NANO-

MATERIALS
~by Batch 1 (Roll no. 1 - 16)
Origin of Nanotechnology-
Nanotechnology refers to the branch of science and
engineering devoted to designing, producing, and using
structures, devices, and systems by manipulating atoms
and molecules at nanoscale, i.e. having one or more
dimensions of the order of 100 nanometres (100 millionth
of a millimetre) or less.

In the natural world, there are many examples of

structures with one or more nanometre dimensions, and
many technologies have incidentally involved such
nanostructures for many years, but only recently has it
A human hair is approximately
been possible to do it intentionally. 80,000 nm wide.

The applications of nanotechnology can be very beneficial

and have the potential to make a significant impact on
society. Nanotechnology has already been embraced by
industrial sectors.
 What are Nano materials?
Nanomaterial is defined as the
"material or structure that has atleast
one dimension in the Nano range, which
is called Nanomaterial or Nanostructure",
with nanoscale defined as the "length
range approximately from 1 nm to 100
nm". This includes both nano-objects,
which are discrete pieces of material, and
nanostructured materials, which have
internal or surface structure on the
nanoscale; a nanomaterial may be a
member of both these categories.
Nanomaterials can be classified :

On the basis of
electrical properties
- Conducting (metallic)

- Superconductivity
(semiconductor)
- Non
Based
conducting on Dimensions
(insulators)

- 0 dimensional Nano materials

- One dimensional Nano materials
- Two dimensional Nano materials
- Three dimensional Nano materials

Based on Magnetic props.

- Magnetic Nanomaterials
-
Non-magnetic Nanomaterials
 NANO SCALE-

A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. The nanoparticles we produce

average about 300 nm in diameter, larger than viruses, but smaller
than typical bacteria.

• Uses: Nanoscale materials are ideal for catalysis, composite

materials, drug delivery, reacting systems, and energy storage.
However, they are being applied in medicine too because of various
properties, such as increased resistance to wear and the possibility
of being used to kill bacteria.

Nanoscale is a peer reviewed scientific journal covering experimental

and theoretical reasearch in all areas of nanotechnology and
nanoscience.It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry.
NANO SCALE-
Surface to Volume Ratio-
Surface area to volume ratio in
nanoparticles have a significant effect on the
nanoparticles properties.

Firstly, nanoparticles have a relative larger

surface area when compared to the same
volume of the material. For example, let us
consider a sphere of radius r:

The surface area of the sphere will be 4πr^2

The volume of the sphere = 4/3(πr^3)

Therefore the surface area to the volume

ratio will be 4πr^2/{4/3(πr^3)} = 3/r
Surface to Volume Ratio-
The surface area to volume ratio is the amount of surface area per unit of
volume in an object. Smaller structures have a larger surface area to volume
ratio than larger ones.

Consequences:
A high surface area to volume ratio makes materials more chemically reactive,
which can affect their strength or electrical properties. This makes them useful
in fields like nanotechnology and the development of nanomaterials.

Factors influencing SVR :

• Size: Decreasing the size of nanoparticles increasese their SVR.
• Shape: Non-spherical nanoparticles, such as rods or plates, can have a
higher SVR than spherical nanometers.
• Surface Roughness: Surface roughness can increase the SVR by creating
additional surface area.
Quantum Confinement
Quantum confinement is a phenomenon that occurs when the
dimensions of a material become comparable to the de Broglie
wavelength of electrons within it. This confinement leads to the
quantization of energy levels, resulting in unique electronic and optical
properties that are not observed in bulk materials.

1. SPATIAL CONFINEMENT: Electrons are restricted to a small

space, typically on the order of nanometers.

2. QUANTIZED ENERGY LEVELS: The allowed energy levels of the

electrons become discrete, similar to the energy levels of electrons
in an atom.

3. SIZE - DEPENDENT PROPERTIES: The properties of the material,

such as its bandgap, optical absorption, and emission spectra,
become strongly dependent on its size and shape.
Quantum Confinement
Types of Quantum Confinement:

i. 0D Confinement (Quantum Dot): Electrons are

confined in all three spatial dimensions. This is
analogous to an artificial atom.

ii. 1D Confinement (Quantum Wire): Electrons are

confined in two dimensions and free to move
along the third dimension.

iii. 2D Confinement (Quantum Well): Electrons are

confined in one dimension and free to move in
the other two dimensions.
Applications of Quantum
Confinement:
Quantum confinement is a fundamental concept in nanotechnology that
enables the creation of materials with novel and tunable properties. By
precisely controlling the size and shape of nanostructures, scientists and
engineers can manipulate their electronic and optical behavior,leading to a
wide range of applications in various fields.

1. LEDs and Displays: Quantum dots give brighter, sharper colors in screens and
lights.

2. Lasers: They make lasers work better and more efficiently.

3. Solar Cells: Help absorb more sunlight, making solar panels stronger.

4. Medical Imaging: Used for clear, bright images in medical scans.

5. Transistors: Enable smaller, faster, and energy-saving electronics.

6. Sensors: Improve accuracy in detecting tiny particles or molecules.

BOTTOM UP
FABRICATION
 SOL-GEL METHOD-
• Sol-Gel = solution+gel.
Nitrates Citric Acid
• It is a wet-chemical technique for
producing solid materials, such as
Aqeous mixture
metal oxides, from small
dissolved
in de-
ammonia molecules.
ionised Complex Citrate Solution
water
Advantages:
stirring at i. Formation of high purity and
room temp.
Adjusting pH 7.0 uniform nanostructure.

ii. Requires conomical and simple

Viscous Gel Formation and experimental setup.
Combustion Disadvantages:
sintered
at 500 oC.
FERRITE iii. Controlling the growth of the
particles is very difficult.
 PRECIPITATION METHOD-
In this method, raw materials are Cation solution Anion Solution
dissolved in a solvent to create a
homogeneous solution. A base is then Precipitation
added to the solution, which causes
precipitates to form. The precipitates are
washed, and then heated to synthesize
Filtration
the nanoparticles.

Factors that affect the

nanoparticles: Calcination

The size and shape of the nanoparticles

can be affected by several factors, Grinding
including the concentration of the
starting reagents, the pH, and the
heating effect.
COMBUSTION METHOD-
The combustion method is a popular, economical, and
flexible way to create nanomaterials, advanced ceramics,
and catalysts. It's also known as self-propagating high-
temperature synthesis (SHS).

Here are some key features of the combustion method:

• Exothermic reaction

• Fuel and oxidizer ratio

• Energy requirements

• Materials synthesized

The combustion method has two main modes: self-

propagating mode and thermal explosion mode.
TOP DOWN
FABRICATION
 BALL MILLING METHOD-
Ball milling is a mechanical technique that is broadly
used to grind powders into fine particles. The
reactants are generally broken apart using solvent
molecules in the traditional method; but in ball
milling, reactants are broken by using mechanical
forces.

• Ball Milling is a method of production of nano

materials.

• This process is used in producing metallic and

cermaic nano materials.

• These mills are equipped with grinding media

composed of wolfram carbide or steel.

• Ball mills rotate around a horizontal axis, partially

filled with the material to be ground plus the
grinding medium.
Chemical Vapor Deposition-
CVD is a well known process in which a solid is deposited on a heated surface via a chemical
reaction from the vapour or gas phase, CVC reaction requires activation energy to proceed.
In thermal CVD the reaction is activated by a high temperature. A typical apparatus
comprises of gas supply system, deposition chamber and an exhaust system. The
deposition chamber s an evacuated chamber . A wafer is kept on a carrier and heated to a
temperature between 350 and 800°C. One or several species of gases are admitted into the
chamber through an inlet till a medium gas pressure is built up in the chamber. Now a
dissociation or reaction between two species takes place. In both cases, a newly formed
molecule adheres to the wafer surface and participates in the formation of a nanolayer.
 Physical Vapor Deposition-
Process:

• The material is vaporized using physical

means, such as high-temperature vacuum
or plasma, and then transported to a low-
pressure area where it condenses on the
surface.

• PVD films are typically a few nanometers to

thousands of nanometers thick.

Types:

• There are three main types of PVD: thermal

evaporation, sputtering, and ion plating.
 Ex:- PVD is used to create colored stainless
steel for building cladding, interior
hardware, and consumer electronics. It's
also used to coat kitchen knives with
Characterisation
TECHNIQUES
Characterization techniques are methods used to
analyze and understand the properties, structure, and
behavior of materials, substances, or products.

 Types of Characterization Techniques:

- X-ray diffraction (XRD)
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
- Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
 XRD-
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful analytical technique used to study the structure
and properties of materials. It is based on the principle that X-rays scattered by atoms
in a crystal lattice produce a diffraction pattern that can be used to determine the
arrangement of atoms within the lattice.
 Basic Principles of XRD:

1. X-ray Scattering: When X-rays interact with

atoms in a crystal lattice, they scatter in
different directions.
2. Diffraction Pattern: The scattered X-rays produce
a diffraction pattern, which is a result of the
interference between the scattered waves.
3. Bragg's Law: The diffraction pattern is related to
the arrangement of atoms within the lattice
through Bragg's Law, which states that the angle
of diffraction is related to the wavelength of the
X-rays and the spacing between the lattice
planes.
SEM-
In nanotechnology, SEM stands for Scanning
Electron Microscopy. It's a characterization
technique used to produce high-resolution
images of the surface morphology and
composition of materials at the nanoscale.

In SEM, a focused beam of high-energy electrons

is scanned across the sample, and the scattered
electrons are detected to create a detailed
image. This technique provides valuable
information on:
1. Surface topography
2. Grain size and shape
3. Particle size and distribution
4. Material composition

SEM is widely used in nanotechnology research

and development to study the properties and
behavior of nanomaterials, nanostructures,
and nanodevices.
 TEM-
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is a powerful
technique for visualizing nanomaterials with
exceptional detail. It uses a beam of electrons to image
samples, providing insights into their structure,
composition, and morphology.
Key Features and Applications:
1. High-Resolution Imaging: TEM offers unmatched
resolution for detailed visualization of nanoscale
features.
2. Crystal Structure Analysis: TEM can determine the
crystal structure and lattice spacing of materials.
3. Elemental Analysis: TEM can be combined with
EDS to identify the elemental composition of
samples.
4. Thickness Measurement: TEM can accurately
measure the thickness of thin films and layers.

Advantages:
• High resolution and Versatility
APPLICATIONS
OF NANO-TECHNOLOGY
1. In Medicines 2. In Electronics 3. In Space Technology
 Targetted Drug  Reduced Power  Lightweight
delivery consumption spacecraft
 Reduces side effects  Less size and weight of  Reduction in rocket
 Early diagnosis of a components fuel
disease  Smaller and faster  Larger material
processors strength
4. In Automobiles 5. In Environmental
 High standard of metal  Sensors detecting pollution
 Increased Fuel efficiency level
 Quality of paints  Harmful emmisions can be
controlled
THANK
YOU!!