Vedic Accents in External Sandhi

Vedic Accents in External Sandhi The Vedic accents considered here are the udātta, anudātta, and the independent svarita. The accent-sandhi rules will be explained for the praśliṣṭa, abhinihita, and the kṣaipra sandhis. The appendix contains the corresponding rules from the Aṣṭādhāyī and the Prātiśākhyas. 1. Praśliṣṭa Sandhi (a, ā) + (a, ā) => ā (i, ī) + (i, ī) => ī (u, ū) + (u, ū) => ū (a, ā) + (i, ī) => e (a, ā) + (u, ū) => o (a, ā) + (ṛ) => ar (a, ā) + (e, ai) => ai (a, ā) + (o, au) => au 1.1 If both of the 2 vowels are anudātta the combined vowel is anudātta. (anudātta, anudātta) => anudātta; [tvā | agne => tvāgne (RV 1.1.7); uśmási | iṣṭáye => uśmásīṣṭáye (RV 1.30.12); ánu | uṣásaḥ => ánūṣásaḥ (RV 1.44.10)] 1.2 If at least one of the 2 vowels is udātta the accent of the combined vowel is udātta. (Compare with PA 8.2.5, RVPr 3.11, TPr 10.10, VPr 4.132, CA 3.66) (anudātta, udātta) => udātta; [nā́ kasya | ádhi => nā́ kasyā́ dhi (RV 1.19.6); táva | ít => távét (RV 1.1.6); asya | ṛd́ dhiḥ => asyárddhiḥ (TS 6.6.10.2)] (udātta, anudātta) => udātta; [pitā́ | asi => pitā́ si (RV 1.31.10); abhí | īm = abhī́m (RV 1.51.2); ā́ | ihá => éhá (RV 1.1.2); purú | urú => purū́ rú (RV 8.25.16); āgneyyā́ | ṛcā́ => āgneyyáṛcā (TS 3.1.6.1)] (udātta, udātta) => udātta; [ihá | ā́ => ihā́ (RV 1.12.3); ihá | úpa => ihópa (RV 1.16.2); prá | étaśam => praítaśam (RV 1.61.15); evá | ṛṣ́ iḥ => evárṣiḥ (TS 5.1.10.1] (svarita, udātta) => udātta; [kvà | ávaram => kvā́ varam (RV 1.168.6); kvà | ít => kvét (RV 1.161.4); kvà | ékam => kvaíkam (RV 10.85.19); kāryā̀ | íti => kāryéti (TS 7.5.5.1) ] Exception to rule 1.2 for RV, Śukla YV Saṁhitā, SV and AV: 1.3 Short i (udātta) + short i (anudātta) => ī (svarita); (Compare with PA 8.2.6, RVPr 3.13, VPr 4.133, CA 3.56) 1 [diví-iva => divī̀va (RV 1.22.20); abhí | ihi => abhī̀hi (RV 1.80.3); diśí | itáḥ => diśī̀taḥ (AV 11.2.12) ] Exception to rule 1.2 for Kṛṣṇa YV: 1.4 Short u (udātta) + short u (anudātta) => ū (svarita); (Compare with TPr 10.17) [dikṣú | upa-dádhāti => dikṣū̀ padádhāti (TS 5.5.5.4); sú-udgātā => sū̀ dgātā (TS 7.1.8.1)] Exception to rule 1.2 for the Śatapatha Brāḥmaṇa of Śukla YV: 1.5 If the first vowel is udātta and the second vowel anudātta the combined vowel is svarita. (udātta, anudātta) => svarita; [sá ná + evá => sá naìvá => sa̱ naiva̱ (MŚB 14.4.2.24)] [aryamā́ + āyúr íti => aryamā̀ yúr íti => arya̱māyuri̱ ti (MŚB 13.5.1.18)] 1.6 If the first vowel is svarita and the second vowel is anudātta the accent of the combined vowel is svarita. (Compare with RVPr 3.12, TPr 10.12, Vpr 4.131) (svarita, anudātta) => svarita; [kanyā̀ -iva => kanyèva (RV 1.123.10); yajyā̀ । eṣā́ => yajyaìṣā́ (TS 2.6.2.6); kvà | asyā́ ḥ => kvā̀ syā́ ḥ (TS 5.7.4.2); chavyā̀ | upa-ā́ kṛtāya => chavyòpā́ kṛtāya (TS 5.7.20); pathyā̀ -iva => pathyèva (MVS 11.5)] 2. Abhinihita / Abhinihata Sandhi e + a => e o + a => o aḥ + a => o + a => o 2.1 If both of the 2 vowels are anudātta the accent of the combined vowel is anudātta. (anudātta, anudātta) => anudātta; [ūtáye | asmín => ūtáye 'smín (RV 1.30.6); naḥ | ava => no 'va (RV 1.7.4)] 2.2 If at least one of the 2 vowels is udātta the accent of the combined vowel is udātta. (anudātta, udātta) => udātta; (Compare with PA 8.2.5, RVPr 3.11, TPr 12.10, VPr 4.132, CA 3.66) [sūnáve | ágne => sūnávé 'gne (RV 1.1.9); manyo | ávidhat => manyó 'vidhat (RV 10.83.1); gāyatríṇaḥ | árcanti => gāyatríṇó 'rcanti (RV 1.10.1)] (udātta, udātta) => udātta; Compare with RVPr 3.11, TPr 12.10, VPr 4.132, CA 3.66) [juhūré | ávase => juhūré 'vase (RV 1.48.14); stháḥ | ávase => sthó 'vase (RV 1.17.2)] (svarita, udātta) => udātta; (Compare with RVPr 3.11, TPr 12.11, VPr 4.131, CA 3.66) [adyūtyè | ávase => adyūtyé 'vase (RV 1.112.24); ukthyàḥ | átha => ukthyó 'tha (TS 7.1.5.4)] (udātta, anudātta) => svarita; see 2.3 2 Exception to rule 2.2: 2.3 If the first vowel is udātta and the second vowel anudātta the accent of the combined vowel is svarita. (Compare with PA 8.2.6; RVPr 3.3, 3.13; TPr 12.9; VPr 4.61, CA 3.55) (udātta, anudātta) => svarita; [té | avardhanta => tè 'vardhanta (RV 1.85.7); rāyáḥ | avániḥ => rāyò 'vániḥ (RV 1.4.10); sáḥ | abravī́t => sò 'bravī́t (TS 2.1.2.1); sáḥ | aracyata => sò 'rajyata (AV 15.8.1) ] 2.4 If the first vowel is svarita and the second vowel is anudātta the accent of the combined vowel is svarita. (Compare with RVPr 3.12, TPr 12.11) (svarita, anudātta) => svarita; [budhnyàḥ | ajáḥ => budhnyò 'jáḥ (RV 2.31.6); pitvàḥ | aviṣásya => pitvò 'viṣásya (RV 8.25.20); madhavyàḥ | asāni => madhavyò 'sāni (TS 2.5.9.3)] 3. Kṣaipra Sandhi (i, ī) + vowel [other than (i, ī)] => y + vowel (u, ū) + vowel [other than (u, ū)] => v + vowel 3.1 If the first vowel is udātta and the second vowel anudātta the accent of the vowel after (y, v) is svarita. (Compare with PA 8.2.4; RVPr 3.3, 3.13; TPr 10.16; VPr 4.47; CA 3.58) (udātta, anudātta) => svarita; [pra-yatí | adhvaré => prayaty àdhvaré (RV 1.16.3); nú | evá => nv èvá (RV 4.51.9); abhí | arcata => abhy àrcata (AV 7.82.12)] 3.2 The accent of the second vowel remains unchanged after the first vowel has been replaced by (y, v) when the two vowels have the following accents: (anudātta, anudātta) => anudātta; [pū́ rvāṇi | okyā̀ => pū́ rvāṇy okyā̀ (RV 8.25.17); bhū́ tu | eṣām => bhū́ tv eṣām (RV 1.94.12)] (anudātta, udātta) => udātta; [jaráyantī | ā́ yuḥ => jaráyanty ā́ yuḥ (RV 1.92.10); mádhu | ágne => mádhv ágne (RV 1.14.10)] (udātta, udātta) => udātta; [dhurí | úpa => dhury úpa (RV 1.151.4); nú | índra => nv índra (RV 1.165.5)] Appendix Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī (PA) उदात्तस्वरितयोययणः स्वरितोऽनु दात्तस्य ॥ udāttasvaritayor yaṇaḥ svarito 'nudāttasya ||8.2.4|| A svarita accent replaces the anudātta which occurs (immediately) after a semivowel (yaṇaḥ) replacement of an udātta or svarita (vowel). एकादे श उदात्तेनोदात्तः ॥ 3 ekādeśa udāttenodāttaḥ ||8.2.5|| A single replacement (ekādeśaḥ) of an anudātta vowel with an udātta vowel becomes udātta. स्वरितो वाऽनु दात्ते पदादौ ॥ svarito vā 'nudātte padādau ||8.2.6|| The single replacement of an anudātta which is at the beginning of a word (padādau) and the preceding udātta vowel optionally (vā) becomes svarita. Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya (RVPr) एकाक्षिसमावेशे पूवययोः स्वरितः स्विः ॥ ekākṣarasamāveśe pūrvayoḥ svaritaḥ svaraḥ ||3.3|| When there is a combination of the first two accents (i. e., of the udātta and the anudātta) into one syllable, (the resulting) accent is svarita. उदात्तवत्येकीभाव उदात्तं संध्यमक्षिम् ॥ udāttavatyekībhāva udāttaṁ saṁdhyam akṣaram ||3.11|| In a combination (of two vowels), one of which is udātta, the syllable resulting from the combination is udātta. अनु दात्तोदये पुनः स्वरितं स्वरितोपधे ॥ anudāttodaye punaḥ svaritaṁ svaritopadhe ||3.12|| But (the result of the combination) is svarita, if (there is a combination of) a svarita with a following anudātta. इकाियोश्च प्रश्लेषे क्षै प्राभभभनभितेषु च । उदात्तपूवयरूपेषु शाकल्यस्यैवमाचिे त् ॥ ikārayoś ca praśleṣe kṣaiprābhinihiteṣu ca | udāttapūrvarūpeṣu śākalyasyaivam ācaret ||3.13|| One should, according to Śākalya, proceed in the same way (i. e., should regard the result of the combination as svarita), in the contraction of two short i vowels and in the Kṣaipra and Abhinihita sandhis, if the first element (in the different combinations) is acute. Taittirīya Prātiśākhya (TPr) अथैकमुभे॥ athaikamubhe ||10.1|| Now for the combination of two vowels into one. (Praśliṣṭa Sandhi 10.1-8) दीर्गं समानाक्षिे सवणयपिे ॥ dīrghaṁ samānākṣare savarṇapare ||10.2|| In the case of a simple vowel, followed by a similar vowel, the product is long. अथावणयपूवे॥ athāvarṇapūrve |10.3|| Now for cases in which an a-vowel stands first. 4 इवणयपि एकािम्॥ ivarṇapara ekāram ||10.4|| When an i-vowel follows, the product is e. उवणयपि ओकािम्॥ uvarṇapara okāram ||10.5|| When an u-vowel follows, the product is o. एकािै कािपि ऐकािम्॥ ekāraikārapara aikāram ||10.6|| When e or ai follows, the product is ai. ओकािौकािपि औकािम्॥ okāraukārapara aukāram ||10.7|| When o or au follows, the product is au. अिमृकािपिे ॥ aram ṛkārapare ||10.8|| When ṛ follows, the product is ar. (Accent for the Praśliṣṭa sandhi) उदात्तमुदात्तवभत॥ udāttam udāttavati ||10.10|| When an udātta enters into the combination, the result is udātta. स्वरितानुदात्तसंभनपाते स्वरितम्॥ svaritānudāttasaṁnipāte svaritam ||10.12|| When svarita and anudātta are combined, the result is svarita. (Kṣaipra sandhi) इवणोकािौ यवकािौ॥ ivarṇokārau yavakārau ||10.15|| An i-vowel and u become respectively y and v. (Accent for the Kṣaipra sandhi) उदात्तयोश्च पिो ऽनुदात्तः स्वरितम्॥ udāttayoś ca paro ’nudāttaḥ svaritam ||10.16|| And, when they are udātta, a following anudātta becomes svarita. (Accent for the Praśliṣṭa sandhi: u + u) ऊभावे च॥ ūbhāve ca ||10.17|| 5 Also when ū is the product of the combination. (Abhinihata sandhi) लुप्यते त्वकाि एकािौकािपू वयः॥ lupyate tv akāra ekāraukārapūrvaḥ ||11.1|| But a is elided when preceded by e or o. (Accent for the Abhinihata sandhi) तस्मिन्ननुदात्ते पूवय उदात्तः स्वरितम्॥ tasminn anudātte pūrva udāttaḥ svaritam ||12.9|| When the elided a is anudātta, the preceding dipthong, if udātta, becomes svarita. उदात्ते चानुदात्त उदात्तम्॥ udātte cānudātta udāttam ||12.10|| When it is udātta, the preceding dipthong, if anudātta, becomes udātta. स्वरितश्च सवयत्र स्वरितश्च सवयत्र॥ svaritaś ca sarvatra svaritaś ca sarvatra ||12.11|| As also, in every case, if svarita. Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya (VPr) (Accent for the Kṣaipra sandhi) udāttasyāntaḥsthībhāvesvaritaṁ param anudāttam ||4.47|| (Accent for the Abhnihita sandhi) tau ced udāttāv anudātte svaritau ||4.61|| (Accent for the Praśliṣṭa and Abhinihita sandhi) svaritavān svaritaḥ ||4.131|| udāttavānudāttaḥ ||4.132|| ivarṇam ubhayato hrasvam udāttapūrvam anudāttaparaṁ svaritam ||4.133|| Caturadhyāyīkā (CA) (A Prātiśākhya of Atharvaveda) [udāttaḥ pūrvaḥ | paro 'anudāttaḥ | svaritaḥ sandhiḥ] An udātta preceding; an anudātta following; their combination svarita. ekāraukārau padāntau parato 'kāraṁ so 'bhinihitaḥ ||3.55|| When an a is absorbed by a preceding final e or o the resulting svarita is abhinihita. ikārayoḥ praśliṣṭaḥ ||3.56|| The svarita arising from the fusion of two short i is praśliṣṭa. antaḥsthāpattāv udāttasyānudātte kṣaipraḥ ||3.58|| 6 The svarita arising upon the conversion into a semivowel of an udātta vowel before an anudātta is the kṣaipra. ekādeśa udāttenodāttaḥ ||3.66|| A vowel produced by combination with an udātta is itself udātta. References Ṛgveda Saṁhitā and Padapāṭha: http://www.detlef108.de/Rigveda.htm http://www.detlef108.de/RVA-T-UTF8.html Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya: https://sites.google.com/site/detlef108/rv-pratishakhya The Rgveda Pratisakhya Vol III (1937/00/00) - English translation Taittirīya Saṁhitā and Padapāṭha: http://www.parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Taittirīya Prātiśākhya: http://bangla.name/citi/taittiriya/tait_dev.htm The Tâittirîya-Prâtiçâkhya: With Its Commentary, the Tribhâshyaratna Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya: http://peterffreund.com/Vedic_Literature/shukl_yajur_veda_pratishakhya.htm Indische Studien, Vierter Band, 1858, Albrecht Weber, Seiten 65-160 & 177-331 Śatapatha Accents (Bhāṣika Sūtra): https://sites.google.com/site/vedicrecitation/shukla-yajurveda/shatapatha-accents Caturadhyāyikā (A Prātiśākhya of Atharvaveda): The Atharva-Veda Prâtiçâkhya Or Çâunakîyâ Caturâdhyâyikâ – William Dwight Whitney http://peterffreund.com/Vedic_Literature/chaturadhyayi.htm Last update by Detlef Eichler: 1 December 2019 7