Detlef Eichler
Independent researcher interested in Vedic studies, Śikṣās, Prātiśākhyas and other Vedalakṣaṇa texts.
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For the uttarārcika the consonant contains the information about the number of syllables which are not marked with any numeral (dhāri) and the number of syllables marked with 2u (udātta). The vowel contains the information about the number of syllables marked with 2ra (svarita).
Jātya svaritas are original svaritas. They are not the result of external sandhi rules.
Examples: kvà, nyàk, svàḥ, ukthyàḥ, camvòḥ, tanvè, dūtyàm, su-ādhyàḥ, pastyā̀su
Kṣaipra svaritas are the result of the kṣaipra sandhi:
(1) í or ī́ + unaccented vowel except i or ī => y + vowel with the svarita accent
(2) ú or ū́ + unaccented vowel except u or ū => v + vowel with the svarita accent
Examples: hí | asya => hy àsya; ní-okase => nyòkase; makṣú | itthā́ => makṣv ìtthā́; juhú-āsyaḥ => juhvā̀syaḥ
Note: Originally jātya svaritas are kṣaipra svaritas. Each jātya svarita is preceded by y or v.
Examples: ukthíaḥ => ukthyàḥ; dūtíam => dūtyàm; kúa => kvà; súaḥ-vatīḥ => svàḥ-vatīḥ
Abhinihita svaritas are the result of the abhinihita sandhi:
(1) áḥ + a => ò ' (2) é + a => è '
Examples: rāyáḥ | avániḥ => rāyò 'vániḥ; té | avardhanta => tè 'vardhanta
Praśliṣṭa svaritas are the result of the praśliṣṭa sandhi: í + i => ī̀
Examples: diví-iva => divī̀va; abhí | ihi => abhī̀hi
In the following list of all independent svaritas in the RV Saṁhitā and Padapāṭha jātya svaritas are marked with X, kṣaipra svaritas with K, abhinihita svaritas with A and praśliṣṭa svaritas with P. Each jātya svarita marked with X is seen both in the Padapāṭha and the Saṁhitā.
‘N’ preceded by ā, even if at the end of a word which is part of a compound, is dropped, if followed by a vowel (in the interior of a Pāda).
Sūtra 4.80 says that when ‘n’ is dropped or changed to an ‘r’ or an ūṣman for the sandhis given in 4.65-79, then the vowel preceding the ‘n’ is nasalized.
ān + vowel = ām̐ + vowel (in the interior of a Pāda); 665 anunāsikas seen in the Ṛgveda Saṁhitā are based on this rule.
The number of anunāsikas according to chapter 2 (Saṁhitā-paṭala) of the Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya is 60. According to chapter 4 (Saṁdhi-paṭala) the number is 818. Together with one anunāsika mentioned in chapter 1 the total number of all anunāsikas in the Ṛgveda Saṁhitā is 1 + 60 + 818 = 779.
Preservation Techniques of the Ṛgveda Chanting of Kerala, Editors: C.M. Neelakandhan, K.A. Ravindram, 2010, Tāṇṭam, Malayāḷatāṇṭam, p.73, 76, 78-79, 81, 107, 115-116
Malayāḷatāṇṭam is a section of the book Tāṇṭam. It begins on page 73 with the following śloka:
gaṇeśādīn gurūn natvā lakṣaṇāni ca kānicit |
padapāṭhakasaṁdehannivṛttyarthaṁ vadāmyaham ||1||
After saluting Gaṇeśa etc. and the gurus I will tell several lakṣaṇas for the purpose of removing uncertainties about the Padapāṭha.
For each of the following lakṣaṇa texts an introduction, the transliterated text, commentary and an alphabetic list of the words in the Padapāṭha are given.
1: Number of pada-s (p)
2: Number of pada-s with 1 akṣara / 4 akṣara-s (1a / 4a)
3: Number of pada-s with 2 akṣara-s / 5 akṣara-s (2a / 5a)
4: Number of pada-s with 3 akṣara-s / 6 akṣara-s (3a / 6a)
5: Number of pada-s with all akṣara-s anudātta / 7 akṣara-s (anu / 7a)
6: Number of pada-s ending in visarga / n (vi / n)
7: Number of pada-s with avagraha / words + iti (avg / iti)
8: Number of pada-s ending in m / t
8: If the total number of words ending in si, tu and se is odd visarga is added at the end of syllable 8
The code words for the first and last vargas of the Ṛgveda Padapāṭha are ghejāśatachathājaḍuḥ and ciphibhapapadhācadā
2. Vedic Sanskrit Alphabet (Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya, ŚYV) (65 letters)
3. Vedic Sanskrit Alphabet (Taittirīya Prātiśākhya, Vaidikabharaṇa, KYV) (59 letters)
4. Vedic Sanskrit Alphabet (R̥gveda Prātiśākhya) (53 letters)
Appendix
1. Śivapurāṇa 2.1.8 (The letter-embedded form of Lord Śiva)
2. Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya (Adhyāya 8)
3. Vaidikabharaṇa (on Taittirīya Prātiśākhya 1.1)
4. R̥gveda Prātiśākhya
1.001.01a agním īḷe puróhitaṁ yajñásya devám r̥tvíjam |
1.001.01c hótāraṁ ratnadhā́tamam ||
10.191.04a samānī́ va ā́kūtiḥ samānā́ hŕ̥dayāni vaḥ |
10.191.04c samānám astu vo máno yáthā vaḥ súsahā́sati ||
10.191.04 is the last of the 10552 mantras (r̥c-as, stanzas) of the R̥gveda Saṁhitā.
o + a = o ' ; e + a = e ' ; aḥ + a => o + a (sutra 2.33) = o ' when a is in beginning of a Pāda.
The a is absorbed into the preceding o or e. In the printed Saṁhitā the avagraha (') is shown in the place of the absorbed a. There are only three exceptions to this rule (see 2.49). In the Saṁhitā the sandhi o ' is seen 450 times and e ' 197 times when the absorbed a is in the beginning of a Pāda.
Sūtras 2.35-50 deal with the Abhinihita Sandhi, when o + a or e + a are in the interior of a Pāda. In this case the Abhinihita Sandhis o ' and e ' are exceptions to the sandhis of sūtra 2.33: o + a = o a ; aḥ + a = o a (Pañcālapadavṛtti Sandhis) and e + a = e a (Prācyapadavṛtti Sandhi). In the Saṁhitā the sandhi (o a) is seen 2564 times (85%) while the Abhinihita Sandhi (o ') is seen 278 times (15%). The sandhi e + a = e a is found 904 times (90,5%) in the Saṁhitā while the Abhinihita Sandhi (e ') is seen 95 times (9,5%).
In our Ṛgveda Saṁhitā are 1020 Abhinihita Sandhis shown by 1020 avagrahas. For one additional Abhinihita Sandhi in 10.99.8 the avagraha is not shown in the Saṁhitā (śyeno 'yopāṣṭir hanti instead of śyeno 'yo'pāṣṭir hanti) (śyenaḥ | ayaḥ-apāṣṭiḥ). Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya explains 1020 of the 1021sandhis but does not mention yoge 'dhijajñe (8.58.3). The Vālakhilya Sūkta 8.58 seems to be not included in the Saṁhitā on which the Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya is based.
Galita padas which are dropped in the traditional Padapāṭha are shown within left and right parentheses. The first galita padas of the Padapāṭha (índra | ā́ | yāhi) are seen in RV 1.3.5:
(índra | ā́ | yāhi) | dhiyā́ | iṣitáḥ | vípra-jūtaḥ | sutá-vataḥ || úpa | bráhmāṇi | vāghátaḥ ||1.3.5||
॥ ०॥ धि॒या । इ॒षि॒तः । विप्र॑ऽजूतः । सु॒तऽव॑तः । उप॑ । ब्रह्मा॑णि । वा॒घतः॑ ॥
The following list has been derived from
Rigveda Padapātha with marked Galita Padas | Detlef Eichler - Academia.edu
Galitas are seen in the traditional Padapāṭha when a mantra, an ardharca (half-verse), a pāda or a sequence of 3 or more words of a pāda is repeated.
For exceptions see the article of Harry Falk: The Galitas in the Ṛgveda Padapāṭha: on the origin of the Saṁhitāpāṭha and the Padapāṭha
In the appendix a list of all repeated mantras which are dropped in the Padapāṭha is given.
agním | īḷe | puráḥ-hitam / yajñásya | devám | r̥tvíjam || hótāram | ratna-dhā́tamam ||1.1.1||
samānī́ | vaḥ | ā́-kūtiḥ / samānā́ | hŕ̥dayāni | vaḥ || samānám | astu | vaḥ | mánaḥ / yáthā | vaḥ | sú-saha | ásati ||10.191.4||
The original data entry of the Devanāgarī text of the Padapāṭha was done by the members of the Sansknet Project. Proofreading (see following reference), correction and conversion of the Devanāgarī to transliteration with accents marking the udātta and the independent svarita was done by me (Detlef Eichler).
Hymns of the Rig Veda in the Samhita and Pada Texts, Max Müller, Second Edition (Two Volumes) (1877).
The original Padapāṭha does not show (1) the end of an internal pāda and (2) the end of a half-line (ardharca, hemistich). In this edition I have added "/" at the end of an internal pāda and a double daṇḍa (||) at the end of a half-line.
Galita padas which are dropped in the traditional Padapāṭha are shown within left and right parentheses. The first galita padas of the Padapāṭha (índra | ā́ | yāhi) are seen in RV 1.3.5: (índra | ā́ | yāhi) | dhiyā́ | iṣitáḥ / vípra-jūtaḥ | sutá-vataḥ || úpa | bráhmāṇi | vāghátaḥ ||1.3.5||
agním | īḷe | puráḥ-hitam / yajñásya | devám | r̥tvíjam || hótāram | ratna-dhā́tamam ||1.1.1||
samānī́ | vaḥ | ā́-kūtiḥ / samānā́ | hŕ̥dayāni | vaḥ || samānám | astu | vaḥ | mánaḥ / yáthā | vaḥ | sú-saha | ásati ||10.191.4||
The original data entry of the Devanāgarī text of the Padapāṭha was done by the members of the Sansknet Project. Proofreading (see following reference), correction and conversion of the Devanāgarī to transliteration with accents marking the udātta and the independent svarita was done by me (Detlef Eichler).
Hymns of the Rig Veda in the Samhita and Pada Texts, Max Müller, Second Edition (Two Volumes) (1877).
The original Padapāṭha does not show (1) the end of an internal pāda and (2) the end of a half-line (ardharca, hemistich). In this edition I have added "/" at the end of an internal pāda and a double daṇḍa (||) at the end of a half-line.
The Ṛgveda-Padapāṭha contains 163557 words. Among these words are 22209 compound words (puráḥ-hitam, ratna-dhā́tamam etc.).
The numbers 387, 789 and 938 refer to Parameswara Aithal’s descriptive bibliography “Veda-
Lakṣaṇa”.
(387) Ṛgvedīya-Bonda-Lakṣaṇa: “Ascribed to Śaunaka. The text is identical with the Pada-gāḍha
published by Satyavrata Samasrami in the Sanskrit journal Uṣā “(1895).
(789) Pada-Gāḍha: “Ascribed to Śākalya or to Śaunaka. A treatise consisting of words occurring in the
Ṛgveda and presenting certain common peculiarities, regarding accent, endings, etc.”
(938) Bonta-(or Bontha- or Bonda-)Lakṣaṇa: “Enumeration of instances of peculiarities in
pronunciation, spelling, accents, etc. in the Ṛgveda. The words have been arranged according to their
repetition, i.e. twice, thrice and so on, up to 96 times. Instances in each group are given in the order of
the Ṛgveda. The text is more or less the same as the one published by Satyavrata Samasrami under the
title Pada-gāḍha.”
Structure of Ṛgvedīya-Bonda-Lakṣaṇa (387):
The first 3 khaṇḍas are called Sarvasamānāni, Sarvavivṛttāni and Sarvanavatpadāni. The text continues
with words which are repeated twice (Dvisaṁkhyākāni) consisting of 8 khaṇḍas 2(8). Repetitions of
words continue 3(16), 4(8), 5(8), 6(4), 7(4), 8(3), 9(7), 10(4), 11(2), 12(2), 13(4), 14(6), 15(2), 16(5),
17(2), 19(2), 21(1), 22(2), 24(2), 30(1), 31(1), 44, 46, and 50. The next sections are called Pūrvarūpāṇi
(5), Akhaṇḍitāni (2), Khaṇḍitāni (2), Dvaipadāni, Padagāḍhaḥ (14) and Rephakārikā.
Description of the varṇas (svaras and vyañjanas); the five classes of sparśas, retroflex ḻ and ḻh; unvoiced and voiced sounds; nasal sounds including the four yamas; semivowels; fricatives (ūṣmans); jihvāmūlīya and upadhmānīya; length of vowels, consonants, svarabhakti and anusvāra; places of articulation; effort of articulation; position of the lips in a series of labial vowels; vowel before n becomes nasalized (raṅga) in final n sandhis; nasalized long u in the padapāṭha and other nasalized vowels; final m sandhis; abhinidāna; yamas (ayaḥpiṇḍa); bonds of conjunctions of stops and semi-vowels (darupiṇḍa), of ūṣmans and nasals or semivowels (ūṛṇapiṇḍa), of v with n or ṇ (duspṛṣṭa); visarga before k or p becomes a sibilant (s, ṣ); svarabhakti; articulation of h from the chest / throat; sandhi of first class-consonant followed by h; doubling of the first letter of a conjunct consonant; doubling of n or ṇ; sandhi of first class-consonant followed by ś; doubling of ch; insertion of t between n or ṭ and following s; sandhis of final n or t followed by l or a palatal stop; sandhis of first class-consonants followed by voiced consonant or vowel; first class-consonants before an ūṣman become aspirated; nāda; anudātta, udātta and svarita; kampa; udāttakampa in the padapāṭha; properties of the varṇas; length and definition of praṇava (om).
(1) a word with final pragṛhya vowel (o; dual endings ī, ū, e; locative ending in ī or ū; amī, asme, yuṣme, tve). Pragṛhya vowels remain unchanged if placed before a vowel (absence of vowel sandhi). Vocatives with final o are pragṛhya in the Padapāṭha only. Examples: agnī iti; śatakrato iti śata-krato; tanū iti; asme iti.
(2) words ending in aḥ or āḥ in which the final visarjanīya comes from r. This adding of iti is done only when the visarjanīya is placed before r, an unvoiced consonant or a pause. Examples: punariti, kariti kaḥ, svariti svaḥ)
(3) particle īm when the final m is dropped in the Saṁhitā (īmiti).
(4) the particle u which is pragṛhya in the Padapāṭha only (ūm̐ iti).
(5) ten verbs ending in uḥ, eḥ and oḥ. Examples: ūvurityūvuḥ, pīperiti pīpeḥ, tūtoriti tūtoḥ.
(6) three nouns ending in a visarjanīya which comes from s: rathyebhiriti rathyebhiḥ; praceta iti pra-cetaḥ, sta iti staḥ.
(7) Seven words which do not end in a visarjanīya: gdheti gdha, ta iti te, namasyanniti namasyan, pranapād iti pra-napāt, vargiti vark, syasveti syasva, hanniti han
This adding of iti is called itikaraṇa. In part A of this paper lists of all those itikaraṇa words are given in which the word is not repeated after iti. Part B gives the lists of all itikaraṇa words in which the word is repeated after iti. The appendix contains rules of the Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya about pragṛhya and visarjanīyas coming from r.
For the Sāmaveda Saṁhitā and the Stobhas contained in the Gānas Sāmavedasaptalakṣaṇa provides knowledge about the words in the Padapāṭha. It removes uncertainties about the beginning and end of words: Does the word end in āḥ or ā?( Śamāna); does the word end in e or aḥ? (Viliṅghya); does the word end in ai or āḥ? (Viliṅghya); does the word end in n, m or t? (Napara,Tapara); is the beginning of the word after e and o short a? (Avarṇi); in case of the sandhi ā does the word begin with a or ā? (Avarṇi). Finally Sāmavedasaptalakṣaṇa answers the question if a verse of the Saṁhitā does not contain compound words (Anavagraha).
It consists of 28 verses:
(1) Pronunciation of ṣ as kh
(2-6) Pronunciation of y as j
(7-9) Pronunciation of v as guru, laghu and laghutara
(10-11.1) Repha (r) is pronounced as re in svarabhakti
(11.2-12.1) L is pronounced as le in svarabhakti
(12.2-15) Pronunciation das anusvāra as “gum” (hrasva, dīrgha, guru)
(16-18.1) Visarga: place of articulation
(18.2-22) Pronunciation of the visarga (aḥ as aha etc.)
(23-26) Visarga-Mudrās (releasing of fingers)
(27) Pronunciation of the visarga as hi, hu, he and ho
(28) Pronunciation of ṛ as re
2. Iti is added to a word which ends in aḥ or āḥ when the visarjanīya (ḥ) comes from r (riphita visarjanīya). This adding of iti is done only when the visarjanīya is placed before an unvoiced consonant or a pause. In these cases one does not know if the visaryanīya comes from r or from s. Examples: hotaḥ pāvaka (hotariti | pāvaka); punaḥ || (punariti). When a verbal form is ending in aḥ or āḥ and the visarjanīya is a riphita visarjanīya the verbal word is repeated after the iti. Examples: akarityakaḥ, kariti kaḥ, dardariti dardaḥ. If a compound word ends in an riphita visaryanīya the compound word is repeated after the iti and the two parts of the compound are shown separated by an avagraha. Example: vidhātariti vi-dhātaḥ. Two nouns which are not compound words and end in a riphita visarjanīya are also repeated after iti: dartariti dartaḥ and svariti svaḥ.
3. Iti is added to some verbal forms which end in a visarjanīya which is preceded by a vowel other than a or ā. After the iti the verbal word is repeated. Examples: syuriti syuḥ, pīperiti pīpeḥ. Finally there are a few other words which are repeated after iti. Examples: rathyebhiriti rathyebhiḥ; gdheti gdha, and vargiti vark.
For the uttarārcika the consonant contains the information about the number of syllables which are not marked with any numeral (dhāri) and the number of syllables marked with 2u (udātta). The vowel contains the information about the number of syllables marked with 2ra (svarita).
Jātya svaritas are original svaritas. They are not the result of external sandhi rules.
Examples: kvà, nyàk, svàḥ, ukthyàḥ, camvòḥ, tanvè, dūtyàm, su-ādhyàḥ, pastyā̀su
Kṣaipra svaritas are the result of the kṣaipra sandhi:
(1) í or ī́ + unaccented vowel except i or ī => y + vowel with the svarita accent
(2) ú or ū́ + unaccented vowel except u or ū => v + vowel with the svarita accent
Examples: hí | asya => hy àsya; ní-okase => nyòkase; makṣú | itthā́ => makṣv ìtthā́; juhú-āsyaḥ => juhvā̀syaḥ
Note: Originally jātya svaritas are kṣaipra svaritas. Each jātya svarita is preceded by y or v.
Examples: ukthíaḥ => ukthyàḥ; dūtíam => dūtyàm; kúa => kvà; súaḥ-vatīḥ => svàḥ-vatīḥ
Abhinihita svaritas are the result of the abhinihita sandhi:
(1) áḥ + a => ò ' (2) é + a => è '
Examples: rāyáḥ | avániḥ => rāyò 'vániḥ; té | avardhanta => tè 'vardhanta
Praśliṣṭa svaritas are the result of the praśliṣṭa sandhi: í + i => ī̀
Examples: diví-iva => divī̀va; abhí | ihi => abhī̀hi
In the following list of all independent svaritas in the RV Saṁhitā and Padapāṭha jātya svaritas are marked with X, kṣaipra svaritas with K, abhinihita svaritas with A and praśliṣṭa svaritas with P. Each jātya svarita marked with X is seen both in the Padapāṭha and the Saṁhitā.
‘N’ preceded by ā, even if at the end of a word which is part of a compound, is dropped, if followed by a vowel (in the interior of a Pāda).
Sūtra 4.80 says that when ‘n’ is dropped or changed to an ‘r’ or an ūṣman for the sandhis given in 4.65-79, then the vowel preceding the ‘n’ is nasalized.
ān + vowel = ām̐ + vowel (in the interior of a Pāda); 665 anunāsikas seen in the Ṛgveda Saṁhitā are based on this rule.
The number of anunāsikas according to chapter 2 (Saṁhitā-paṭala) of the Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya is 60. According to chapter 4 (Saṁdhi-paṭala) the number is 818. Together with one anunāsika mentioned in chapter 1 the total number of all anunāsikas in the Ṛgveda Saṁhitā is 1 + 60 + 818 = 779.
Preservation Techniques of the Ṛgveda Chanting of Kerala, Editors: C.M. Neelakandhan, K.A. Ravindram, 2010, Tāṇṭam, Malayāḷatāṇṭam, p.73, 76, 78-79, 81, 107, 115-116
Malayāḷatāṇṭam is a section of the book Tāṇṭam. It begins on page 73 with the following śloka:
gaṇeśādīn gurūn natvā lakṣaṇāni ca kānicit |
padapāṭhakasaṁdehannivṛttyarthaṁ vadāmyaham ||1||
After saluting Gaṇeśa etc. and the gurus I will tell several lakṣaṇas for the purpose of removing uncertainties about the Padapāṭha.
For each of the following lakṣaṇa texts an introduction, the transliterated text, commentary and an alphabetic list of the words in the Padapāṭha are given.
1: Number of pada-s (p)
2: Number of pada-s with 1 akṣara / 4 akṣara-s (1a / 4a)
3: Number of pada-s with 2 akṣara-s / 5 akṣara-s (2a / 5a)
4: Number of pada-s with 3 akṣara-s / 6 akṣara-s (3a / 6a)
5: Number of pada-s with all akṣara-s anudātta / 7 akṣara-s (anu / 7a)
6: Number of pada-s ending in visarga / n (vi / n)
7: Number of pada-s with avagraha / words + iti (avg / iti)
8: Number of pada-s ending in m / t
8: If the total number of words ending in si, tu and se is odd visarga is added at the end of syllable 8
The code words for the first and last vargas of the Ṛgveda Padapāṭha are ghejāśatachathājaḍuḥ and ciphibhapapadhācadā
2. Vedic Sanskrit Alphabet (Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya, ŚYV) (65 letters)
3. Vedic Sanskrit Alphabet (Taittirīya Prātiśākhya, Vaidikabharaṇa, KYV) (59 letters)
4. Vedic Sanskrit Alphabet (R̥gveda Prātiśākhya) (53 letters)
Appendix
1. Śivapurāṇa 2.1.8 (The letter-embedded form of Lord Śiva)
2. Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya (Adhyāya 8)
3. Vaidikabharaṇa (on Taittirīya Prātiśākhya 1.1)
4. R̥gveda Prātiśākhya
1.001.01a agním īḷe puróhitaṁ yajñásya devám r̥tvíjam |
1.001.01c hótāraṁ ratnadhā́tamam ||
10.191.04a samānī́ va ā́kūtiḥ samānā́ hŕ̥dayāni vaḥ |
10.191.04c samānám astu vo máno yáthā vaḥ súsahā́sati ||
10.191.04 is the last of the 10552 mantras (r̥c-as, stanzas) of the R̥gveda Saṁhitā.
o + a = o ' ; e + a = e ' ; aḥ + a => o + a (sutra 2.33) = o ' when a is in beginning of a Pāda.
The a is absorbed into the preceding o or e. In the printed Saṁhitā the avagraha (') is shown in the place of the absorbed a. There are only three exceptions to this rule (see 2.49). In the Saṁhitā the sandhi o ' is seen 450 times and e ' 197 times when the absorbed a is in the beginning of a Pāda.
Sūtras 2.35-50 deal with the Abhinihita Sandhi, when o + a or e + a are in the interior of a Pāda. In this case the Abhinihita Sandhis o ' and e ' are exceptions to the sandhis of sūtra 2.33: o + a = o a ; aḥ + a = o a (Pañcālapadavṛtti Sandhis) and e + a = e a (Prācyapadavṛtti Sandhi). In the Saṁhitā the sandhi (o a) is seen 2564 times (85%) while the Abhinihita Sandhi (o ') is seen 278 times (15%). The sandhi e + a = e a is found 904 times (90,5%) in the Saṁhitā while the Abhinihita Sandhi (e ') is seen 95 times (9,5%).
In our Ṛgveda Saṁhitā are 1020 Abhinihita Sandhis shown by 1020 avagrahas. For one additional Abhinihita Sandhi in 10.99.8 the avagraha is not shown in the Saṁhitā (śyeno 'yopāṣṭir hanti instead of śyeno 'yo'pāṣṭir hanti) (śyenaḥ | ayaḥ-apāṣṭiḥ). Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya explains 1020 of the 1021sandhis but does not mention yoge 'dhijajñe (8.58.3). The Vālakhilya Sūkta 8.58 seems to be not included in the Saṁhitā on which the Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya is based.
Galita padas which are dropped in the traditional Padapāṭha are shown within left and right parentheses. The first galita padas of the Padapāṭha (índra | ā́ | yāhi) are seen in RV 1.3.5:
(índra | ā́ | yāhi) | dhiyā́ | iṣitáḥ | vípra-jūtaḥ | sutá-vataḥ || úpa | bráhmāṇi | vāghátaḥ ||1.3.5||
॥ ०॥ धि॒या । इ॒षि॒तः । विप्र॑ऽजूतः । सु॒तऽव॑तः । उप॑ । ब्रह्मा॑णि । वा॒घतः॑ ॥
The following list has been derived from
Rigveda Padapātha with marked Galita Padas | Detlef Eichler - Academia.edu
Galitas are seen in the traditional Padapāṭha when a mantra, an ardharca (half-verse), a pāda or a sequence of 3 or more words of a pāda is repeated.
For exceptions see the article of Harry Falk: The Galitas in the Ṛgveda Padapāṭha: on the origin of the Saṁhitāpāṭha and the Padapāṭha
In the appendix a list of all repeated mantras which are dropped in the Padapāṭha is given.
agním | īḷe | puráḥ-hitam / yajñásya | devám | r̥tvíjam || hótāram | ratna-dhā́tamam ||1.1.1||
samānī́ | vaḥ | ā́-kūtiḥ / samānā́ | hŕ̥dayāni | vaḥ || samānám | astu | vaḥ | mánaḥ / yáthā | vaḥ | sú-saha | ásati ||10.191.4||
The original data entry of the Devanāgarī text of the Padapāṭha was done by the members of the Sansknet Project. Proofreading (see following reference), correction and conversion of the Devanāgarī to transliteration with accents marking the udātta and the independent svarita was done by me (Detlef Eichler).
Hymns of the Rig Veda in the Samhita and Pada Texts, Max Müller, Second Edition (Two Volumes) (1877).
The original Padapāṭha does not show (1) the end of an internal pāda and (2) the end of a half-line (ardharca, hemistich). In this edition I have added "/" at the end of an internal pāda and a double daṇḍa (||) at the end of a half-line.
Galita padas which are dropped in the traditional Padapāṭha are shown within left and right parentheses. The first galita padas of the Padapāṭha (índra | ā́ | yāhi) are seen in RV 1.3.5: (índra | ā́ | yāhi) | dhiyā́ | iṣitáḥ / vípra-jūtaḥ | sutá-vataḥ || úpa | bráhmāṇi | vāghátaḥ ||1.3.5||
agním | īḷe | puráḥ-hitam / yajñásya | devám | r̥tvíjam || hótāram | ratna-dhā́tamam ||1.1.1||
samānī́ | vaḥ | ā́-kūtiḥ / samānā́ | hŕ̥dayāni | vaḥ || samānám | astu | vaḥ | mánaḥ / yáthā | vaḥ | sú-saha | ásati ||10.191.4||
The original data entry of the Devanāgarī text of the Padapāṭha was done by the members of the Sansknet Project. Proofreading (see following reference), correction and conversion of the Devanāgarī to transliteration with accents marking the udātta and the independent svarita was done by me (Detlef Eichler).
Hymns of the Rig Veda in the Samhita and Pada Texts, Max Müller, Second Edition (Two Volumes) (1877).
The original Padapāṭha does not show (1) the end of an internal pāda and (2) the end of a half-line (ardharca, hemistich). In this edition I have added "/" at the end of an internal pāda and a double daṇḍa (||) at the end of a half-line.
The Ṛgveda-Padapāṭha contains 163557 words. Among these words are 22209 compound words (puráḥ-hitam, ratna-dhā́tamam etc.).
The numbers 387, 789 and 938 refer to Parameswara Aithal’s descriptive bibliography “Veda-
Lakṣaṇa”.
(387) Ṛgvedīya-Bonda-Lakṣaṇa: “Ascribed to Śaunaka. The text is identical with the Pada-gāḍha
published by Satyavrata Samasrami in the Sanskrit journal Uṣā “(1895).
(789) Pada-Gāḍha: “Ascribed to Śākalya or to Śaunaka. A treatise consisting of words occurring in the
Ṛgveda and presenting certain common peculiarities, regarding accent, endings, etc.”
(938) Bonta-(or Bontha- or Bonda-)Lakṣaṇa: “Enumeration of instances of peculiarities in
pronunciation, spelling, accents, etc. in the Ṛgveda. The words have been arranged according to their
repetition, i.e. twice, thrice and so on, up to 96 times. Instances in each group are given in the order of
the Ṛgveda. The text is more or less the same as the one published by Satyavrata Samasrami under the
title Pada-gāḍha.”
Structure of Ṛgvedīya-Bonda-Lakṣaṇa (387):
The first 3 khaṇḍas are called Sarvasamānāni, Sarvavivṛttāni and Sarvanavatpadāni. The text continues
with words which are repeated twice (Dvisaṁkhyākāni) consisting of 8 khaṇḍas 2(8). Repetitions of
words continue 3(16), 4(8), 5(8), 6(4), 7(4), 8(3), 9(7), 10(4), 11(2), 12(2), 13(4), 14(6), 15(2), 16(5),
17(2), 19(2), 21(1), 22(2), 24(2), 30(1), 31(1), 44, 46, and 50. The next sections are called Pūrvarūpāṇi
(5), Akhaṇḍitāni (2), Khaṇḍitāni (2), Dvaipadāni, Padagāḍhaḥ (14) and Rephakārikā.
Description of the varṇas (svaras and vyañjanas); the five classes of sparśas, retroflex ḻ and ḻh; unvoiced and voiced sounds; nasal sounds including the four yamas; semivowels; fricatives (ūṣmans); jihvāmūlīya and upadhmānīya; length of vowels, consonants, svarabhakti and anusvāra; places of articulation; effort of articulation; position of the lips in a series of labial vowels; vowel before n becomes nasalized (raṅga) in final n sandhis; nasalized long u in the padapāṭha and other nasalized vowels; final m sandhis; abhinidāna; yamas (ayaḥpiṇḍa); bonds of conjunctions of stops and semi-vowels (darupiṇḍa), of ūṣmans and nasals or semivowels (ūṛṇapiṇḍa), of v with n or ṇ (duspṛṣṭa); visarga before k or p becomes a sibilant (s, ṣ); svarabhakti; articulation of h from the chest / throat; sandhi of first class-consonant followed by h; doubling of the first letter of a conjunct consonant; doubling of n or ṇ; sandhi of first class-consonant followed by ś; doubling of ch; insertion of t between n or ṭ and following s; sandhis of final n or t followed by l or a palatal stop; sandhis of first class-consonants followed by voiced consonant or vowel; first class-consonants before an ūṣman become aspirated; nāda; anudātta, udātta and svarita; kampa; udāttakampa in the padapāṭha; properties of the varṇas; length and definition of praṇava (om).
(1) a word with final pragṛhya vowel (o; dual endings ī, ū, e; locative ending in ī or ū; amī, asme, yuṣme, tve). Pragṛhya vowels remain unchanged if placed before a vowel (absence of vowel sandhi). Vocatives with final o are pragṛhya in the Padapāṭha only. Examples: agnī iti; śatakrato iti śata-krato; tanū iti; asme iti.
(2) words ending in aḥ or āḥ in which the final visarjanīya comes from r. This adding of iti is done only when the visarjanīya is placed before r, an unvoiced consonant or a pause. Examples: punariti, kariti kaḥ, svariti svaḥ)
(3) particle īm when the final m is dropped in the Saṁhitā (īmiti).
(4) the particle u which is pragṛhya in the Padapāṭha only (ūm̐ iti).
(5) ten verbs ending in uḥ, eḥ and oḥ. Examples: ūvurityūvuḥ, pīperiti pīpeḥ, tūtoriti tūtoḥ.
(6) three nouns ending in a visarjanīya which comes from s: rathyebhiriti rathyebhiḥ; praceta iti pra-cetaḥ, sta iti staḥ.
(7) Seven words which do not end in a visarjanīya: gdheti gdha, ta iti te, namasyanniti namasyan, pranapād iti pra-napāt, vargiti vark, syasveti syasva, hanniti han
This adding of iti is called itikaraṇa. In part A of this paper lists of all those itikaraṇa words are given in which the word is not repeated after iti. Part B gives the lists of all itikaraṇa words in which the word is repeated after iti. The appendix contains rules of the Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya about pragṛhya and visarjanīyas coming from r.
For the Sāmaveda Saṁhitā and the Stobhas contained in the Gānas Sāmavedasaptalakṣaṇa provides knowledge about the words in the Padapāṭha. It removes uncertainties about the beginning and end of words: Does the word end in āḥ or ā?( Śamāna); does the word end in e or aḥ? (Viliṅghya); does the word end in ai or āḥ? (Viliṅghya); does the word end in n, m or t? (Napara,Tapara); is the beginning of the word after e and o short a? (Avarṇi); in case of the sandhi ā does the word begin with a or ā? (Avarṇi). Finally Sāmavedasaptalakṣaṇa answers the question if a verse of the Saṁhitā does not contain compound words (Anavagraha).
It consists of 28 verses:
(1) Pronunciation of ṣ as kh
(2-6) Pronunciation of y as j
(7-9) Pronunciation of v as guru, laghu and laghutara
(10-11.1) Repha (r) is pronounced as re in svarabhakti
(11.2-12.1) L is pronounced as le in svarabhakti
(12.2-15) Pronunciation das anusvāra as “gum” (hrasva, dīrgha, guru)
(16-18.1) Visarga: place of articulation
(18.2-22) Pronunciation of the visarga (aḥ as aha etc.)
(23-26) Visarga-Mudrās (releasing of fingers)
(27) Pronunciation of the visarga as hi, hu, he and ho
(28) Pronunciation of ṛ as re
2. Iti is added to a word which ends in aḥ or āḥ when the visarjanīya (ḥ) comes from r (riphita visarjanīya). This adding of iti is done only when the visarjanīya is placed before an unvoiced consonant or a pause. In these cases one does not know if the visaryanīya comes from r or from s. Examples: hotaḥ pāvaka (hotariti | pāvaka); punaḥ || (punariti). When a verbal form is ending in aḥ or āḥ and the visarjanīya is a riphita visarjanīya the verbal word is repeated after the iti. Examples: akarityakaḥ, kariti kaḥ, dardariti dardaḥ. If a compound word ends in an riphita visaryanīya the compound word is repeated after the iti and the two parts of the compound are shown separated by an avagraha. Example: vidhātariti vi-dhātaḥ. Two nouns which are not compound words and end in a riphita visarjanīya are also repeated after iti: dartariti dartaḥ and svariti svaḥ.
3. Iti is added to some verbal forms which end in a visarjanīya which is preceded by a vowel other than a or ā. After the iti the verbal word is repeated. Examples: syuriti syuḥ, pīperiti pīpeḥ. Finally there are a few other words which are repeated after iti. Examples: rathyebhiriti rathyebhiḥ; gdheti gdha, and vargiti vark.