Marine Safety Lesson 3

MARINE SAFETY
Code: MDSAF101
Lesson 3:
LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES FOR GENERAL USE
Lecturer: Capt. Enver YETKİLİ

Life Saving Appliances For General Use

• At our previous lessons we have seen the life saving appliances for
personal use. These are the life jackets life buoys, immersion suits
and thermal protective aids.
• Now we shall examine the life saving appliances for general use.
• The life saving appliances for general use, shortly is called the life
saving crafts. The life saving crafts used on ships, shall be examine
in three categories.
Life Saving Crafts
A) Life Boats;
B) B) Inflatable Life-rafts;
C) Rescue Boats.
LIFE BOATS
Life Boats Used on Ships

• Life boats are one of the most important life-saving appliance onboard ships,
which is used at the time of extreme emergencies for abandoning a ship.
• Lifeboat is secured onboard into davits so that it can be launched over the side
of the ship.
• With mechanical assistance an early escape of the crew from the ship is
possible.
• Same new type life boats are on a special sled, which can be easily slide
overboard.
• A lifeboat must carry all the equipment described under SOLAS, for the
survival at sea. This includes rations, fresh water, first aid, compass, distress
signaling equipment like rocket etc.
General Requirements for Lifeboats

Every life boat shall have sufficient strength to:
1) Be launched with a complete load of people and equipment;
2) Be capable of being launched and towed in still waters, when
the ship is moving forward with a speed of 5 knots.
3) Every life boat shall have sufficient strength to resist side
impacts against the ship’s hull and water impacts when
dropped from a height of at least 3 meters.
4) The capacity shall NEVER exceed 150 persons.
5) The arrangement shall allow its total capacity of people to
embark, in a time interval not greater than 3 minutes.
Lifeboat Propulsion
1) Every lifeboat shall be powered by a compression ignition engine. No
engine shall be used for any lifeboat if its fuel has a flashpoint of 43°C
or less (closed cup test).
2) The engine shall be provided with either a manual starting system, or a
power starting system with two independent rechargeable energy
sources. Any necessary starting aids shall also be provided.
3) The engine starting systems and starting aids shall start the engine at an
ambient temperature of -15°C within 2 minutes of commencing the start
procedure.
4) The starting systems shall not be impeded by the engine casing,
seating or other obstructions.
Lifeboat Propulsion (Cont.)
5) The speed of a lifeboat when proceeding ahead in calm water, when
loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment and with all
engine powered auxiliary equipment in operation, shall be at least 6
knots and at least 2 knots when towing a 25-person life-raft loaded with
its full complement of persons and equipment or its equivalent.
6) Sufficient fuel, suitable for use throughout the temperature range
expected in the area in which the ship operates, shall be provided to run
the fully loaded lifeboat at 6 knots for a period of not less than 24 h.
7) Water-resistant instructions for starting and operating the engine, shall
be provided and mounted in a conspicuous place near the engine starting
controls.
Lifeboat Fittings
1) All lifeboats except free-fall lifeboats shall be provided with at least one
drain valve fitted near the lowest point in the hull.
2) Each drain valve shall be provided with a cap or plug to close the valve,
which shall be attached to the lifeboat by a lanyard, a chain, or other suitable
means. Drain valves shall be readily accessible from inside the lifeboat and
their position shall be clearly indicated.
3) All lifeboats shall be provided with a rudder and tiller. The rudder shall be
permanently attached to the lifeboat.
4) All lifeboats shall be fitted with sufficient watertight lockers or
compartments to provide for the storage of the small items of equipment,
water and provisions.
Life Boat Fittings (Cont.)
5) Every lifeboat to be launched by a fall or falls, except a free-fall lifeboat,
shall be fitted with a release mechanism, which shall be so arranged that all
hooks are released simultaneously and release control shall be clearly
marked in a color that contrasts with its surroundings.
6) Every lifeboat shall be fitted with a device to secure a painter near its bow.
The device shall be such that the lifeboat does not exhibit unsafe or unstable
characteristics when being towed by the ship making headway at speeds up
to 5 knots in calm water.
7) Except for free-fall lifeboats, the painter securing device shall include a
release device to enable the painter to be released from inside the lifeboat,
with the ship making headway at speeds up to 5 knots in calm water.
Lifeboat Fittings (Cont.)
8) Every lifeboat shall be so arranged that an adequate view forward, aft and to
both sides is provided from the control and steering position for safe
launching and maneuvering.
Lifeboat Markings
9) The number of persons for which the lifeboat is approved shall be clearly
marked on it in clear permanent characters.
10) The name and port of registry of the ship to which the lifeboat belongs shall
be marked on each side of the lifeboat's bow in block capitals of the Roman
alphabet.
11) Means of identifying the ship to which the lifeboat belongs and the number
of the lifeboat shall be marked in such a way that they are visible from
above.
A) Types of Life Boats Used on Ship

1) Open life boats
• Open lifeboats can be considered outdated.
• A new SOLAS regulation states that vessels were the keel is laid after 1986 must have
totally enclosed lifeboats.
2) Closed life boats
a) Partially covered life boats
This type of lifeboat is installed on ferry boats and passenger ships. The most
important reason is of course that this type of boat can carry many passengers. That is
why the boat has large entrances. Also the passengers are not trained so the crew
must assist them.
b) Totally enclosed life boats
There are different types and sizes of totally enclosed lifeboats
3) Totally enclosed free-fall lifeboats
Open lifeboats:
• Open lifeboats can be considered outdated.
• A new SOLAS regulation states that vessels which the keel is laid after 1986
must have totally enclosed lifeboats.
Partially enclosed lifeboats:
This type of lifeboat is installed on ferry boats and passenger ships. The most
important reason is of course that this type of boat can carry many passengers.
That is why the boat has large entrances. Also the passengers are not trained
so the crew must assist them.
Totally enclosed lifeboats :
There are different types and sizes of totally enclosed lifeboats
An Open Lifeboat
An Open Lifeboat
Oar Propelled Version of Open Lifeboat Motorised Version of Open Lifeboat

2-a) Partially Covered Lifeboats

• Shall be equipped with a fixed rigid cover in at least 20% of the length, AFT and FWD.
• Shall be equipped with movable covers that together with the fixed ones will cover
completely the boat.
• Shall have entrances at both extremities and at both sides.
2-b) Totally Enclosed Lifeboats

Totally enclosed lifeboats shall comply with the general requirements for lifeboats. The cover
shall be watertight and the arrangement will be such that:
1) Protects the occupants against the heat and the cold,
2) The access is made through hatches that can be closed watertight,
3) The hatches to be positioned in such a way to allow the launching and recovery
operations, without any of the occupants have to leave the habitable
4) The access hatches can be opened and closed from both the interior and the exterior, with
the means to keep them in a permanent opened position.
5) Includes windows or trans-lucid panels on both sides, which allow of sufficient natural
light to make artificial lighting unnecessary.
6) Shall have ropes along the side shell that allow to circulate on the outside of the boat and
help people to embark and disembark
7) People shall be able to go from the entrance to their seats without having to climb
through obstacles.
Totally enclosed Lifeboat

Totally enclosed Lifeboats on a Passenger ship

Inside of a totally enclosed lifeboat

Lifeboat Equipment
3) Totally Enclosed Free-Fall Life Boats
1) The fastest way to abandon a ship is by using an enclosed free-fall life boat;
2) The free fall method is a method of launching a life boat into the sea, by
releasing it on the sled;
3) During the slid there shall not be any connection with the persons and
materials in the life boat;
4) The sled shall have a slope and length to be able to throw the life boat away
of the ship after launched;
5) The life-boat shall be capable of self-righting by itself when capsized;
6) Free-fall life boats shall comply with the requirements of totally enclosed
life boats;
Totally Enclosed Free-fall Life Boats (Cont.)
7) The carrying capacity of a free-fall life boat is the number of persons that can
be provided with a seat without interfering with the means of propulsion or
the operation of any of the life boat’s equipment;
8) The width of the seat shall be at least 430 mm. Free clearance in front of the
backrest shall be at least 635 mm. The backrest shall extend at least 1,000 mm
above the seat pan.
9) Each free-fall life boat shall make positive headway immediately after water
entry and shall not come into contact with the ship after a free-fall launching
against a trim of up to 10° and a list of up to 20° either way from the
certification height when fully equipped and loaded.
10)Each free-fall lifeboat shall be of sufficient strength to withstand, when
loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment, a free-fall launch
from a height of at least 1.3 times the free-fall certification height.
Totally Enclosed Free-fall Life Boats (Cont.)
11)Each free-fall life boat shall have two independent activation systems for the
release mechanisms which may only be operated from inside the lifeboat and
be marked in a color that contrasts with its surroundings;
12)Each free-fall life boat shall be so arranged as to release the boat under any
condition of loading from no load up to at least 200% of the normal load
caused by the fully equipped lifeboat when loaded with the number of persons
for which it is to be approved;
13)Each free-fall life boat shall be adequately protected against accidental or
premature use;
14)Each free-fall life boat shall be designed to test the release system without
launching the lifeboat;
15)Each free-fall life boat shall be designed with a factor of safety of 6 based on
the ultimate strength of the materials used.
Totally Enclosed Free-Fall Lifeboat

General arrangement plan of a totally enclosed free-fall lifeboat

LIFE RAFTS
B) Inflatable Life Rafts Used on Ships

1) Life rafts are provided as life-saving appliances on every sea going ship in addition
to the life boats.
2) Life rafts are much easier to launch as compare to life boats in case of emergency
situation.
3) Life rafts are designed with auto inflatable system.
4) Life rafts are normally located on muster station, on port and starboard side near the
life boat and at forward and aft-part of the ship. The location generally depends on
size of the ship.
5) Life rafts are stored in a fiberglass containers, incorporated with a high pressure gas
used for inflating life raft at the time of emergency.
6) A Hydrostatic Release Unit (HRU) is connected to raft container and ship, which
release the life raft even after the ship sinks in the water.
7) The basic survival items are already stored in the raft which includes rations,
pyrotechnics, life jackets etc.
Basic Construction Details of Inflatable Life Rafts

1) Life rafts normally come as partially or fully enclosed by a canopy to protect the crew
members from rough weather and direct sun.
2) The canopy of the raft is in highly visible orange color with reflective stripes.
3) The rubber tubing of the life raft is generally of double layer type so that if one gets
punctured, the other layer can keep the life raft afloat.
4) The floor of the life raft is a water proof insulated so that any water collected inside the life
raft can be easily removed.
5) Pockets are also provided for carrying ballast water, which helps the life raft to be stable at
rough seas so as to avoid tipping over of the life raft.
6) Sea Anchors are also provided for better stability of the life raft.
7) A boarding ramp or ladder is also fitted for easy boarding of crew members even at rough
sea.
8) Outside lifelines and inside bracing ropes are present to hold the life raft.
9) The life raft consists of various ventilation, observation ports and rain water collection
ports for drinking purpose.
Inflatable Life Raft on Deck Inflatable Life Raft at Sea

RESCUE BOATS
C) Rescue Boats Used on Ships

• Rescue Boats used on ships can have a rigid, inflatable or mixed construction
and shall have a length not less than 3.8 m and not greater than 8.5 m.
• Rescue Boats used on ships, shall have a capacity for at least 5 people seated and
1 laying down.
• Unless they have the adequate shelter, they shall have a cover forward in a
extension not less than 15% of its length.
• Shall have the capacity of maneuvering at speeds up to 6 knots, keeping the
speed for a period of at least 4 hours.
• Shall have sufficient mobility and maneuverability at sea to allow the recovery of
people in the water.
• Shall have sufficient mobility and maneuverability at sea to tow life-rafts and the
largest life boats, when totally loaded with people and Equipment at a speed of at
least 2 knots.
Rescue BoatsUsed on Ships (Cont.)
• A davit-launched, motor-propelled light boat provided to perform man-overboard
retrieval and raft marshalling duties.
• The rescue boat may be of either rigid or inflated construction or a combination of both.
Usually, it is a semi-rigid structure with the inflated chambers of an upper parts and an
outboard engine.
• In accordance with current IMO regulations:
1) Passenger ships of 500 gross tonnage and over shall carry at least one rescue boat on
each side of the ship
2) Passenger ships of less than 500 gross tonnage shall carry at least one rescue boat,
3) According to SOLAS 2012 Amendments to SOLAS 1974, Chapter III, LSA Code 5.1.
and IMO Resolution A656 (16), at least one of rescue boats on a Ro Ro passenger
ship shall be a fast rescue boat with a minimum length of 6m and a top speed of at
least 20 knots (MSC/Cir.809).
4) Cargo ships shall carry at least one rescue boat.
An inflatable rescue boat A rigid rescue boat

FAST RESCUE BOATS

Fast Rescue Boats
• Fast Rescue Boats Decided in the following of the
“ESTONIA” shipwreck with the IMO Resolution A.656(16).
• Fast Rescue Boats shall have a speed of 20 knots and keep it
during 4 hours.
• Shall be capable of being launched and retrieved in severe
atmospheric conditions (Beaufort 6, wave height of 6 m)
• Requires special davits
• Important for the safety of people in offshore activities
Fast Rescue Boats (Cont.)
• The fast rescue boat is designed and built for use in rough water and to
provide high, sustained speeds in the toughest offshore environments.
• The craft offers precise manoeuvrability at all speeds, ahead and astern, and
affords seating for a crew of three.
• The hull is a moderate deep ‘V’ that provides excellent handling and
manoeuvrability and an exceptionally dry ride.
• These fast rescue boats shall have rigid hulls and shall be capable of
maintaining positive stability when it is in an upright position in calm water,
loaded with their full complement of persons including all equipment.
• The method of construction gives an extremely strong hull, well suited to the
environment that together with the fenders provides long-term inherent
reliability. The craft is self draining and inherently buoyant.
Fast Rescue Boat

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MARINE SAFETY

Lecturer: Capt. Enver YETKİLİ

Life Saving Appliances For General Use

Life Boats Used on Ships

General Requirements for Lifeboats

A) Types of Life Boats Used on Ship

Oar Propelled Version of Open Lifeboat Motorised Version of Open Lifeboat

2-a) Partially Covered Lifeboats

2-b) Totally Enclosed Lifeboats

Totally enclosed Lifeboat

Totally enclosed Lifeboats on a Passenger ship

Inside of a totally enclosed lifeboat

Totally Enclosed Free-Fall Lifeboat

General arrangement plan of a totally enclosed free-fall lifeboat

B) Inflatable Life Rafts Used on Ships

Basic Construction Details of Inflatable Life Rafts

Inflatable Life Raft on Deck Inflatable Life Raft at Sea

C) Rescue Boats Used on Ships

An inflatable rescue boat A rigid rescue boat

FAST RESCUE BOATS

Fast Rescue Boat

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