المجمع

Part Two
Air Traffic Management

(ATM)
Definitions.
1
DR.MOHAMED.ZNU December 2, 2024 1

Air traffic
control
Part One
DR:MOHAMED.ZNU December 2, 2024 2

‫الجماعه االنجليز اول‬
‫ناس عملت مراقبه جويه‬
In 1920, Croydon Airport , London (UK), was the first

airport in the world to introduce air traffic control.
The “ARD control tower" was a wooden hut 4.6 m high
with windows on all four sides.
It was commissioned on February 25, 1920 and provided

basic traffic, weather and location information to
DR:MOHAMED.ZNU pilots. December 2, 2024 4
Air Traffic Control (PANS-ATC) prepared by the Air Traffic
Control Committee of the International Conference on
North Atlantic Route Service Organization (Dublin, March
DR:MOHAMED.ZNU
Dublin Ireland 1946). December 2, 2024 5
A second version of the (PANS-ATC) was issued in the
same year, following review of the original procedures by
the International Conference on European-Mediterranean
Route Service Org. (Paris, April–May 1946).
The Third Edition of the (PANS-ATC) was prepared in 1947

by the Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Control (RAC)
Division at its Second Session (Montreal, December
1946–January 1947).
Document 4444 explain annex 2 and annex 11
Montreal Canada
Air Traffic Management ATM-
Doc4444

Procedures for Air Navigation Services are mainly
directed to air traffic services personnel , flight crews
should be familiar with the procedures contained in the
DR:MOHAMED.ZNU chapters of doc 4444 December 2, 2024 8
Abbreviations & codes
Dr/Yousry
DR:MOHAMED.ZNU December 2, 2024
December 2, 2024 99
AAL Above Aerodrome Level
ACC Area Control Center
ADA Advisory Airspace
ADF Automatic Direction Finding
ADR Advisory Route
AFS Aeronautical Fixed Service
AOC Air Operator’s Certificate
ASDA Accelerate-Stop Distance Available.
‫دايما مش ثابت ممكن‬
ATAS Air Traffic Advisory Service ‫يتغير مبتفضلش نصيحه‬
‫دايما‬
ATCC Air Traffic Control Center appropriate ATS
authority
AAL - Above Aerodrome
Level
height

ACC - Area Control
Center

ADA - Advisory
Airspace
Advisory Airspace
Flight information services

ADF - Automatic Direction
Finding

ADR – Advisory
Route
ATAS All time

Air Traffic Advisory service is available along the route
(Class F airspace)
Not provided

AFS – Aeronautical Fixed
Service
Aeronautical fixed service
Aeronautical mobile service
Aeronautical radio navigation service
ATIS
Aeronautical
Station
ACC

AOC – Air Operator’s
Certificate

ASDA – Accelerate Stop Distance
Available
60
M
Runway Stop Way
ASDA

ATCRU Air Traffic Control Radar Unit
ATSU Air Traffic Services Unit
ATZ Air Traffic Zone
DA Decision Altitude
DH Decision Height
DR Dead Reckoning
ECAC European Civil Aviation Conference
EPIRB Emergency Position Indicating Radio
Beacon
FCL Flight Crew Licensing
FI
DR:MOHAMED.ZNU Flying Instructor December 2, 2024 19
ATCRU – Air Traffic Control Radar Unit

ATSU – Air Traffic Services
Unit
Area Control Center - ACC

The unit providing approach control service - APP
Aerodrome Control Tower - TWR
FIC or ATS reporting office
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL UNITS: (ATCU)

• ACC
• TWR
• APP

NOTE
STATE OF AERODROME At normal aerodrome At busy aerodromes At very busy aerodromes
ACC sectors sectors sectors
TWR 1 2 3
APP 1 2 2
At very busy aerodrome

• Control
• Ground
• Clarence delivery
DA – Decision Altitude – DH - Decision
Height
Decision altitude (DA) is referenced to mean sea level and decision height (DH) is
referenced to the threshold elevation.
Decision Height /
Not lower than 200ft in cat 1
Altitude Not lower than 100ft cat 2
DH - DA Not lower than 50ft cat 3
A specified altitude or height in a 3D instrument approach operation at

which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach
has not been established

DR – Dead Reckoning
Dead reckoning is navigation solely by means of

computations based on time, airspeed, distance, and
direction.
The key word is computations.
ECAC – European Civil Aviation
Conference
The European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) is an intergovernmental

organization which was established by ICAO and the Council of Europe It is
located in Neuilly-sur-Seine in France. Founded in 1955 with 19
member states, the ECAC now totals 44 members.
emergency position-indicating radio-beacon
[EPIRB]
FCL – Flight Crew Licensing

FI – Flying
Instructor

IAS Indicated Air Speed
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IRVR Instrument Runway Visual Range
LF Low Frequency
MATZ Military Air Traffic Zone
MF Medium Frequency
MTOM Maximum Take-Off Mass
MTWA Maximum Take-off Weight Authorized

IAS – Indicated Air
Speed

ICAO – International Civil Aviation
Organization
Montreal
Canada

IRVR – Instrument Runway Visual
Range
DETERMINE
Above 1500 visibility ON
THE RUNWAY
More than 1400
Equals 1300
instrumented RVR (IRVR) systems are used to provide an

assessment of RVR to be used in determining airport
operating conditions.
MATZ – Military Air Traffic
Zone

MTWA – Maximum Take-off Weight
Authorized
Authorized by
owner of
aircraft
Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW) is the highest weight

an aircraft can safely be when it's about to take off.
It includes the aircraft,
passengers, cargo, and fuel.
It's a critical limit to ensure the aircraft can climb safely.
NDB – Non- Directional
360
Beacon
This symbol denotes an

NDB on an aeronautical
chart
A non-directional beacon (NDB) is a radio beacon operating in the

MF or LF.
NDBs transmit a signal of equal strength in all directions.
The signal contains a coded element which is used for station
identification (normally 1-3 letters in Morse Code).
OCA – Oceanic Control
Area
Greenland
Iceland

OCA – Obstacles Clearance
Altitude
OCH – Obstacles Clearance
Height
OCA/H is determined by the authority of the state through
survey.
This will be the altitude/height at or above which an
aircraft must be flown to avoid the dominant obstacle.
It will consist of the height of the obstacle plus the

minimum obstacle clearance (MOC) allowance.

QNH IS
provide
d
Obstacles Clearance Altitude -
QFE is Height
availabl
e (on
request) OCH OCA
Height of the highest obstacle or the highest

missed approach obstacle (Whichever is higher)
Threshold
elevation
Mean sea level

PAX –
Passengers
PIC – Pilot In
Command PT – Public
Transport
Pilot-in-command : The pilot designated by the operator, or in the case of general aviation,
the owner, as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight.

SPL – Supplementary Flight
Plan
TAF – Aerodrome Meteorological
Forecast

SSR – Secondary Surveillance
A surveillance radar system which Radar
uses transmitters / receivers and
transponders

Terminal Control
Not
Area
Is a squared area that include group of approach
airways and aircraft don’t do approach and then
not
landing
A control area normally

established at the confluence of
ATS routes in the vicinity of one
or more major aerodromes
Terminal maneuvering area : approach

Terminal
Maneuvering Area
approach

TL – Transition
Level
1013.25hp
a

TWR – Aerodrome Control
Tower

WIP – Work In
Progress

End of one
Prepared By Dr/Yousry
Basiouny

Part Two

(ATM)
Definitions.
1

Aerodrome
A defined area on land or water (including any buildings,

installations and equipment) intended to be used either
wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface
movement of aircraft.
AERODROME TRAFFIC CIRCUIT
Aerodrome traffic circuit consists of 5 legs
Runway between upwind leg and final leg or

approach leg

Aerodrome Traffic
Circuit
In aerodrome traffic circuit / in the vicinity of aerodrome All turns to the lift otherwise instructed
The specified path to be flown by aircraft operating in

the vicinity of an aerodrome.
10 mils
Traffic circuit for each RWY
DR.MOHAMED..ZNU December 2, 2024 52

• Departure or upwind leg : the first leg in the aerodrome traffic circuit


Aeronautical Fixed Service
(AFS)
ACC
Aeronautical
Station
A telecommunication service between specified fixed
points provided primarily for the safety of air navigation
and for the regular, efficient and economical operation of
air services.
Aeronautical Mobile
Aeronautical Mobile Service
Service
AMS
Aeronautical station
A mobile
A mobile serviceservice betweenstations
between aeronautical aeronautical
and aircraft stations and
stations or between
aircraft stations or between
aircraft stations. aircraft stations.
Aircraf
t
Aero- Helicopter Gliders Balloons Airships

planes s
Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere

from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of
the air against the earth’s surface. (Ground features)
‫احنا بنتكلم على الهواء اللى شايل الجناح فوق وبيخش للمحرك مش‬
‫الهواء مثال اللى بيخبط ف تضاريس ويترد تانى‬
Aircraft
Identification
A group of letters, figures or a combination thereof

which is either identical to, or the coded equivalent of,
the aircraft call sign to be used in air-ground
communications, and which is used to identify the
aircraft in ground-ground air traffic services
DR.MOHAMED.ZNU
communications. December 2, 2024 58
Aircraft
Observation
The evaluation of one or more meteorological elements

made from an aircraft in flight.
Aircraft
Proximity
A situation in which, in the opinion of a pilot or ATS

personnel, the distance between aircraft as well as their
relative positions and speed have been such that the
safety of the aircraft involved may have been
compromised. An aircraft proximity is classified as
DR.MOHAMED.ZNU
follows: December 2, 2024 60
AIRPROX
The code word used in an air traffic incident

report to designate aircraft proximity.
1
Risk of
collision
The risk classification of an aircraft proximity in

which serious risk of collision has existed.
2
Safety not
assured
The risk classification of an aircraft proximity in which

the safety of the aircraft may have been compromised.
3
No risk of
collision
The risk classification of an aircraft proximity in which

no risk of collision has existed.
4
Risk not
determined
The risk classification of an aircraft proximity in

which insufficient information was available to
determine the risk involved, or inconclusive or
conflicting evidence precluded such
DR.MOHAMED.ZNU
determination. December 2, 2024 65
Air Taxiing
Ground effect means keep with the nature

of the earth
‫يعنى لو االرض عاليه هتعلى لو‬
‫واطيه هتوطى‬
Movement of a helicopter or VTOL above the surface of an ARD,

normally in ground effect and at a ground speed normally less
Not more than 20kt
than 37 km/h (20 kt).
Air Traffic Control
Instructions
CLERENCE .(MUST)
CLERENCE provided at the first of
INSTRUCTIONS..(SHOULD)
movement aircraft (taxing to ..)
INFORMATIONS
‫طب هيمشى منين وهيعمل ايه دى‬
‫تعليمات‬
‫التعليمات اقل حده من‬
‫التصريحات‬
Directives issued by air traffic control for the purpose of

requiring a pilot to take a specific action.
Air traffic services unit : A generic term meaning variously, air traffic control unit, flight
information Centre or air traffic services reporting office.
Air traffic control unit : A generic term meaning variously, area control Centre, approach control unit
or aerodrome control tower.

Air Traffic Flow
Management
A service established with the objective of contributing

to a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic by
ensuring that ATC capacity is utilized to the maximum
extent possible, and that the traffic volume is compatible
with the capacities declared by the appropriate ATS
DR.MOHAMED.ZNU
authority. December 2, 2024 69
System
A system that provides ATM through the collaborative

integration of humans, information, technology, facilities
and services, supported by air and ground- and/or
space-based communications, navigation and
DR.MOHAMED.ZNU
surveillance. December 2, 2024 70
A,B,D
Air Traffic Services
Airspaces
CLASS G : FIS and alerting

CLASS F : ADVISORY
VFR controlled in B
Airspaces of defined dimensions, alphabetically designated, within

which specific types of flights may operate and for which air traffic
services and rules of operation are specified.
Approach sequence
The order in which two or more aircraft are cleared to

approach to land at the aerodrome.
Area Navigation
Route
An ATS route established for the use of aircraft capable

of employing area navigation.
Automatic dependent surveillance-
Broadcast (ADS-B)
74
Not this
Automatic dependent surveillance-contract

(ADS-C)
A means by which aircraft, aerodrome vehicles and other objects

can automatically transmit and/or receive data such as
identification, position and additional data, as appropriate, in a
DR.MOHAMED.ZNU
broadcast mode via a data link.December 2, 2024
Base Turn
TRANSITION STAGE BETWEEN TRACK AND IT’S OPPOSITE
Before enter the final approach
A turn executed by the aircraft during the initial approach between

the end of the outbound track and begging the inbound track
A turn executed by the aircraft during the initial approach

between the end of the outbound track and the beginning of the
intermediate or final approach track.
Blind Transmission
A transmission from one station to another station in
circumstances where two-way communication cannot be
established but where it is believed that the called
station is able to receive the transmission.
transmiting blind three times
0 % TO 50%
Broadcas
ATIS
t
A transmission of information relating to air navigation
that is not addressed to a specific station or stations.

Ceiling
The height above the ground or water of the base of the

lowest layer of clouds below 6 000 m (20 000 ft) covering
more than half the sky.
Common
point
A point on the surface of the earth common to the tracks

of two aircraft, used as a basis for the application of
separation (e.g. significant point, waypoint, navigation
aid, fix).
SIGNIFICANT POINT
• A specified geographical location used in defining an ATS route or the

flight path of an aircraft and for other navigation and ATS services

Controlled
Aerodrome
FIS : PROVIDED
An aerodrome at which air traffic control service is

provided to ARD traffic.
Cruise
Climb
RATE OF CLIMB
An aero-plane cruising technique resulting in a net

increase in altitude as the aero-plane mass decreases.
Cruising
Level
A level maintained during a significant portion of

a flight.
Dependent Parallel In IMC
Approaches
3 NM
915m
2 NM 2 NM 2 NM
3 NM
Simultaneous approaches to parallel or near-parallel

(15) instrument runways where radar separation
minima between aircraft on adjacent extended runway
center lines are prescribed.
Elevatio
The highest point on the runway
n
Mean sea
level
The vertical distance of a point or a level, on or affixed to
the surface of the earth, measured from mean sea level.
A B
Estimated Elapsed Time

The estimated time required to proceed from one
significant point to another.

Estimated off-block
time
The estimated time at which the aircraft will commence

movement associated with departure.
Estimated Time of
Arrival
For VFR
Flights
Time
The time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will

arrive over the aerodrome . not ground
Estimated Time of
Arrival
For IFR
Flights
Time
The time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will

arrive over that designated point, defined by reference
to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an
instrument approach procedure will be commenced.
Estimated Time of
Arrival
Time
if no navigation aid is associated with the aerodrome, the

time at which the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome.

END OF definitions PART I
Prepared by
Dr. mohamed mofeed

Part Two
Air Traffic Management (ATM)
Definitions.2
DR/YOUSRY BAIONI .. ZNU December 2, 2024 91

Expected Approach Time
Calculated by approach
Transmitted by area control
put the aircraft on the fix to do hold area control
Outbound
Fix Inbound
Pull the aircraft from the least one : approach
The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay
will leave the holding fix to complete its approach for a landing.

Final Approach
Fix - Point
That part of an instrument approach procedure which commences

at the specified final approach fix or point.

180
at the end of the last procedure turn, base turn or inbound turn of a
racetrack procedure, if specified; or

at the point of interception of the last track specified in the approach
procedure; and ends at a point in the vicinity of an ARD from which:
1. a landing can be made.
2. a missed approach procedure is initiated.

Flight Crew Member
A licensed crew member charged with duties essential to

the operation of an aircraft during a flight duty period.
Flight Visibility
The visibility forward from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight

Ground Visibility
The visibility at an ARD as reported by an accredited observer or by

automatic systems.
Holding Fix
All turns to the right except otherwise instructed
fix Outbound
Assistant navigation
Geographical location
Fix Inbound
A geographical location that serves as a reference for a holding

procedures.

Holding Procedures
Outbound
Fix Inbound
A predetermined maneuver which keeps an aircraft within a

specified airspace while awaiting further clearance.
Hot Spot
A location on an ARD movement area with a history or potential risk

of collision or RWY incursion, and where heightened attention by
pilots/drivers is necessary.
Human Performance
Human capabilities and limitations which have an impact on the

safety and efficiency of aeronautical.
IFR
The symbol used to designate the instrument flight rules.

IFR Flight
A flight conducted according to instrument flight rules.

IMC
The symbol used to designate instrument MET conditions.

Incident
An occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation

of an aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operation.
Independent parallel approaches IMC
2 controller in dependent and independent

1035m
Simultaneous approaches to parallel or near-parallel instrument

runways where radar separation minima between aircraft on
adjacent extended runway center lines are not prescribed.
Independent parallel departures
Simultaneous departures from parallel or near-parallel instrument

RWYs.
Instrument Meteorological conditions
MET conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from

clouds and ceiling less than the minima specified for (VMC).
Location Indicator
HECA HECC
Cairo airport Cairo FIR
HECAYOYX
Cairo AFTN
A-four letter code group formulated in accordance with rules

prescribed by ICAO and assigned to the location of an aeronautical
fixed station.
Minimum Fuel
This risk from the

PIC
The term used to describe a situation in which an aircraft’s fuel

supply has reached a state where the flight is committed to land at a
specific aerodrome and no additional delay can be accepted.
Missed Approach Procedures
GO AROUND
The procedures to be followed if the approach cannot be continued.

Normal operating zone (NOZ)
NOZ
At least 1035m NTZ

Or more
NOZ
Airspace of defined dimensions extending to either side of an ILS localizer

course and/or MLS final approach track.
Only the inner half of the normal operating zone is taken into account in
independent parallel approaches.
No transgression zone (NTZ)
NOZ
1035m NTZ
NOZ
A corridor of airspace of defined dimensions located centrally between the two

extended RWY centerlines, where a penetration by an aircraft requires a
controller intervention to maneuver any threatened aircraft on the adjacent app.

Procedure turn
d
i n b ou n
outbound
A maneuver in which a turn is made away from a designated track followed by

a turn in the opposite direction to permit the aircraft to intercept and proceed
along the reciprocal of the designated track.

Procedural Control
Term used to indicate that information derived from an ATS

surveillance system is not required for the provision of air traffic
control service.
Reporting Point
A specified geographical location in relation to which the position of

an aircraft can be reported.
Runway holding position
A designated position intended to protect a RWY, an obstacle

limitation surface or an ILS/MLS critical/sensitive area at which
taxiing aircraft and vehicles shall stop and hold, unless otherwise
authorized by the ARD control TWR.
Runway incursion
Any occurrence at an ARD involving the incorrect presence of

an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface
designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft.
Segregated parallel operations
Simultaneous operations on parallel or near-parallel instrument

RWYs in which one runway is used exclusively for approaches and
the other runway is used exclusively for departures.
Total estimated elapsed time
For IFR flights, the estimated time required from take-off to arrive over that
designated point, defined by reference to NAV aids, from which it is intended
that an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if no NAV aid is
associated with the destination ARD, to arrive over the destination ARD. For
VFR flights, the estimated time required from take-off to arrive over the
destination ARD.

Traffic Avoidance Advice
Advice provided by an air traffic services unit specifying maneuvers to assist a

pilot to avoid a collision.
Traffic Information
Information issued by an air traffic services unit to alert a pilot to

other known or observed air traffic which may be in proximity to the
position or intended route of flight and to help the pilot avoid
collision.
Transfer of control point
A defined point located along the flight path of an aircraft, at which the
responsibility for providing air traffic control service to the aircraft is
transferred from one control unit or control position to the next.
Vectoring
Click to listen
Provision of navigational guidance to aircraft in the form of specific

headings, based on the use of an ATS surveillance system.
END OF definitions PART II
Prepared by Dr. YOUSRY Baioni

‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬
DR.YOUSRY BASIOUNY December 2, 2024 127

Air Traffic Management Doc 4444
General Provisions for ATS part I

Responsibility for the provision of ATC service

Shall be Provided by:
S e r v ic e
C o nt r o l
Ar e a

a) Area control center [ACC]
b) The unit providing approach control service in a control zone or in a control area
which is designated primarily for the provision of approach control service, when
no ACC is established.
Approach control service may be provided by:

a. The ARD control TWR or ACC
when it is necessary or desirable to combine under the responsibility of one unit.

a) The approach control unit when it is necessary or desirable to
establish a separate unit.
ARD Control Service shall be provided by ARD control
by ARD controlTWR
TWR only

Alerting services are available by all the unit and FIC at controlled and uncontrolled
Flight information services provided by FIC and all the unit at controlled and uncontrolled
The provision of Flight information service and alerting

service

Within FIR BY FIC

a) unless the responsibility for providing such services is assigned to an ATC unit
having adequate facilities.

ACC
TWR APP
b) Within controlled airspace and at controlled ARDs by the relevant air traffic
control units
Division of responsibility for control
between ATC units
ARD Control Tower

APP Control unit
Area Control Center

Not appropriate authority
Not appropriate state authority
But appropriate ATS authority
The appropriate ATS authority shall designate the area of responsibility for each
ATC unit also for individual control sectors within an ATC unit.

11000 f
30-50 Nautical
mile
APP APP
TWR
Control Zone
Between the ARD control TWR & the unit providing

APP control service
Training or local operations or take off and land will be provided by
tower only
Except for flights which are provided with ARD control

service only (local operations)
Arriving
aircraft
Arriving aircraft shall be transferred from the unit

providing approach control service to ARD control tower
DR.YOUSRY BASIOUNY
when the aircraft: December 2, 2024 146
a) Is in the vicinity of the
aerodrome and
1- It is considered that approach and landing will be

completed
in visual reference to ground
2- Has reached uninterrupted VMC
interrupted
VMC
uninterrupted
VMC

b) Is at a prescribed point or
level
According to agreement or ATS

instructions.
A300-600 BELUGA
c) Has landed in IMC

Transfer of Comm. to the ARD controller should be at a
point, level or time that clearance to land or alternative
instructions as well as information on essential local
traffic, can be issued in a timely manner.
Some times
ARD
control ACC
tower
Note:Even though there is an APP control unit, control of

certain flights may be transferred directly from an ACC to
an ARD control TWR and vice versa, by prior
arrangements between the units concerned.
*In this case APP control service shall be provided by the ACC or
the ARD control tower, as applicable.
Departing
aircraft
Approach
control
Shall be transferred from the ARD control tower to the

unit providing approach control service.

When VMC prevail in the vicinity of the
aerodrome

VMC prevails
APP control unit APP control unit
Not before
1) Prior to the aircraft leaves the vicinity of the

ARD.
APP control unit APP control unit
2) Prior to the aircraft entering IMC

Approach
control
3) When the aircraft is at a prescribed point

or level or ATS unit
*As specified in agreement
instructions.
When IMC prevail at the
aerodrome
1) Immediately after the aircraft is
airborne

160
When IMC prevail at the

aerodrome
DR.YOUSRY BASIOUNY December 2, 2024

Approach
control
2) When the aircraft is at a prescribed point

*As specifiedor level or ATS unit
in agreement
instructions.

Between a unit providing approach control service
4.3.3
and a unit providing area control service
Approach control unit
Area control center

4.3.3.1 When
4.3.3.1 area control service and approach control
service are not provided by the same ATC unit.
ACC
Approach
control
Responsibility for controlled flights shall rest with the

4.3.3.1
unit providing area control service except that a unit
providing approach control service shall be responsible for
the control of:
ACC
ACC Control zone ACC
APP control unit

a) Arriving aircraft that b) Departing aircraft until
have been released to such aircraft is released to
it by ACC. the ACC.
ACC
4.3.4Between two units providing area control
service
The responsibility for the control of aircraft shall be transferred at
the time of crossing the control area boundary or such other point,
level or time as has been agreed between the two units.
ACC alpha
ACC bravo

4.3.5 Between control sectors, positions within the
same ATC unit
Sector C Sector A
Sector B
Sector-C Sector-B Sector-A

END of General I
Prepared by
Dr. Yousry Basiouny

Air Traffic Management Doc 4444
DR.YOUSRY BASIOUNY 12/02/2024 169
General provisions for ATS part II

4.5 ATC clearances
Control ‫اى حاجه بيعملها ال‬

Called ATC
Clarence
‫ على وقائع مسجله امامه‬Clarence ‫بيدى‬

100% ‫بنسبه‬
4.5.1.1 Clearances are issued only for expediting and separating air traffic and are
based on known traffic conditions.
Traffic conditions include not only aircraft in the air and on the maneuvering area
but also any vehicular traffic or other obstructions on the maneuvering area in-use.

Decide if the clearance is not suitable : pilot in command
But who is request an amended clearance : any one in the flight
crew
‫المسؤل عن سالمه‬
‫الطائره وبيقعد على‬
‫الكرسى الشمال‬
If an ATC clearance is not suitable for the pilot-in-command of an aircraft, the
flight crew may request an amended clearance.
4.5.1.3 ATC clearance constitutes authority for an aircraft to proceed only in so far as
known air traffic is concerned (True)
Runway Incursion
ATC clearances do not constitute authority to violate any applicable regulations for
promoting the safety of flight operations or for any other purpose (true)

4.5.1.4 ATC clearances are necessary to prevent collisions and to expedite
and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic.
ATC clearances must be issued early enough to ensure that they are
transmitted to the aircraft in sufficient time for it to comply (true)

ATC for part of flight
Controlled airspace
Uncontrolled airspace
Concerned ATC unit
When a flight plan specifies that the initial portion of a flight will be
4.5.2.1
uncontrolled and the subsequent portion will be subject to ATC, the a/c shall be
advised to obtain its clearance from the concerned ATC unit.

flight plan may be submitted during flight before entering
controlled airspace at least 10 minuets to request ATC
clearance and then (hold) after (ROJER)
Advisory services not hold but he will enter controlled
airspace intermediately after (ROJER)

He will say only on
the red point ‫ملوش سلطه غير اللى فى‬
(continue to ‫المنطقه الخضراء‬
distention have a nice
day)
ATC clearance
Controlled airspace
Uncontrolled airspace
Concerned ATC unit
4.5.2.2 When the first portion will be subject to ATC and the subsequent portion will
be uncontrolled, the air craft shall be clear to the point at which the controlled flight
terminates
4.5.3 Flights through intermediate stops
Request new clearance at the next
point
Third
The initial clearance limit

first
second
4.5.3.1 When an aircraft files a FPLs for the various stages of flight through
intermediate stops, the initial clearance limit will be the first destination ARD and
new clearances shall be issued for each subsequent portion of flight.

Control Area A ControlB Area B
Co-ordination
4.5.3.3 By
4.5.3.3 By prior
prior arrangement
arrangement between
between ATC
ATC units
units and
and the
the operators,
operators, aircraft
aircraft operating
operating
on
on an
an established
established scheduled
scheduled andand the
the route
route of
of flight
flight is
is through
through more
more than
than one
one
control
control area,
area, itit may
may be
be cleared
cleared through
through intermediate
intermediate stops
stops within
within other
other control
control area
area
but
but only
only after
after coordination
coordination between
between the the ACCs
ACCs concerned.
concerned.
4.5.5 Contents of clearances
Not
detail
4.5.4.1 Clearances shall contain positive and concise data and
shall be phrased in a standard manner.
‫بعد اما الطيار يعمل خطه طيران بتتبعت لكل الوحدات‬
 issued ATC clearance : area control center

 Say clearance to the PIC : tower
 Take clearance from area : approach
4.5.5 ACC,s shall forward a clearance to APP control units or ARD control
towers with the least possible delay after receipt of request made by these
units, or prior to such request.
En-route aircraft
4.5.6.1.1 An ATC unit may request an adjacent ATC unit to clear aircraft to a
specified point during a specified period.
4.5.6.2 Clearances relating to supersonic flight
Aircraft intending supersonic flight shall, whenever practicable, be cleared for the
transonic acceleration phase prior to departure.

During transonic & supersonic phases , amendments to a CL should
4.5.6.2.2
be kept to a minima and must take into account operational limits of the a/c
in these phases.
Speed Control Instructions

4.6.1.1 In order to facilitate a safe and orderly flow of traffic, an aircraft may
be instructed to adjust speed (true)
Flight Crews should be given adequate notice of planned speed control.
Hold always
(right)
4.6.1.2 Speed control shall not be applied to aircraft

4.6.1.2 entering or in a
holding pattern.

Instructions involving frequent changes of speed, including alternate speed
increases and decreases, should be avoided (true)
4.6.1.3 Speed adjustments should be limited to those necessary to establish and/or

maintain a desired separation minimum or spacing.

The flight crew shall inform the ATC unit if at any time they are unable to
4.6.1.4
comply with speed instructions, the controller shall apply an alternative method to
achieve the desired spacing.
4.6.1.5 At levels at or above FL250 speed adjustment should be expressed in multiples
of 0.01 Mach.
Multiples of 0.01 Mach

FL250
Multiples of 10 knots
‫ مثال يعنى مينفعش‬5 ‫مفيش‬

280 ‫ ولكن يقول مثال‬285
At levels below FL250 speed adjustment should be expressed in multiples of 10

knots based on indicated air speed (IAS).

Mach 0.01 = approximately 11 km/h (6kt) IAS at higher FLs
4.6.1.6 Aircraft shall be advised when a speed control restriction is no
longer required.
Note 2: In case of heavy loaded aircraft at a high level, its ability to change speed may,
in cases, be very limited.

Reduce Increase
-
in order to establish desired spacing between two or more successive aircraft,

4.6.2.1
the controller should either reduce the speed of the last aircraft, or increase the
speed of the lead aircraft, then adjust the speeds of the other a/c in order.

The true airspeed (TAS) of an aircraft will increase during ascent when maintaining a constant
IAS.
Note: The true airspeed (TAS) of an aircraft will decrease during descent when
maintaining a constant IAS.
At levels below FL 80 the difference between IAS and TAS is
negligible for speed control purposes.
Land at the aerodrome and walk large distance than the
red aircraft
When two descending aircraft maintain the same IAS, and the leading aircraft is at
the lower level , the TAS of the leading aircraft will be lower than that of the
following aircraft.
The distance between the two aircraft will thus be reduced, unless a sufficient
speed differential is applied.
Time and distance required to achieve a desired spacing will increase with
higher levels, higher speeds, and when the aircraft is in a clean configuration
(VMC)

Descending and arriving aircraft
4.6.3.2 An arriving aircraft may be instructed to maintain a specified speed.

A Minimum clean speed is the minimum speed at which an a/c can be
a. Maximum speed. flown in a clean configuration (without deployment of lift-
augmentation devices, speed brakes or landing gear).
a. Minimum speed.
c. Minimum clean speed.

LEADING
Min rate of climb MORE THAN = 250 MIN SPEED = 250 OR MORE
FORWARD
MAX SPEED = 250 NOT MORE THAN = 250 OR LESS max rate of climb

4.6.3.3 Speed reduction to less than 250knots IAS for turbojet aircraft during initial
descent from cruising level should be applied only with the
concurrence/agreement of the flight crew.
‫ فى السرعه‬5 ‫مفيش‬
4.6.3.5Speed
4.6.3.5 Speed reduction
reduction for
for turbojet
turbojet a/c
a/c to
to not
not less
less than/at
than/at least
least 220
220 knots
knots ((very
veryclose
closeto
to the
the
minimum
minimumspeed
speed of
of turbojet a/c) may
turbojet a/c) may be
be used.
used.
230.240 ‫مثال‬
Reducing
speed
4.6.3.4Instructions
4.6.3.4 Instructions for
for an
an aircraft
aircraft to
to maintain
maintain aa high
high rate
rate of
of descent
descent and
and reduce
reduce its
its
speed
speed atat the
the same
same time
time should
should be be avoided,
avoided, because
because itit requires
requires the
the aircraft
aircraft to
to
temporarily
temporarily level
level off
off to
to reduce
reduce speed
speed before
before continuing
continuing descent.
descent.
Straight and
level

4.6.3.6 Minor speed reduction not exceeding plus/minus 20 knots IAS should be used
for a/c on intermediate/initial and final approach.
4.6.3.7Speed
4.6.3.7 Speed control
control should
should not
not be
be applied
applied to
to aircraft
aircraft after
after passing
passing aa point
point 44 nm
nm
from
from the
the threshold
threshold (runway)
(runway) on
on final
final approach.
approach.
Mustn’t say “speed control”

Vertical speed control
4.7.1.1An
4.7.1.1 An aircraft
aircraft may
may be
be instructed
instructed to
to adjust
adjust rate
rate of
of climb
climb or
or rate
rate of
of descent.
descent.
Vertical speed control may be applied between two climbing or descending aircraft
in order to maintain a specific vertical separation minimum.

4.7.1.2 Vertical Speed Control shall not be applied between aircraft entering or in a
holding pattern.

4.7.1.4 The
flight crew shall inform the ATC unit concerned if unable at any time to
comply with the given rate of climb or descent. The
controller shall apply an alternative method.
4.7.1.5 Aircraft shall be advised when a rate of climb/descent restriction
is no longer required.
4.7.2.1 An a/c may be instructed to expedite climb or descent, or may be instructed to
reduce its rate of climb or descent.
4.7.2.2 Climbing aircraft may be instructed to maintain a rate of climb equal to or

(greater- less) than a specified value.

4.7.2.3 Descending a/c may be instructed to maintain a rate of descent equal ,greater
or less than a specified value.
4.7.2.4 The
controller should ascertain to which levels climbing aircraft can sustain a
specified rate of climb or the specified rate of descent which can be sustained.
An alternative method of separation shall be applied.

END OF General II
Prepared by
Dr. Yousry Basiouny

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Part Two

Air Traffic Management

DR.MOHAMED.ZNU December 2, 2024 1

DR:MOHAMED.ZNU December 2, 2024 2

In 1920, Croydon Airport , London (UK), was the first

It was commissioned on February 25, 1920 and provided

The Third Edition of the (PANS-ATC) was prepared in 1947

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Flight information services

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ATAS All time

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Runway Stop Way

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Area Control Center - ACC

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL UNITS: (ATCU)

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At very busy aerodrome

A specified altitude or height in a 3D instrument approach operation at

DR:MOHAMED.ZNU December 2, 2024 23

Dead reckoning is navigation solely by means of

The European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) is an intergovernmental

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instrumented RVR (IRVR) systems are used to provide an

DR:MOHAMED.ZNU December 2, 2024 33

Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW) is the highest weight

This symbol denotes an

A non-directional beacon (NDB) is a radio beacon operating in the

DR:MOHAMED.ZNU December 2, 2024 36

It will consist of the height of the obstacle plus the

DR:MOHAMED.ZNU December 2, 2024 37

Height of the highest obstacle or the highest

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A control area normally

Terminal maneuvering area : approach

DR:MOHAMED.ZNU December 2, 2024 42

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Air Traffic Management

DR.MOHAMED.ZNU December 2, 2024 48

A defined area on land or water (including any buildings,

Aerodrome traffic circuit consists of 5 legs

Runway between upwind leg and final leg or

DR.MOHAMED.ZNU December 2, 2024 50

The specified path to be flown by aircraft operating in