Circulatory System: Dr. Amtul

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CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM

DR. AMTUL…
HOMEOSTASIS

Human body has natural tendency to maintain its internal


environment within normal limits.

This constancy of internal environment is called homeostasis.


DIVISIONS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

It is majorly divided into two divisions:

 Cardiovascular system
 Lymph vascular system
CVS

Anatomically this system consists of


 Heart
 Blood vessels
HEART

 It is hollow muscular organ.


 Located in thoracic cavity.
 Its function is to pump blood to different parts of body.
 There are four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
 Atria are receiving chambers, ventricles pump blood out of
heart.
STRUCTURE OF HEART WALL

It is composed of three coats.

1) ENDOCARDIUM: Innermost layer, endothelium.


2) MYOCARDIUM: Middle layer, cardiac muscle.
3) EPICARDIUM: Outermost layer, simple squamous epithelium.
BLOOD VESSELS

 They carry blood and their function is to transport blood.


 Wall of blood vessels consists of three concentric coats.

1. TUNICA INTIMA: innermost layer, endothelium.


2. TUNICA MEDIA: middle layer, circular smooth muscles.
3. TUNICA ADVENTITIA: outermost layer, connective tissue
(collagenous and elastic fibers).
CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD VESSELS

 Anatomical classification
 Functional classification
ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION

 Blood vessels are divided anatomically into following


components:
1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries
4. Venules
5. Veins
ARTERIES

 They carry blood away from heart to organs and tissues of


body.
 They branch in tree like manner.
 Branches progressively decrease in diameter.
 Arteries are classified in to two main types:
 Elastic arteries.
 Muscular arteries.
ELASTIC ARTERIES

 In elastic arteries tunica media consists of elastic fibers.


 Smooth muscle is present in less amount.
 They are known as large arteries.
 Aorta and pulmonary trunk are examples of elastic arteries.
MUSCULAR ARTERIES

 In these arteries smooth muscle is abundantly present.


 These are also called medium-sized arteries.
 Examples include: axillary, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral,
popliteal arteries.
ARTERIOLES

 They are also called small arteries.


 Important segment of circulatory system because it is the
principal component of peripheral resistance to flow that
regulates the blood pressure.
 They range from 0.2 to 0.4mm in diameter.
 Small arterioles are also known as terminal arterioles.
 Arterioles branch into metarterioles which have discontinuous
layer of smooth muscle.
ARTERIOLES

 Metarterioles branch into capillaries.


 A single ring of smooth muscle cells is present at point where
capillaries originate from metarterioles.
 This smooth muscle ring is known as precapillary sphincter.
 Constriction of this sphincter completely stops flow within a
capillary.
CAPILLARIES

 They are the microscopic vessels forming networks.


 They connect arterial and venous systems.
 They are delicate endothelial tubes.
 Substances are exchanged through thin walls of capillaries
between blood and tissues of body.
CAPILLARIES

 Capillaries have increased surface area for exchange of


materials.

 There are three types of capillaries:


 Continuous capillaries.
 Fenestrated capillaries.
 Sinusoidal capillaries.
CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES

 They DONOT have any pores, gaps or discontinuities in their


walls.
 Most of the capillaries of body are of this type.
 They are found in muscles, lung, brain.
FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES

 There is presence of circular pores in the lining of endothelial


cells.
 This type of capillaries are found where rapid exchange of
materials is required.
 Found in intestines, endocrine glands, kidneys.
SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES

 These are also called sinusoids.


 Their walls are irregular and tortuous.
 Intercellular gaps exist between the endothelial cells.
 Phagocytic cells may be found in walls of sinusoids.
 Found in liver, spleen, bone marrow.
VENULES

 Two or more capillaries converge and form venules.


 They consists mainly of endothelium and thin tunica
adventitia.
 Post capillary venules join to form muscular venules.
 Muscular venules contains smooth muscles in their tunica
media.
 Muscular venules converge and join to form collecting
venules, which drain blood into veins
PREFERENTIAL CHANNELS

 In some regions metarterioles after forming capillaries


continue and open into venules.
 These channels open when precapillary sphincters reduces
blood flow to capillary network.
 These channels by pass capillary bed and maintain blood flow
to region.
 Found abundantly in mesenteries, in those organs where
thermoregulation is needed e.g. skin, external ear.
VEINS

 They are formed by convergence of venules.


 They have tributaries (smaller vein joining larger vein).
 Generally they have large lumen and thin walls.
 They have less smooth muscle in walls and abundant
collagenous fibers.
VEINS

 Veins can distend considerably to adapt to volume and pressure


changes.
 They are of 3 categories:
 Small veins: un-named veins.
 Medium sized veins: most veins of body.
 Large veins: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava.
VALVES OF VEINS

 Large veins have valves to prevent back flow of blood.


 They permit blood to flow in one direction only.
 Valves are basically folds of endothelium.
VENAE COMITANTES

 Each named artery is accompanied by corresponding vein.


 In limbs, veins occurs in pairs called venae comitantes. (one
artery accompanied by two veins).
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

 CONDUCTING VESSELS: large arteries arising from heart.


 DISTRIBUTING VESSELS: muscular arteries which reaches
its organ and divide into branches.
 RESISTANCE VESSELS: it includes arterioles, which is
principal source of peripheral resistance.
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

 EXCHANGE VESSELS: these vessels allow exchange of


substances. It includes capillaries, sinusoids, post capillary
venules.
 RESERVOIR VESSELS: they are also called capacitance
vessels. It accommodate large amount of blood. It includes
large venules and veins.
ANASTOMOSIS

 It is the union between distal ends of blood vessels permitting


free communication between them.
 Alternative route of blood to body part through anastomosis is
called collateral circulation.
ARTERIAL ANASTOMOSIS

 This is between arteries.


 There are following types:
 ACTUAL ANASTOMOSIS: at pre arteriolar level. Further
examples are divided as:
 End to end anastomosis: they open directly into each other.
 By convergence: converge and unite to form single artery.
ARTERIAL ANASTOMOSIS

 Transverse anastomosis: short arterial vessel links two large


arteries transversely.

 POTENTIAL ANASTOMOSIS:
 This is at the level of terminal arteriole.
 Blood doesn’t flow though this anastomosis under normal
conditions.
 If gradual occlusion of one artery occurs, it provides collateral
supply.
END ARTERIES

 These type of arteries do not anastomose with others.


 They constitute sole source of supply to the area.
 Their occlusion causes death of tissue which they supply.
 Example is central artery of retina.
 Also found in kidney, spleen, brain.
VENOUS ANASTOMOSIS

 This is between veins and its tributaries.

 This type of anastomoses is very common.

 Found in dorsal venous arches of hand and foot


ARTERIOVENOUS
ANASTOMOSIS

 This type is between smaller arteries and veins.


 Flowing of arterial blood directly into venous system is also
called AV shunts.
 AV shunts have smooth muscles in their walls.
 By contraction and relaxation, they can open or close their
lumen.
TYPES OF CIRCULATION

 SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION: Blood flows from left ventricle


to various parts of body, collected by veins and drain into right
atrium.

 PULMONARY CIRCULATION: Blood flows from right


ventricle, through lungs to left atrium.
TYPES OF CIRCULATION

 PORTAL CIRCULATION: Blood passes through two sets of


capillaries.
The vein draining first capillary network is known as PORTAL
VEIN.
Portal vein branches like an artery and form second set of
capillaries which drain into systemic vein.
Example: hepatic portal circulation.
THANK YOU….

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