Mucositis en Paciente Qmt.
Mucositis en Paciente Qmt.
Mucositis en Paciente Qmt.
ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN
RESUMEN
La mucositis oral es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes y sintomáticas de la terapia antineoplásica y se asocia con
un aumento significativo en la morbilidad, dolor, limitación funcional, deterioro en la calidad de vida y costos globales de la
atención médica.
La incidencia de inflamación de la mucosa (mucositis) en pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello sometidos a radioterapia
puede ser tan alta como un 100%; aquellos que reciben quimioterapia presentan mucositis hasta en un 40-70%, de acuerdo
con el esquema asignado.
Múltiples estrategias han sido estudiadas tanto para la prevención como para el manejo de la mucositis oral, pero los resultados
no son consistentes y muchas de las intervenciones actuales son utilizadas de manera empírica, sin tener evidencia científica
que soporte la continuidad o no de su uso.
ABSTRACT
Oral mucositis is one of the most common and symptomatic complications of antineoplasic therapy and is associated with a
significant increase in morbidity, pain, functional limitation, deterioration in quality of life and overall costs of medical care.
The incidence of mucosal inflammation (mucositis) in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy may be as
high as 100%, those receiving chemotherapy present mucositis in up to 40-70% depending on the scheme allocated.
Multiple strategies have been studied for both prevention and the management of oral mucositis, but the results are not consistent
and many of the existing interventions are used in an empirical way, without scientific evidence that supports whether its use
should be continued or not.
1
Especialista en Dolor y cuidados paliativos. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín,
Colombia.
2
Médico Internista. Subespecialista en Dolor y cuidado paliativo. Instituto Neurológico de Antioquia. Medellín,
Colombia.
Los pacientes perciben la mucositis como uno La incidencia es mayor en pacientes que
de los efectos adversos más debilitantes de los reciben radioterapia en altas dosis en la región
tratamientos antineoplásicos2,7. de cabeza y cuello, aquellos que reciben terapia
combinada de quimioterapia y radioterapia
Los signos y síntomas más tempranos de a cabeza y cuello (puede afectarse hasta
la mucositis oral incluyen eritema y edema, 100%) 8,16-18; en regímenes terapéuticos de
sensación de quemadura, aumento de la acondicionamiento para trasplante de médula
sensibilidad a los alimentos calientes o ósea alcanza una incidencia entre 65-85%1,2,21.
picantes. Las áreas eritematosas progresan a Se observa mayor severidad de la mucositis en
parches blanquecinos descamativos elevados pacientes que reciben radioterapia como parte
y posteriormente a úlceras dolorosas. Estas del tratamiento para neoplasias de cavidad oral,
úlceras pueden infectarse secundariamente, orofaringe, nasofaringe y glándulas salivares20.
Grado Descripción
0 Normal
1 Doloroso con o sin eritema, no ulceración
2 Ulceración y eritema, el paciente puede deglutir dieta sólida
3 Ulceración y eritema, el paciente no puede deglutir dieta sólida
Ulceración o formación de pseudomembranas de tal severidad que la alimentación no
4
es posible.
Tabla 2. Grados de la mucositis oral, según el Instituto Nacional de Cáncer de los Estados Unidos
de América
Riesgo
Régimen Intervalo de
Porcentaje
confianza 95%
TAC con G-CSF 2.44 1.22 – 3.80
Cáncer de mama TAC sin G-CSF 7.14 5.45 – 8.87
TAC total 4.92 3.83 – 6.07
A→T→C 2.29 1.30 – 3.46
AC→T 2.80 1.40 – 4.20
A→CT 5.26 2.63 – 15.79
Regímenes de dosis densas A→T 4.17 1.67 – 10.00
para cáncer de mama AT 8.33 1.39 – 19.44
AC 13.64 2.27 – 27.27
T 2.87 1.15 – 6.90
Todos 2.30 2.24 – 3.93
CHOP 4.82 3.53 – 6.78
CHOP-DI 7.85 5.28 – 11.32
Dosis densas para linfoma
CHOEP 10.40 7.23 – 13.44
no Hodgkin´s
CEOP/IMVP-Dexa 4.17 1.74 – 7.99
Todos 6.55 5.54 – 8.00
Platino + Paclitaxel 0.49 0.52 – 1.06
Platino + Paclitaxel bajas
1.02 1.02 – 4.08
dosis
Platino + Docetaxel 1.32 1.32 – 5.26
Platino + Paclitaxel + otro 1.47 1.20 – 3.07
Cáncer de pulmón de Platino + Docetaxel + otro 0.60 0.60 – 2.41
células no pequeñas Gemcitabina + Platino 1.08 0.09 – 1.91
Gemcitabina + Paclitaxel 1.84 1.02 – 5.33
Gemcitabina + Vinorelbina 0.75 0.75 – 2.99
Vinorelbina + Paclitaxel 0.29 0.29 – 1.14
Vinorelbina + Platino 0.25 0.25 – 0.99
Todos 0.79 0.88 – 1.33
FOLFOX 1.35 0.73 – 2.59
FOLFIRI 4.43 1.90 – 9.49
Cáncer colorectal
IROX 1.48 0.59 – 2.97
Todos 1.67 1.17 – 2.67
TAC: Docetaxel, Adriamicina, Ciclofosfamida. G-CSF: Factor estimulante de la colonia de granulocitos. A o H: Adriamicina.
C: Ciclofosfamida. T: taxanos (Paclitaxel o Docetaxel). → secuencial. DI: Dósis Intensificada. E: Etopósido. O: Vincristina.
P: Prednisolona. I: Ifosfamida. M: Metrotexate. Dexa: Dexametasona. FOLFOX: infusión de 5-Fluoracilo, Leucovorín,
Oxiplatino. FOLFIRI: infusión de 5-Fluoracilo, Leucovorín, Irinotecan. IROX: Irinotecan, Oxiplatino.
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