, esta região pode
torna um dos genes não funcional. A partir de então, a pressão seletiva tende a
2014). Dessa forma, o gene RNAtAsp teria sido duplicado na linhagem Norte e
disperso para a Nordeste. Nestas linhagens, a cópia deste gene sofreu mutações
7 CONCLUSÕES
espécie.
gigantea no Brasil.
espécie.
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Artigos completos publicados em periódicos
1. SILVA, J. N.; COSTA M.R.; XAVIER C.; AMORIM, I.C.; MOURA R.C
Mapeamento cromossômico do microssatélite AG15 em espécies do
grupo Dichotomius (Luederwaldtinia) sericeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). In: VII
Jornada de pós-Graduação de Genética, 2017
2. COSTA M.R.; CRUZ, G.A.S.; XAVIER C.; AMORIM, I.C.; MOURA R.C
Caracterização e dinâmica evolutiva de DNA satélite em Dichotomius schiffleri
(Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae). In: VII Jornada de pós-Graduação de Genética,
2017
1. XAVIER,C.
Alto polimorfismo cromossômico em Euchroma gigantea (Buprestidae:
Coleoptera), 2016. (Seminário,Apresentação de Trabalho)
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