Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences

Oggetto di questo elaborato è il volume L’uomo come fine e altri saggi (1964) di Alberto Moravia.
La scelta è ricaduta su quest’opera poiché essa condensa le concezioni letterarie, storiche, umanistiche dello scrittore, nel ventennio che va dagli anni Quaranta agli anni Sessanta e quindi permette di riflettere tanto sulla società quanto sulla letteratura italiana di metà Novecento.
Le motivazioni che spingono a mettere in luce l’attività di critico dello scrittore
romano sono legate a l’idea che tra la sua prosa narrativa e la sua prosa saggistica
intercorra, senza soluzione di continuità, un rapporto profondo; ma è attraverso
quest’ultima che l’autore chiarisce la prima, guadagna una posizione nel panorama
critico ed esorcizza molti timori avvertiti anche dalla sensibilità di altri scrittori e intellettuali a lui contemporanei, quali il pericolo atomico, la mercificazione dell'arte, la reificazione dell'uomo.
Nei capitoli di questo elaborato, tramite l'analisi dei 14 + 1 saggi che compongono la raccolta, si proverà a rispondere al quesito sollevato sin dal principio e cioè se la letteratura risultasse per Moravia, ancora e già negli anni Sessanta, un valido antidoto alla strumentalizzazione dell’uomo sempre più mezzo e sempre meno fine.

A partire da un breve profilo delle metodologie glottodidattiche umanistico-affettive congiunto ad alcune riflessioni di linguistica acquisizionale, utili a creare una cornice teorica, si sono analizzati due casi concreti di insegnamento "tradizionale" dell'italiano a stranieri, per operare una rilettura in chiave umanistico-affettiva al fine di valutare pro e contro dell'applicazione di questi metodi.

Ciò che ci si propone di indagare, attraverso l’Analisi della Conversazione, è il rapporto non facilmente descrivibile tra la psicosi (schizofrenia) e il linguaggio, inteso come conversazione e interazione tra parlanti.
Si traccerà un quadro della patologia dal punto di vista medico, delineandone caratteristiche sintomatologiche e alcune ipotesi eziologiche; dal punto di vista linguistico, riassumendo e definendo le principali caratteristiche del linguaggio schizofasico e la terminologia tecnica; dal punto di vista bibliografico, presentando tipologie differenti di approcci al rapporto tra psicosi e linguaggio al fine di comprendere eventuali limiti delle metodologie e punti di forza che sono utili per questo lavoro.
La metodologia utilizzata per l’analisi del corpus è l’Analisi della Conversazione, sviluppata negli anni Settanta da Sacks, Schegloff e Jefferson. L’AC è praticata in differenti campi, dalla sociologia alla psicologia, dall’antropologia alla linguistica e permette un approccio multidisciplinare, che è ciò che ci si propone di adottare in questo elaborato.
Il numero esiguo di applicazioni dell’Analisi della Conversazione al parlato “schizofasico” e l’idea che l’analisi microstrutturale, cioè a livello intrafrasale, non dia una chiave di lettura esaustiva dell’impairement linguistico nei parlanti affetti da psicosi, hanno spinto nella direzione di questo tipo di indagine. L’Analisi della Conversazione si colloca, infatti in una dimensione tranfrastica, analizzando un testo nella sua interezza, oltre il vincolo frasale.
Il corpus è composto da tre conversazioni con tre soggetti che presentano tipologie differenti di schizofrenia. Dopo aver registrato i colloqui avvenuti tra i parlanti e la ricercatrice, secondo il formato dell’intervista libera, le conversazioni sono state trascritte, utilizzando il metodo di trascrizione jeffersoniano, sul software ELAN (Linguistic Annotator), al fine di consentire un approccio multimodale ai dati, la possibilità di archiviare e al tempo stesso rendere fruibile per future analisi il corpus, e sviluppare semplici considerazioni statistiche.
L’analisi vera e propria è stato condotta corpus driven, mettendo in evidenza, grazie agli strumenti dell’AC, i fenomeni salienti che emergevano man mano dalle conversazioni.
Lo scopo è stato operare delle analisi qualitative delle tre conversazione e comparare i tre parlanti al fine di rinvenire differenze linguistiche e soprattutto pattern da correlare con i sintomi proposti per la tipologia di schizofrenia coinvolta. Si è, in ultima istanza, voluto riflettere su concetti come “intersoggettività”, “negoziazione”, “cooperazione”, per cercare di comprendere meglio da questa prospettiva i nodi problematici legati alla comprensibilità di un testo schizofasico.
Il contributo risiederà nell’avere raccolto dati empirici e naturalistici originali di parlato schizofasico e nell’aver applicato una metodologia poco utilizzata a questi dati. Infine nell’aver tentato di gettare una luce sul complesso rapporto tra schizofrenia e linguaggio di cui si occupa la linguistica clinica.

This presentation focuses on a recurrent phenomenon in language-in-interaction, whereby an interactant (pre-emptively) completes a speaker’s turn-in-progress. The phenomenon has been described in terms of collaborative turn sequences  (Lerner 1987; 1991; 1996), co-constructions (Lerner 1991) or collaborative turns (Bolden 2003), among others.
Previous studies show an array of terminological and conceptual variation, which correlates with different ways of conceptualizing among other things, the turn-constructional unit (TCU) and the syntactic features of the talk produced.
Drawing on Conversation Analysis (Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson, 1974) and Interactional Linguistics (Selting & Couper-Kuhlen 2001; Couper-Kuhlen & Selting 2018), in this contribution I analyse collaborative turns produced in multi-party interactions in Italian. I zoom in both on the syntactic resources that participants use in the accomplishment of collaborative turn sequences and on co-occurring embodied practices.
The analysis is based on video data of multi-party interactions collected in ordinary (a dinner party involving 3-5 participants) and institutional (two business meetings involving 3-5 participants) settings. The data have been collected in Milan and total 9,5 hours of recording.
In this contribution I analyse the relationship between the turn-in-progress (by speaker A) and the other-completion (by speaker B) in three sets of questions: 1) How do speakers collaboratively shape their utterances in syntactically dependent or independent ways? What is the syntactic relation that ties the turn-in-progress to its other-completion? Can other-completions of this kind be conceptualised as other-increments (see Ono & Couper-Kuhlen 2007, Schegloff 2016)? 2) Which actions do participants accomplish through collaborative turn sequences? Preliminary analyses show that other-completions occur as candidate solutions to a word-search, as displays of shared expertise, responsibility or understanding, or as displays of (mis)alignment). 3) Is there a response to other-completions, e.g. ratification – which may be accomplished by talk alone or with embodied resources?
The findings emerging from these questions enable me to discuss the notion of increment (Ono & Couper-Kuhlen 2007, Schegloff 2016), which has so far been mainly described as a same-speaker phenomenon, and to suggest the notion of other-increment.
My analyses confirm that participants orient to the clause as a locus of interaction (Thompson & Couper-Kuhlen 2005). Therefore, I investigate the relationship between the emergent online syntax (Auer 2009) of turns-at-talk and the action that speakers accomplish with other-completions. This paper is thus a contribution to the analysis of clause-combination from an interactional and praxeological perspective. Moreover, since collaborative turn sequences have only scarcely been studied on the basis of Italian data, it is also a contribution to how incrementing is achieved in Italian talk-in-interaction. Finally, by taking into account the embodied resources participants deploy, I describe grammar-in-interaction as a thoroughly embodied phenomenon.

The workshop focuses on a recurrent phenomenon in language-in-interaction, whereby an interactant (pre-emptively) completes a speaker’s turn-in-progress. The phenomenon has been described in terms of collaborative turn sequences  (Lerner 1987; 1991; 1996), co-constructions (Lerner 1991) or collaborative turns (Bolden 2003), among others.
Drawing on Conversation Analysis (Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson, 1974) and Interactional Linguistics (Selting & Couper-Kuhlen 2001; Couper-Kuhlen & Selting 2018), in my project  I analyse collaborative turns produced in multi-party interactions in Italian. I zoom in both on the syntactic resources that participants use in the accomplishment of collaborative turn sequences and on co-occurring embodied practices to describe grammar-in-interaction as a thoroughly embodied phenomenon. Therefore, I investigate the relationship between the emergent online syntax (Auer 2009) of turns-at-talk and the action that speakers accomplish with the proposed other-completion (which I call the ‘candidate completion’), contributing to the analysis of clause-combination from an interactional and praxeological perspective.
The workshop is based on video data of multi-party interactions (9,5 hours), collected in Milan in ordinary (a dinner party involving 3-5 participants) and institutional (two business meetings involving 3-5 participants) settings.
The workshop will address two sets of problems: We will first discuss the transcript (Italian with English translation) and the participants will collectively identify prototypical and unclear cases of collaborative turn sequences; we will then discuss the analytical parameters that can be used for the analysis of collaborative turn sequences, i.e.:
1) the syntactic environment and relation of a speaker’s unfolding TCU to a subsequently emerging candidate completion (and the utility of the notion of “other-increment”);
2) other formal features of the first speaker’s unfolding turn and the subsequent speaker(s) syntactically symbiotic continuation (e.g., presence of overlap, prosody, lengthenings, hesitations);
3) the sequential projectability of the candidate completion (invited or not?);
4) the action accomplished by speakers of the candidate completion (providing a candidate to a word search; displaying understanding, alignment, shared expertise and responsibility; collaborative narration; subversion, see Bolden et al. 2019);                           
5) the presence/absence of response (issue of (multi-)authorship in multi-party conversations);
6) co-occurring embodied conduct.

This contribution is an exploratory investigation of the interplay between embodied (gazing and nodding) and grammatical resources deployed by speakers in collaborative turns (cf. collaborative turn sequences in Lerner 1987, 2004; co-constructions in Lerner 1991; Auer 2015 and collaborative turns in Bolden 2003; among others) in conversational Italian. I use “collaborative turns” as an umbrella term for two cases: when a speaker’s turn-in-progress is not completed and another speaker provides a candidate completion; when a speaker’s turn is completed, but another speaker extends it occasioning a new transition relevance place (TRP). I call the second cases “other-increments”.
In the context of multi-party interaction, an unaddressed speaker may (re)complete a first speaker’s turn-in-progress, or a (re)completion can be ratified by a participant who is not the first speakers. This contribution aims to conduct a preliminary investigation of gaze and head movements in these cases. I focus on the participants’ gaze behaviour (e.g., as a resource for recipient selection and for self-selection; Goodwin 1979) and on their nods (e.g., as a display of recipiency and co-participation; Schegloff 1987; Stivers 2008). Along with specific syntactical resources, embodied resources are, in fact, devices that allow the speakers to analyse turns-in-progress ‘online’ (Auer 2009), as they unfold, enabling them to construct turns together.

Exploring how practices of clause combining relate to the sequential and temporal organisation of turns and actions in talk-in-interaction, by focusing on speakers' online analysis of turns-in-progress. Showing that clause combining is an emerging, intersubjective achievement, by studying a variety of resources for collaborative and same-speaker incremental syntax (che, nel senso che, perché, se, dove, and so on).

This article examines turn-extensions occurring after a possibly complete utterance in conversational Italian. Drawing on a corpus of dyadic and multi-party talk-in-interaction, we use conversation analysis and interactional linguistics to analyse grammatically dependent extensions, or increments. We offer a first investigation of the phenomenon in Italian talk-in-interaction that highlights the situated, temporal and embodied dimensions of the practice. We propose to differentiate between self-increments and other-increments. We use the former term for cases in which the current speaker extends their own turn, whereas the latter refers to turn-extensions accomplished by an other-speaker. We show that the "incrementability" of turns is a fundamental resource for interactants, enabling them to organise turn-taking, take a specific stance or accomplish a socially relevant action. Through the lens of increments we reflect on syntactic dependence, the notion of action and provide a situated, and temporally sensitive account of grammar-in-interaction.

In this paper, I investigate hybrid other-extensions, a type of other-extension that occasion a collaborative turn in constructed dialogues or sequences of reported speech. In multiperson settings, these other-extensions are deployed to claim active participation in a telling, join another speaker's voice by doing being the teller, and enhance the prior speaker's voice.
The grammatical dependence of the extension on the prior host turn does not emerge syntactically, but instead through morphologic, deictic, and lexical resources, as well as through the prosodic design of the contributing TCU, and the body and gaze orientation of the contributing speaker. I argue that Italian, by being a flection language, allows speakers to visibly and audibly integrate their TCUs together in the collaborative building of a shared participative dimension, doing “speaking together”. From a grammatical perspective, these other-extensions emerge as combined in transphrastic relationships (cf. Italian "periodo") occasioning a multi-unit turn that is shared among more than one speaker. They, thus, offer an example of the emergence of clause combination in spoken language from the inter-actional needs of the interactants.

In this article, we frame men’s club football as an “extremely gendered” organization to explain the underrepresentation of women leaders within the industry. By analyzing women’s leadership work over a 30-year period, we find that women’s inclusion has been confined to a limited number of occupational areas. These areas are removed, in terms of influence and proximity, from the male players and the playing of football. These findings reveal a gendered substructure within club football that maintains masculine dominance in core football leadership roles and relegates women to a position of peripheral inclusion in leadership roles. Through a discourse analysis of gender pay gap reports, we show that men’s football clubs legitimize women’s peripheral inclusion by naturalizing male dominance at the organizational core. These findings are significant because they demonstrate that men’s football clubs, as masculinity-conferring organizations, have excluded women from core roles to mainta...

BackgroundCervical cancer is a preventable disease. Cases in women age >50 years are predicted to rise by 60% in the next two decades, yet this group are less likely to attend for screening than younger women.AimTo seek novel solutions to the challenges of cervical screening in women >50 years of age by examining practitioner and service-user experiences.Design and settingSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 practitioners and 24 service users >50 years of age, recruited via UK primary care networks in Northern England in 2016–2017, to explore experiences related to cervical screening.MethodAn inductive thematic analysis was conducted to explore the data.ResultsFindings are presented under three key themes. The first,exploring the barriers to successful cervical screening, examines the influences of sexuality and early experiences of screening on attendance, and how preventive health care becomes a low priority as women age. The second,the role of relationships,...

Skeletal muscle is critical for human health. Protein feeding, alongside resistance exercise, is a potent stimulus for muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and is a key factor that regulates skeletal muscle mass (SMM). The main purpose of this narrative review was to evaluate the latest evidence for optimising the amino acid or protein source, dose, timing, pattern and macronutrient coingestion for increasing or preserving SMM in healthy young and healthy older adults. We used a systematic search strategy of PubMed and Web of Science to retrieve all articles related to this review objective. In summary, our findings support the notion that protein guidelines for increasing or preserving SMM are more complex than simply recommending a total daily amount of protein. Instead, multifactorial interactions between protein source, dose, timing, pattern and macronutrient coingestion, alongside exercise, influence the stimulation of MPS, and thus should be considered in the context of protein reco...