Freedom Struggle

FREEDOM STRUGGLE OF INDIA
The freedom struggle is an important chapter in

India's history. It is marked by years of courage,
sacrifice and struggle against colonialism.
It began with the Revolt of 1857(Sepoy Mutiny).
It ended with India's independence from British
rule on August 15, 1947.
Important national movements in India from 1857 to
1947 are listed below.
• Revolt of 1857; Sepoy Mutiny or The first war of
Independence
• Champaran Satyagraha
• Kheda satyagraha
• Rowlatt Act
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• Foundation Of Indian National Congress
• Non-Cooperation Movement
• Civil Disobedience Movement
• Quit India Movement
• Independence Of India
• Revolt of 1857 (Sepoy Mutiny)
• The Revolt of 1857, also known as India's First War of
Independence or the first freedom movement in India, took
place on May 10, 1857. It occurred in various locations,
including Meerut, Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow.
• Causes
• Introduction of ‘Enfield’s rifle and rumor spread that its
cartridge was greased with pig & cow fat.
• Introduction of land revenue policies by the British East
India Company.
• Inefficient and Ineffective administration of the British East
India Company
• Introduction of Doctrine of Lapse by Lord Dalhousie
• Introduction of the Religious Disabilities Act to modify
Hindu customs
• Key Personalities
• Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, Rani Laxmi Bai, Bahadur
Shah Zafar, and Mangal Pandey, Man Singh, and
Kunwar Singh.
• Outcome
• The 1857 revolt failed because of the lack of
participation of the local masses and no central
leadership.
• Many Indian rulers, such as Maharaja of Kashmir
and Holkar of Indore Sindhia of Gwalior did not
join the 1857 revolt.
Swadeshi Movement
• The Swadeshi Movement was a socio-political movement that
began in India in the early 20th century in Kolkata.
• Date/Year
• August 7, 1905
• Causes
• Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon
• Lack of political power with Indians
• Impact
• Self-reliance or Atma Shakti asserting pride, honor, and
confidence in one's country.
• People learned how to oppose and disobey the British
government.
• Key Personalities
• Dadabhai Naoroji, Bal Gangadhar Tilak,
Ganesh Vyankatesh Joshi, Gopal Krishna
Gokhale, and Mahadev Govind Ranade,
• Outcome
• Revival of the Indian Cottage Industry
• Establishments of Swadeshi textile mills and
soap factories.
• Rise of nationalism
Champaran Satyagraha
• The Champaran Satyagraha was a civil
disobedience movement. It was led by
Mahatma Gandhi in the Champaran district of
Bihar, India, in 1917.
• Objective: First satyagraha led by Mahatma
Gandhi.
• Causes: Under British rule, farmers were
compelled to grow indigo on their property.
• Key Personalities: Mahatma Gandhi
• Outcome: Champaran Agrarian Act 1918 was
signed by the Governor General of India
Kheda Satyagraha
• The Kheda Satyagraha was a non-violent civil
disobedience movement. It was led by
Mahatma Gandhi in the Kheda district of
Gujarat, India, in 1918.
• Causes: Farmers protested against the
collection of taxes in the wake of the famine
• Outcome: British suspended the tax for two
years ( current and next year).
Rowlatt Act
• The Imperial Legislative Council passed Rowlatt
Act to counter the militant nationalist upsurge. It
was also known as the Anarchical and
Revolutionary Crimes Act.
• Date/Year: 1919
• Objective: To allow the British Government to Jail
any suspected terrorist activities without trial.
• Founder: Rowlatt Committee, Sir Sydney Rowlatt.
• Outcome: Due to protests and following
Jalliawala Bagh Massacre, it was repealed in
1922
Jalliawala Bagh Massacre
• The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, also known as
the Amritsar Massacre, was tragic on April 13,
1919. It occurred in the Jallianwala Bagh
public garden in Amritsar, Punjab, India.
• Causes: To protest against Rowlatt Act
• Key Personalities: British General Reginald
Dyer, who ordered shot fire.
• Outcome: This massacre led to unrest in India
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
On 28 December 1885, the Indian National
Congress was founded at Gokuldas Tejpal
Sanskrit College in Bombay, with 72 delegates in
attendance. Allan Octavian Hume assumed
office as the General Secretary, and Womesh
Chunder Bannerjee of Calcutta was elected
president.
Between 1885 and 1905, the Indian National
Congress passed several resolutions in its annual
sessions. Through the resolutions, the humble
demands made by Congress included civil rights,
administrative, constitutional and economic
policies
• Non-Cooperation Movement
• The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant
civil disobedience movement. It was launched by the
Indian National Congress under the leadership of
Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 to achieve India's
independence from British colonial rule.
• Objective
• To oppose British rule and get complete
independence in India.
• Causes
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and Resulted in Punjab
Disturbance
• Dissatisfaction with Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
• Economic hardships due to World War I
Civil Disobedience Movement
• The Civil Disobedience Movement was a nonviolent
campaign of civil disobedience and non-cooperation.
It was launched by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian
National Congress in 1930.
• Location: Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, Gujarat
• Objective: To protest about tax against the British salt
monopoly
• Key Personalities: Mahatma Gandhi, Sarojini Naidu, C
Rajagopalachari
• Outcome: It became a mass satyagraha and created
awareness among people.
• Quit India Movement
• The Quit India Movement was a mass civil
disobedience movement. It was launched by
Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress
in 1942, demanding an end to British colonial rule
in India.
• Location: UP, Bihar, Midnapore, Karnataka,
Maharashtra
• Objective: To end British rule in India
• Outcome: INC was declared an unauthorized
organization and mass participation of people in a
positive way.
Independence of India
On 3 June 1947, Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the
last British Governor-General of India, announced
the partitioning of British India into India and
Pakistan. With the speedy passage of the
Indian Independence Act 1947, at 11:57 on
14 August 1947 Pakistan was declared a separate
nation. Then at 12:02 A.M., on 15 August 1947
India became a sovereign and democratic nation.
Eventually, 15 August became Independence Day
for India marking the end of British India.

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FREEDOM STRUGGLE OF INDIA

The freedom struggle is an important chapter in

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