BXE PBL Opam-Diff.

PROJECT ON
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AS DIFFERENTIATOR
GROUP MEMBERS
Roll Name of Student

No.
14054 Malhar Diwan
14066 Sarvesh Tikkas
14073 Amogh Kelkar
14052 Ashish Taralkar
14061 Suraj Rawte
INTRODUCTION
1.What is an amplifier?
 it is an electronic circuit which increases the strength of the given weak input signal.
 the process of increasing the strength of weak signals is called as amplification and the circuit used for
that is called as amplifier.
2.What is operational amplifier?

 it is an electronic circuit which performs the operations such as addition, subtraction, integration,
differentiation, inversion etc. hence it is called as operational amplifier.

 The op-amp is generally used to amplify DC signals as well as AC signals. The basic building block of
operational amplifier is differential amplifier.

 As shown in the above figure it has two inputs that is inverting input (Pin2) given to the
inverting terminal and non-inverting input (Pin3) is given to the non-inverting terminal of op-
amp. The output is taken out from Pin6 and
 +Vcc is given to the Pin 7 and –Vee is given to the Pin 4.

Pin diagram of op-amp (ic 741)
PIN 5: OFFSET NULL

PIN 1- OFFSET NULL
PIN 6: OUTPUT
PIN 2- INVERTING INPUT
PIN 7- POSITIVE VOLTAGE SUPPLY
PIN 3- NON-INVERTING INPUT
PIN 8- NOT CONNECTED
PIN 4- NEGATIVE VOLTAGE SUPPLY
The op-amp ic we are going to discuss here is ic 741. it is an 8 pin ic. The pin configuration is given above
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OP-
AMP
An ideal op-amp has the following characteristics :
1. An infinite open-loop voltage gain.
2. Infinite input impedance
3. Zero output impedance
4. Infinite common mode rejection ratio
5. Infinite bandwidth
6. Zero offset voltage
however, real op-amps have characteristics a little deviated from
what has been stated above.
FEEDBA
CK
 What is feedback?
- The process of feeding back part(sample) of output and combining it
with input.
- In case of op-amp we have two input. So when the feedback is given to

the non-inverting terminal(+) of the op-amp then it is called as positive
feedback.
- When it is given to the inverting terminal(-) it is called as negative

feedback.
Why we need feedback?
 Open loop gain of op-amp is very high, so only smaller signals will be amplified
without clipping
Problems:
1.Susceptible to noise
2.its very difficult to obtain such signals in labs
 Open loop gain is not constant it varies with changes in temperature and power
supply.
 Open loop op-amps have very low bandwidth as gain is very high and hence they are
also unsuitable for ac applications.
Applications of operational amplifier
They are mainly categorized into two types:
A) linear applications B) non-linear applications
1. inverting operational amplifier 1. Op-amp integrator

2.non-inverting op-amp 2. Op-amp differentiator
3.Op-amp as adder/summing 3. Op-amp comparator
amplifier
4.Op-amp subtracter 4. Op-amp Schmitt trigger
5.Op-amp inverter
6.Op-amp buffer
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF OPAM AS
DIFFERENTIATOR
Figure shows the circuit diagram of Differentiator. A Differentiator is formed or constructed simply by replacing an input resistor R f with a
capacitor C as shown in figure. The input to the differentiator is given to the inverting terminal through an input capacitor C and non
inverting input is grounded. Let Ic be the current flowing through capacitor C and R f be the feedback loop, while If be the current flowing
through the Rf, V0 be the output voltage.
From figure and according to the Kirchhoff’s Current law we have, Ic = If

…………(1)
But, Ic = Vin - Vi and
impedence of C
If = Vi - V0
Rf
As we know that, Ic = Vin - Vi = dq ……………(2)
imp. Of C dt
And as we know when capacitor charges, then q is charge deposited, V is the potential difference or voltage and C is the capacitance then we have
relation as
V = q/C or q =C ……………….(3)
Put value of q in equation (3) and differentiate W.R.T. time we get,

Ic = dCVin / dt …………….(4)
Put Vin = 0, by the concept of virtual ground, in the value of If we get
If = -V0 / Rf ……………..(5)
From Equation (4) and (5) we get,
V0 = - Rf C dVin / dt …………(6)
This equation (6) gives equation for output voltage of differentiator. If Rf = 1m Ω and C = 1 µ then RfC = 1, equation (6) becomes,
V0 = - dVin / dt ..………..(7)
From first Assumption we will not able to flow the terminal of OP-AMP. So, when current is produced through Vin, let us
say(1) will not flow from 1st terminal but will flow from second terminal
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
CONCLUSIO
N
 Op-amp is very useful for mathematical operation and in our circuit we
can conclude that
 If input to the differentiator is sine wave, the output is cosine wave.
 If the input is square wave then the output is spikes.
 Negative sign indicates that there is a phase change of 180 degrees.
 If the input is DC wave then the output is linear with the input for
sometime, but after a point it goes to saturation.

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PROJECT ON

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AS DIFFERENTIATOR

Roll Name of Student

2.What is operational amplifier?

differentiation, inversion etc. hence it is called as operational amplifier.

operational amplifier is differential amplifier.

 +Vcc is given to the Pin 7 and –Vee is given to the Pin 4.

PIN 5: OFFSET NULL

- In case of op-amp we have two input. So when the feedback is given to

- When it is given to the inverting terminal(-) it is called as negative

A) linear applications B) non-linear applications

1. inverting operational amplifier 1. Op-amp integrator

From figure and according to the Kirchhoff’s Current law we have, Ic = If

Put value of q in equation (3) and differentiate W.R.T. time we get,

Put Vin = 0, by the concept of virtual ground, in the value of If we get

From Equation (4) and (5) we get,

sometime, but after a point it goes to saturation.

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