Blood vessels-1

SYSTEMIC HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOY
Structure of Blood Vessels & Their

Response to Injury
Dr. Damas Missanga

Types of Blood Vessels
ARTERIES
● A vessel that carries blood away from the heart, small artery is
arteriole
● Carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery
● Arteries Arterioles Capillaries
● There are two types of arteries
1. Elastic arteries
2.Muscular arteries
VEINS
● Vessels that carry blood toward the heart, small vein is venule
● All veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein
● Veins act as collector and as reservoir vessels, called the capacitance

vessels
● Capillary are microscopic vessel that carries blood from arteriole to
venule
General Structure Of Vessels
● Blood vessels consisting of three concentric layers (tunicae)
i. The intima (tunica intima)

ii. The media (tunica media)
iii. The adventitia (tunica adventitia)
Structure Of Arteries And Arteriole
ELASTIC ARTERIES
Intima
● Made of an endothelium, resting on a basal lamina, and a sub-
endothelial connective tissue layer.
The media
● Has a markedly layered structure, in which fenestrated layers of
elastin (elastic lamellae) alternate with inter-lamellar muscle cells,
collagen and fine elastic fibres.
The adventitia
● Well developed. it contains flattened fibroblasts with extremely long
thin processes, macrophages and mast cells, nerve bundles and
lymphatic vessels.
Muscular Arteries
Intima
● consists of an endothelium, similar to that of elastic arteries.
Media
● Predominance of smooth muscle in the media.
The adventitia
● Mainly collagenous connective tissue, and can be as thick as the media
in the smaller arteries.
Arteriole
● In arterioles the endothelial cells are smaller than in large arteries
● Their contractility controls the flow of blood into the capillary bed, and
they act functionally as precapillary sphincters
CT
● Closure of the sphincter is thought to be under myogenic
● Arteriolar adventitia is very thin.
● Arterioles are innervated by sympathetic fibres.
● Autonomic neuromuscular junctions are very common in arterioles.

Structure of Capillaries
● Capillaries are the vessels closest to the tissue and varies in different
locations.
● Their lumen is just large enough to admit the passage of single blood
cells
● Fenestrated capillaries occur
i. Renal glomeruli
ii. Intestinal mucosae
iii. Endocrine glands
iv. Exocrine glands
CT
● Capillaries without fenestrations occur in

i. Brain
ii. striated and
iii. smooth muscles,
iv. lung and
v. connective tissues
● Known as continuous capillaries.

CT
● Sinusoids; Sinusoids are expanded capillaries, and are large and irregular
in shape.
● They have true discontinuities in their walls, allowing contact between
blood and the parenchyma.
● Sinusoids occur in large numbers in;
i. liver
ii. Spleen
iii. bone marrow
iv. suprarenal medulla.

Structure Of Venule And Veins
Venule
● When two or more capillaries converge, the resulting vessel is larger and
is known as a venule (post capillary venule).
● Post capillary venules are sites of leukocyte migration.
Veins
● Veins are relatively thin wall in comparison to arteries of similar size
and by a large capacitance.
● The structural plan of the wall is similar to that of other vessels, except
i. Amount of muscle considerably less
ii. Collagen and elastic fibres predominate.

● Venules and veins are capacitance vessels, i.e. have thin distensible
walls that hold a large volume of blood and accommodate luminal
pressure changes
CT
● Most veins have valves to prevent reflux of blood.

● Their concave margins are directed with the flow and lie against
the wall as long as flow is towards the heart.
● Valves are absent in veins of the thorax and abdomen.
Anastomoses
● Arteries and veins can be joined to each other by an anastomosis, so that
one can supply the territory of the other.
Vascular Shunts
● Communications between the arterial and venous systems
● Met arterioles can deliver blood directly to venules or to a capillary bed,
according to local demand and conditions.
Haemostasis
• The process of forming clots in the walls of
damaged blood vessels and preventing blood
loss while maintaining blood in a fluid state
within the vascular system.
• When a small blood vessel is damaged, the

injury initiates a series of events that lead to
the formation of a clot (haemostasis).
Response to Blood Vessel Injury
Thanks for your
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SYSTEMIC HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOY

Structure of Blood Vessels & Their

Dr. Damas Missanga

● Carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery

● Arteries Arterioles Capillaries

● There are two types of arteries

● All veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein

● Veins act as collector and as reservoir vessels, called the capacitance

● Blood vessels consisting of three concentric layers (tunicae)

i. The intima (tunica intima)

● Arteriolar adventitia is very thin.

● Arterioles are innervated by sympathetic fibres.

● Autonomic neuromuscular junctions are very common in arterioles.

● Capillaries without fenestrations occur in

● Known as continuous capillaries.

iii. bone marrow

iv. suprarenal medulla.

i. Amount of muscle considerably less

ii. Collagen and elastic fibres predominate.

● Most veins have valves to prevent reflux of blood.

• When a small blood vessel is damaged, the

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