Government Junior College for Girls, High school Section,

Channapatna Town, Ramanagaram District.

10th Standard
SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES (2022-23)
(English Medium-Revised Syllabus)

PART-2

VENUGOPAL
Teacher in Social science
9980533699

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 HISTORY

CHAPTER-17
FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857)
1. What were the causes for 1857 revolt?
• Political causes
• Economic causes
• Administrative causes
• Military causes
• Immediate causes
2. How were the economic policies resulted in the mutiny of 1857? Explain
• Indian handicrafts and industries diminished
• The Indian artisans become unemployed
• British levied heavy tax on the Indian goods
• The farmers were exploited by the Zamindars
• Inam lands are withdrawn by the Inam Commission
• British looted the Indian natural resources
3. What were the issues that outraged the religious feelings of the soldiers?
OR
The condition of Indian soldiers in the British army was very pathetic. Justify?
(March-2019)
• The soldiers forced to overseas service
• They also forced to use the new ‘Royal Enfield’ guns which the bullet was
smeared with the fat of Pig and Cow
• They also lost good status
• They cannot get good salary
• They cannot get promotions in army
• They worked has cooli soldiers in army.
4. What were the immediate causes for the first war of Indian independence?
A rumor spread among the soldiers that the bullets used in the ‘Royal Enfield’ guns
were smeared with the fat of Cow and Pigs, these were blasphemous for Muslims and
Hindus. Because of this cause the first war of Indian independence was started.
5. What are the political and economic causes of 1857 revolt?
Political Causes:
• Doctrine of Lapse policy
• Dalhousie abolished the kingships of Tanjavore and Carnatic Nawabs
• The British dethroned the Mughal kings
Economic Causes:
• Indian handicrafts and industries diminished.
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 • The Indian artisans become unemployed.
• British levied heavy tax on Indian goods.
6. What were the results of ‘Doctrine of Lapse?
• Many Indian kings lose their kingdoms
• Satara, Jaipur become the part of British empire
• Jhansi and Udaipur also become the part of British empire
• Dalhousie abolished the kingships of Tanjore and Carnatic Nawabs
• The British dethroned the Mughal kings
• It leads to 1857 revolt
7. What are the political causes of 1857 revolt?
• Many Indian kings lose their kingdoms
• Satara, Jaipur become the part of British empire
• Jhansi and Udaipur also become the part of British empire
• Dalhousie abolished the kingships of Tanjavore and Carnatic Nawabs
• The British dethroned the Mughal kings
• It leads to 1857 revolt
8. What are the administrative reasons of 1857 revolt?
• The criminal and civil laws of British
• Partiality by British
• English became a language of court
• The English judges gave judgments in favor of the British
• People did not like the new laws.
9. List out the reasons that led to the failure of the mutiny of 1857
The reasons for the failure of 1857 mutiny are
• The revolt did not spread to the whole country
• There was lack of strategy, expertise among soldiers
• Lack of discipline.
• Lack of arms among the Indian soldiers
• Unity among British forces.
• Many Indian kings extended their loyalties to the British
• Lack of leadership among soldiers.
10.Explain the Queen’s declarations of 1858
In 1858 the Queen of England made an announcement. This is known as India’s
“Magna Carta”. It includes
• The agreements made by East India company with the kings were accepted
• Ambitious expansion plan had to be given up
• A stable government had to be provided to India
• There would be equality under law
• Non pursuance of regional expansion
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 • Not interference in the religious matters of Indians
11.What are the effects of 1857 revolt?
• It put an end to administration of East India company in India
• In 1858 Queen Victoria proclamations are came into force
• This revolt gives new route to upcoming Indian freedom struggle
• The doctrine of laps principle has been withdrawn by Queen
• British decided to involve Indians in administration
• Patriotism was recharged the upcoming struggles

CHAPTER-18
FREEDOM STRUGGLE

I One-mark questions and answers

1. Describe the theory of wealth drain.
The theory which explains the transfer of Indian wealth to England is known as theory
of wealth drain
1. When did the Indian National Congress was established?
The Indian National Congress was established in the year 1885
2. Who founded the Indian National Congress?
A.O. Hume
3. Who is the First president of the Indian National congress?
W. C. Banerjee
4. When did Muslim league founded?
1906
5. Who introduced the Vernacular press act?
Lord Litton
6. Who presents the “Drain Theory”?
Dadabhai Nooroji.
7. Who were called as ‘political beggars’ by radicals?
Moderates
8. What do you mean by Radicals?
The group congressmen who criticized the soft stance of moderates are called as
Radicals
9. Who implemented the Bengal division?
Lord Curzon
10.List out moderates’ leaders
M.G. Ranade, Surendranath Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopalkrishna Gokhale
were prominent.
11.List out the revolutionary organizations?
Abhinav Bharath, Anusheela Samiti, Gadha, Lotus and Dragger

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 12.Name the revolutionaries in the freedom movement?
V.D. Savarkar, Aurobindo Ghosh, Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekar Azad were
prominent revolutionary leaders.
13.Name the famous non-Congress leader who came to light in the time of the Quit
India Movement?
Jayaprakash Narayan
II Answer the following questions
14.Which were the organizations in India before the establishment of the Indian
National Congress?
The Hindu Mela', The East India Association', 'Poona Sarvajanik Sabha' and 'The
Indian Association' were the organizations in India before the establishment of the
Indian National Congress
15.What were the demands put forward by moderates to the British?
• The moderates trusted the British administration and their impartiality.
• They used to place their requests and appeals before the government within the
constitutional framework.
• The moderates taught people about political situations.
• They conducted meetings, discussed problems and placed before the
government
• They demand for development of industries, reduction of military expenses,
• They demand for improvement in education.
16.Explain the role of Balagangadhar Tilak in the freedom struggle.
OR
How did Radicals further intensify the Indian Freedom Struggle? (June-2020)
• Tilak is a famous Radicals leader
• Tilak declared: "Swaraj is my birthright and I will get it at any cost".
• He started preparing the common people for freedom struggle through Ganesh
Chaturthi and Shivaji Jayanthi
• Tilak utilized his 'Kesari' and 'Maratha' newspapers for spreading awareness
among people
• They opposed the partition of Bengal
• He started home rule movement
• He also leaded the ‘Swadeshi movement’
• He joined hand with Lala-Lajpat Roy and Bipin Chandra pal (Lal-Bal-Pal)
• Sacrifice his life for Indian freedom
17.What were the reasons for withdrew of the partition of Bengal?
• Explosive Protest from Indians
• Swadeshi movement
• Ban of European goods from Indians
18.What are the contributions of revolutionaries in Indian freedom struggle?
• The dreamed of attaining complete independence
• They believe in violent methods
• They established secret associations
• They collect the money and weapon for an armed struggle
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 • They used bombs and guns to achieve their goal
• They are the fountains of sprit to the freedom struggle
19.Describe the role of Gandhi in the Indian freedom struggle?
• He participated in Champaran and Kheda movement
• He fought for the rights of Ahmedabad mill workers
• He opposed the Rowlett act
• He joined hand with Khilafat Movement
• He condemned the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• He organized the Non-cooperation movement
• He also organized the Civil disobedience movement
• He led the Quit India movement
• He stressed for upliftment of untouchables
20.Explain the Non-Co-Operation movement
• Boycotted schools, colleges and courts
• Boycotted elections to regional legislative bodies held according to the 1919 act
• Returning all honors and medals given by the British
• Nominated members to the local bodies resigning from their membership
• Boycotted all the government functions
• Chowri-Chowra incident accrued in 1922
• 22 police were burnt alive inside the station.
• Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation movement
21.Explain the role of Gaidin Liu in Indian freedom struggle.
• Gaidin Liu is a lady freedom fighter from North-East States
• She joined the army of Jadonang to fight against British.
• She joined the Herakka religious movement along with Jadonang.
• In 1931 Jadonang hanged by British
• Gaidin Liu took charge of army
• She fought on lines of Guerilla warfare.
• The entire villagers of north-east co-operated.
• Thousands of people joined her army
• The British arrested her and put them into jail until independence.
22.Describe the Salt Satyagraha.
The salt satyagraha is also known as the Dandi march. This movement was started by
Gandhi in 1930, When viceroy lord Irwin refused to fulfill the Gandhi's 11 demands.
Gandhiji travelled from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi on foot with his followers to
produce salt on the seashore of Dandi. By distributing salt to people Gandhiji broke
the British law on salt and started the Civil disobedience movement.
23.What were the reasons for the failure of the Quit India Movement?
• On the 8th august 1942 congress started the movement
• Gandhi gave a call to Indians ‘Do or Die’
• In this contest Gandhi, Nehru and all leaders were imprisoned
• There is a lack of leadership to movement
• By utilizing transport and telecommunication British suppressed the movement
• Muslim league did not participate in the struggle
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 • There is a lack of proper directions to movement
24.Explain the contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose in the independence struggle
of India
The most prominent among the revolutionary fighters of India was Subhash Chandra
Bose.
• He was popularly called as Netaji.
• He participated in the non-co-operation movement along with Gandhiji
• Bose established the Congress Socialist Party in 1934 along with the Nehru
• Bose became the President at the Haripur Session of the Indian National
Congress.
• Netaji left the Congress and established a separate party called ‘Forward
Block’.
• He gained the support of the German dictator Hitler to make India free.
• He became leader to Indian national army.
• Subhash Chandra Bose gave the call "Delhi Chalo!"
• He urged the Indians "Give me blood, I will give you freedom!"
• Subhash had planned a military strategy through Rangoon to capture Delhi
• Subhash died in a plane accident.
25.Explain the major achievements of Nehru as the Prime Minister of India.
• He is the first prime minister of independent India
• He is the architect of industrialization and modern India.
• He successfully brought together all the princely states
• He laid the foundation for Indian democracy
• He fulfilled the task of reorganizing all the states on the basis of language.
• He also introduced the mixed economic system
• He laid the foundation for five-year plans.
• He is the architect of Indian foreign policy
• He advocated the non-Alignment policy
• He introduced the Panchsheel principles,
26.What are the contributions of the Dr B.R. Ambedkar?
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar strongly believed that political independence was
meaningless without social independence.
• He carried out a study of the caste system and came up with a plan to eradicate
it.
• He started the 'Mahad' and 'Kala ram' temple movements.
• He attended the three Round Table Conferences and gave valuable
suggestions.
• Ambedkar was a Diwan in the court of the Maharaja of Baroda.
• He established an organization 'Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha'
• He is the founder of parties named 'Swatantra Karmika Party' and 'Republican
Party of India'.
• He published various newspapers like 'Prabuddha Bharata','Janata',
Mukanayaka' and 'Bahishkruta Bharata'.
• He worked towards the progress of agricultural labourers.
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 • Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was unanimously chosen as the Chairman of the drafting
committee of Indian constitution
27.The protests organized by the farmers are important in National freedom
struggle. Explain. (March-2019)
• The farmers are influenced by the Marxist and congress ideologies
• Farmers rebelled against the British planters and Zamindars
• They opposed the Indigo cropping in Champaran
• They also Protest against the land tax
• Gandhiji influenced the activities of Champaran and Kheda
• Farmers of Tebhaga and Malabar opposed the British
• Protest organized by kisan Sabha
• Farmers of Telangana protested against Zamindars and Razack’s
• Farmers of Bengal rose against the zamindars
• Farmers of Maharashtra protested against low wages
28.Explain the worker’s revolt.
• Workers are influenced by Congress and Marxist ideologies
• Revolt has been started by workers against British planters and Zamindars
• Worker struggle started in Calcutta in 1827.
• Railway workers held protest against British officers
• The printer union of Calcutta and cotton mill workers of Bombay created
national awareness
• A labour union was founded in Madras.
29.Explain the various tribal revolts in the Indian freedom struggle.
• The tax and forest policies angered the tribal people
• The Santalas tribe protest the Land tax policies of British.
• They killed many British officers
• The Kola tribal people also protest against the British
• The Munda tribal people also protest against the British
• The Halagali Bedas revolt against the Arms act of British.
30.What were the contributions of Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
• Jinnah joined Indian national congress in 1906
• He is the private secretary of Dadabai Nava roji
• He argued in favor of Tilak in the litigations against him
• He joined the home Rule league
• He argued Hindu-Muslim unity
• He also opposed the Rowlett act
• He participated in round table conferences
• He put pressure in creation of Pakistan
31.Explain the partition of India.
• Muhamad Ali Jinnah demand for partition of India
• Muslim league called for the ‘Direct action Day’ on August 16 1946
• Communal clashes took place in the country
• Muslim league did not participate in the formation of constituent assembly

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 • British were also interest in partition ideas
• Lord Mountbatten held discussions with Gandhi and Jinnah
• Prepare a plan to partition of India through 1947 Indian independence act

CHAPTER-19
INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE

I One-mark questions and answer

1. Who was the last British Governor General in India?
Lord Mountbatten
2. Who was the first Home Minister of India?
Sardar vallabhai Patel
3. Who was the first President of India?
Dr Babu Rajendra Prasad
4. When did Pondicherry became a Union Territory?
In the year 1963
5. When was the state reorganization law implemented?
1956
6. Why is Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel called the ‘Iron man of India’? (March-2019)
He brought about a successful integration of provinces
7. Which is the first state formed on the basis of language in India?
Andhra Pradesh
8. Who started the fast-unto-death satyagraha for the formation of Andhra Pradesh?
Potty Sriramulu
9. Who is the chairman of the state reorganization commission?
Justice Fazal Ali
10.Which organization leads the movement for integration of Kannada speaking
areas?
All Karnataka state formation Parishad
11.When was Mysore state formed?
1st November 1956
12.When was Mysore state renamed as ‘Karnataka’?
1st November 1973
13.Who is the First Prime minister of India?
Jawaharlal Nehru
14.Name the main settlement of Tibetan refugees in Karnataka?
Bylakuppe
II Two marks questions and answers
1. What were the problems faced in Independent India?
• Refugees’ crisis
• Communal violence
• Formation of government,
• Integration of princely states
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 2. How did the country deal with the problems of refugees?
The country started the refugees camp in West Bengal, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
and Kerala states and provides the shelter, employment, land, education and health
care to refugees
3. How was Pondicherry liberated from the French?
• Congress started an agitation
• The communist and other organization also urged for the liberation of
Pondicherry
• Finally, the French government left the Pondicherry.
4. How was Goa liberated from the Portuguese? (June-2020)
• Sustained protest
• In 1955 Satyagrahis started the liberation movement of Goa
• In 1961 Indian army entered and took Goa under its control
5. Describe the process of linguistic organization of states.
• In 1953 government formed the Justice Fazal Ali commission
• In 1953 committee recommended the creation of Andhra Pradesh
• Final report came into force in 1956
• 14 states and 6 union territories were formed
6. How did Junagadh join the Indian union?
• The Nawab of Junagadh interested in joining Pakistan
• The people revolt against the Nawab’s decision
• Indian army entered the Junagadh
• People cast their opinion to join Indian union
7. How did Hyderabad join the Indian union?
• Farmers of Telangana revolt against the Nizam
• The people opposed the Razack’s the cruel army of Nizam
• Nizam made preparations for war
• Indian army defeated the Nizam in Battle
8. Which states provide shelter for refugees?
West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya
9. How did the government solve the Tibetan refugee problem? (March-2019)
Government sanctioned 3000 acres of Land to Tibetan refugees at Bylakuppe

CHAPTER-20
WORLD WARS AND INDIA’S ROLE

I One marks question and answer

1. Name countries of triple alliance?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
2. Name countries of triple Entente?
Britain, France and Russia
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 3. When did the First World War ended?
1918
4. Who was the Fascist dictator in Italy?
Mussolini
5. When did the Second World War started?
1939
6. Name the Naval base of USA which was attacked by Japan?
Pearl Harbor
7. What was the immediate cause for First World War?
Assassination of Austrian prince Archduke Franz Ferdinand
8. Which is the international agency established after First World War?
League of Nations
9. Hitler appointed the Ministers called “Gobbles” why?
To spread Nazism
10. Who organized the army called ‘brown shirts’ in Germany?
Hitler organized the army called ‘brown shirts’ in Germany
11. What was the immediate cause for Second World War?
Germany’s attack on Poland in 1939 was the immediate cause for Second World War
12. Why did America enter the second world war?
Japan attacked the American Naval Centre at Pearl Harbor because America entered
the Second World War
13. Which was the party established by Hitler?
Nazi party was established by Hitler
14. Where is Tin murti chowk?
Tin murti chowk located in New Delhi.
15. Who lead the Mysore Lancer in first world war?
Regiment Dar B. Chama raj Urs lead the Mysore Lancer in first world war.
II Two marks questions
1. What were the features of fascism?
• intense Nationalism
• destruction of enemies
• glorification of violence
• Racial superiority
• Imperialist expansion
• Support to massacres
2. How did Nazism destroy Germany? Explain
The Nazi ideology seized powers in Germany and causes for many activities. They
are
• Appointment of Gobbles
• Holocaust massacre
• Enacting the Nuremberg laws
• Establishment of concentration camps
• Ambition to win the entire world
• Popularization of Aryan race
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 • Become a main cause and victim of second world war.
3. What were the reasons for First World War?
• Development of extreme nationalism in European countries
• Race of armaments in Europe
• Competition for controlling colonies
• Imperialist expansion tendencies of European countries
• Boundary disputes between European countries
• Assassination of Austrian prince
• Formation of alliances in Europe
4. Explain the treaty of Versailles.
• The Austro-Hungary and ottoman empire lost their existence
• Germany accepted the defeat
• Germany lost most of its geographical area
• Many small independent nations came to being
• The Physical map of Europe underwent changes
• League of Nations came into existence
5. What were the reasons for Second World War?
• Development of extreme nationalism in European countries
• Rise of dictators in Germany and Italy
• Humiliating Versailles treaty
• Formation of military alliance
• Race of armaments in Europe
• Germany’s attack on Poland in 1939
6. What were the results of Second World War?
• Lakhs of people lost their lives
• Loss of property
• U.N.O has been established
• The colonies of Asia Africa won their independence
• Cold war has been started
• Competition for atomic weapons
7. How India supported England in first World war?
• Many princely states supported by military and finance
• Indian nation congress also supported the England
• 1.5 million soldiers took part in this war from India
• Mysore Lancers, Jodhpur Lancers and Hyderabad Lancers participated in the
war.
• Lot of garments raw materials and timbers are supplied
• Manganese, mica, tea and rubbers also exported to England.
8. Name the commandants of Mysore Lancers.
• Regimentdar B Chama raj Urs
• Col J Desiraj Urs
• A.T, Tyagaraj
• Lingaraj Urs and Subbaraj Urs

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 • Mir Turab Ali
• B.P. Krishne Urs
9. How did Britain utilize the resources of India during the second world war?
• Indian troops were sent to west Asia, Africa and European countries by British.
• The agrarian products of India sent to England.
• Industrial goods were also sent to England
• The ordinance factories produced the war related goods to England.
• The Indian army defeated the Italians by using small war technique.
• India troops also participated in German war.

POLITICAL SCIENCE

CHAPTER-21
WORLD CHALLENGES AND INDIA’S ROLE

I. One-mark Questions and answers

1. What is the important change that took place due to the end of the Second World
war?
Imperialism and colonialism ended.
2. When did the General Assembly adopt a declaration on Human Rights?
10th December 1948.
3. What is the declaration of Eison Hoover over the Arms Race?
The World which has arms not only wastes the money, it also wastes the sweat of
labourers, intelligence of scientists and wastes the dreams of the children.
4. What is India's stand on Human Rights?
India has been advocating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from the
beginning.
5. What are Human Rights?
The rights which are essential for an individual's development.
6. What is an Arms Race?
Production of weapons for mass destruction in a competitive way.
7. What does the word ‘Third World’ denote?
The word ‘Third World’ denotes poverty and non-development.
II Two marks questions & answers.
1. What were the main problems faced after the Second World War?
● Denial of human rights
● Armament race
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 ● Racism and
● Terrorism.
2. Explain the role played by India in uploading human rights all over the world
● India has always championed the cause of universal human rights.
● It provided for fundamental rights in the Constitution itself and thereby played a
vital role in throwing light on this issue.
● In UN general assembly India always upheld the cause of basic rights of human
beings
● National commission for Human Rights has been established
3. Arms race will lead to world destruction. Explain the effects of arms competition
in this background.
Race of armaments leads to
● Global level fear
● Insecurity
● Increasing the production of Arms
● Encouraging the stocking of arms etc.
In this manner we say that the Arms race will lead to world destruction.
4. What are the causes of economic backwardness of nations?
The causes of economic backwardness are
● Shortage of food
● Lack of medical facilities
● Lack of educational amenities etc.
● Colonialism policy of European countries
5. What are the reforms to achieve economic equality in India?
● Expansion of industries
● Equal distribution of income and wealth
● Employment guarantee program.
● Population control.
6. Which events provided more strength to the struggle of human rights?
● The American War of Independence in 1776.
● The French Revolution in 1789.
● The Russian Revolution in 1917.
● The Freedom Struggles of India.
7. What are the features of economically backward countries?
● Lack of technology.
● Agricultural backwardness.
● Lack of education facilities.
● Ill-health.
8. USA and USSR have entered into many bilateral agreements to stop the arms
race. Which are they?
● Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT)

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 ● Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
● Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
● Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NNPT)
9. Which developments tax the poor nations of the world?
● Excess spending.
● Open economy.
● Globalization.
● Unethical trade.
10.Mention the commissions formed to protect the Human Rights in India
• National commission for Human Rights
• National commission for scheduled castes
• National commission for scheduled tribes
• National women’s commission
11.What is the important changes that took place due to the end of second world
war?
• A new world order emerged
• Establishment of UNO
• Arms race have been started
• Terrorism also started
• Denial of human rights.
12.Identify the causes that fueled the terrorism?
• Religious fundamentalism
• Separatist ideologies
• Leftist thoughts
• Liberation motives
• Racialism
• Political tactics
13.What are the effects of terrorism?
● It creates psychological pain
● It creates panic and violence
● It creates fear in people
● It can cause large scale deaths
● It can cause loss of property
● It also disturbs international peace
14.What are the measures to curb terrorism?
● Anti-terrorist forces are set up
● Defense forces are pressed to combat terrorism
● Anti-terrorism acts are enacted by parliament
● High alerts in border
● High alerts in public places
● Strict legal action.

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 CHAPTER-22
WORLD ORGANAIZATIONS

I. Three marks questions & answers

1. Name the people who worked to establish the UNO?
The persons responsible for formation of UNO are
a. Winston Churchill of England
b. Joseph Stalin of Russia
c. Franklin D Roosevelt of America
2. Which are the affiliated bodies of UNO?
● General assembly
● Security council
● Economic and social council
● Trusteeship council
● International court of Justice
● Secretariat
3. Explain the functions of the UN Security Council (June-2020)
● Solve global problems peacefully
● Deploys U.N. peace keeping force
● Selects the Judge of International court of justice
● Suggests the nomination of Secretary General
4. What are the functions of the International Labour organization?
● Social security of Labours
● Health security of Labours
● Maternity benefits to women labour
● Welfare of workers
● Recommending minimum wages and housing for workers
5. What are the aims & objectives of the UNO? (March-2019)
The aims and objectives of UNO are
● Safeguarding international peace and security
● Fostering cooperation among nations
● To develop friendly relations among nations
● To establish faith in fundamental human rights
● Exploring solutions to various economic and social problems
● Providing recognition to international agreement and conditions
6. Explain the formation of general assembly
● It is a general body consisting of all members of UNO
● Each country can send 5 members
● Every country has only one vote.
● The General body elects one of its members as the President for a year.
● In its first session they select one president and 17 vice presidents
● It elects members to seven permanent committees
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7. What are the activities of economic and social council?
● Solutions to housing problem
● Eradication of refugee problem
● Observance of human rights
● Conducting studies on economic, social, cultural issues
● Organizing conference on human resources, culture and education
● Coordinating the functions of ILO, FAO and WHO
8. The “UNO has a major role in establishing peace in the world” substantiate this
statement
● Peacekeeping operations
● Solutions to disputes like Suez Canal and Iran crises
● Solutions to issues of Kashmir, Korea and Palestine
● Achieving disarmament
● Solutions to ending of cold war
● Solving the crises of Congo, Cyprus and Afghanistan
9. What are the functions of UNESCO?
● Promotion of science
● Protecting world heritage
● Promotion of education and culture
● Development of technical education
● Promotion of technical education
● Supporting governmental and non-governmental organizations to spread
education
10. Explain the role of IMF in solving the economic problems of the world.
● It provides loans to members
● It also aims to bring sound balance of payments situations
● It also grants long term loans
● Developing economic stability in members countries
● Solving international economic crises
● Promoting world trade
11. List out the objectives of Commonwealth of nations.
● Upholding of democracy
● Assisting to eradicate poverty
● Promotion of sports, science, culture
● Liable to world organization
● Poverty eradication
● Securing world peace
12. Write about European union.
● It is a union of 27 European countries
● It was established in 1992 according to the Maastricht treaty
● It implements a common single market,
● It implements a single currency,
● Implementing common agriculture and trade policy
● Developing international peace and democracy
13. Which are the permanent member countries of the Security Council? What
are their functions?
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 Permanent member countries: - USA, Russia, France, Britain & China.
Functions of Security Council
● To maintain peace and order.
● Selects the Judge of the International Court.
● Suggests the nomination of Secretary General for the UNO.
14. Which are the member nations of ASEAN? What are the aims of ASEAN?
Member nations of ASEAN: - Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and
Thailand.
Aims of ASEAN
● Foster mutual trade.
● Fostering cooperation.
● Aiding social and economic ties.
● Achieving progress in cultural, technological, scientific and
administrative fields.
15. Write a note the achievements of World Health Organization
● Improving health.
● Eradicate diseases like plague, cholera, Malaria and Smallpox.
● Working towards freeing the world from AIDS, Cancer etc.
● Fighting against population growth.
● Fighting against hunger & malnutrition.
II. One-mark questions & answers.
1. Which is the organization established after the 1st world war to prevent
future wars?
League of Nations.
2. Who were the founders of UNO?
Winston Churchill of the UK, Joseph Stalin of the USSR and F D Roosevelt of the
USA.
3. Where is the headquarters of UNO located?
New York.
4. When was the UNO established?
24th October 1945.
5. Which organ of UNO is called the “Global parliament”?
General Assembly.
6. Why are the greeting cards sold by UNICEF?
To generate funds to fund its various functions.
7. Which organ is called the cabinet of UNO? (March-2019)
Security Council
8. Which organ is called the Parliament of UNO?
General Assembly
9. Which policy is a hurdle in the progress of SAARC?
The policy that ‘all decisions need to be taken unanimously’
10 Which are the permanent members of the UNO Security council?
USA, England, France, Russia, China
11 Expand the word SAARC
South Asian association for regional cooperation
18
 13.When did UNO established?
UNO was founded in the year 24th October 1945
14.Where is the headquarters of the international court of Justice located?
International court of Justice is located in Hague
15.Who is the present secretary general of UNO?
The present secretary general of UNO is Antonio Guterres
16.When did the World health organization established?
The World health organization was founded in the year 1948
17.When was SAARC founded?
SAARC was founded in the year 1985
18.Which rule is the reason for handicap of SAARC?
The ‘Unanimity’ rule which means the acceptance of all the member states for any
decision proved to be a handicap of SAARC.
19.What is the main determination of Organization of African Unity?
“To fight against neo-colonialism in all its forms”

SOCIOLOGY

CHAPTER-23
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND PROTESTS

I. one-mark questions & answers

1. What do you mean by Social Movement?
A Social Movement is social platform that enables people to showcase their needs
and visions.
2. What is a Mob?
Assembly of people around a common interest without any expectation is called
Mob.
3. What do mean by environment pollution?
the soil, air, water and biosphere getting populated with toxin and chemicals is
called environment pollution.
4. What is the meaning of Movement?
When collective behavior is organized and directed towards a specific goal to bring
about social change, it is called a Movement.
5. What is the meaning of Riots?
Violent and destructive nature of mob behavior is called Riots
6. Why was the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha formed in 1930?
Thousands of tribal people were displaced due to mining activities.
7. Why did the Narmada Bachavo Andolana begin?
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 The construction of dam would affect the sensitive ecological balance of the river
Narmada
8. What is the meaning of “Collective Behavior”?
The behavior of human being in group is called ‘collective Behavior’.
9. List out the behavioral patterns of human beings.
Mobs. Rumours. Propaganda. Public opinion. Revolution. Social Movements.
10.There is a lot of protest against the Silent Valley project. Why?
The building of the dam threatened the sensitive ecological balance of the silent
valley.
11.People of Mangalore opposed the Mangalore Refineries and Petro Chemical
Limited. Why?
These industries discharged harmful chemicals into the sea threatening the local
environment.
12. Who is the leader of the Narmada Bachao Movement?
Medha Patkar.
13. What is self-help groups?
Self-help group is derived from self-awareness, self-motivation, and mutual trust
to fulfill the economic and social necessities by their own efforts and cooperation
14.Who is the leader of the Chipko movement?
Sundar Lal Bahuguna and Chand prasad Bhatt were the leaders of Chipko
Movement.
II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. What is a mob? Give an example?
The assembly of people around a common interest without any expectation or
planning is called Mob
Example- a group of people assembled near a theatre to buy a ticket
2. Describe the nature of mob?
• It is temporary assembly of people
• The people assemble at specific place
• They easily influenced by mutual feeling and opinion
• They also display the suppressed feeling
• Sometime mob leads violent form.
3. Describe the nature of Riots?
• Riots don’t have any particular aim
• They destroy everything in their way.
• They create chaos
• Riots can cause large scale loss of property and lives
• They become serious challenges for law and order
4. What were the causes for Riots?
• Provoking circumstances
• Individual uncontrolled behavior
• Uncivilized behavior.
• Criminal intent of people.
20
 • Riotous mindset
5. What were causes for environmental pollution?
• Unbridled growth of cities
• Proliferation of industries
• Technological progress
• Expansion of transport system
• Destroying forest
6. Explain the meaning and nature of environmental movements?
The protest aimed at preserving the biological system regarding our Earth is known as
Environmental movements
Nature of environment movement
● Protecting the forest
● Protecting the wild life
● Protecting the life of Tribal people
● Protecting our Earth planet
7. There was a Movement opposing the Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant. Why?
● Vast deforestation takes place.
● The threat of pollution from nuclear radiation.
● Threaten the Numerous species in the ecosystem.
8. Mob violence and anti-social activity. Why? (March-2019)
● It destroys public property
● It creates confusion
● Spreads rumors
● Results in major deaths
9. Explain the Chipko Movement.
● The government had issued a license to cut 2500 trees.
● People of Reni village opposed this.
● The women decided to hug the trees in order to protect them so that the
environment remains protected.
● Due to the Chipko movement, the permission given to cut the trees was
withdrawn
10. Explain the importance of women’s self-help groups.
• It empowers women socially
• It empowers women financially.
• It provides micro finance in major way.
• It helps women to face atrocities
• It provides democratic rights
• It helps women to learn collective responsibility.

21
 CHAPTER-23
SOCIAL CHALLENGES

I FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Article 24th of the constitution prohibits employing children for work
2. The “prohibition of child labour act” came into practice is in the year1986
3. The national policy on welfare of child labour was formed in1987
4. The prohibition of dowry act first came into effect in
5. Child marriage prohibition act came into force in 2006
II ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. Mention any two social challenges plaguing India
• Child marriage
• Child labour
2. Who is child labour?
The children those who are aged below 14 years and work in order to earn money are
known as child labour
3. What is female feticide? (June-2020)
Killing a girl baby to be born womb itself by parents is known as female feticide
4. What is child marriage?
The marriage take place between a boy of below 21 years and a girl who is below 18
years is known as child marriage
5. Name the program which brings child Labours to school in Karnataka?
From drudgery to school
6. Why did ‘Pre Conception and pre-Natal Diagnostic techniques act’ was enacted?
To stop sex determination tests of fetus through modern technology ‘Pre Conception
and pre-Natal Diagnostic techniques act’ was enacted (PCPNDT-1994)
7. When did India signed for child right convention of UN?
1992
III ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. Mention the causes for problems of child labour?
• Poverty
• Domestic conflicts
• Divorce
• Illiteracy
• Kidnapping of children
• Excessive control
2. Explain the measures for eradicating the problem of child labour
• Article 24 of our constitution prohibits child labour
• National child labour project
• Right to education act of 2009
• Program like “From drudgery to school”
• Implementation of ‘The child labour prohibition act of 1986
• Establishing balamandirs

22
3. What are the consequences of child labour?
• It is a serious lacuna in social system
• Children harassed physically and mentally
• Their innocence has been snatched
• Lac of medical facilities
• Lack of nutritious food
• Forced employment
4. What are the effects of child marriage?
• The holistic development of child stunned
• The children loss power of questioning
• Maternal mortalities are increased
• Sexual assaults increased
• Girl become widow at a young age
• The children socialization also stunned
5. What are the reasons for Child Marriage?
• Gender discrimination.
• Poverty.
• Lack of education.
• Lack of proper implementation of law
• Dowry.
6. How can we prevent child marriage?
• Appointment of child marriage prevention officers
• Implementation of children marriage prohibition act
• 100% attendance in schools
• Compulsory registration of Births
• Importance to girl’s education.
• Child marriage should always question, reported and opposed.
7. List out the types of harassment faced by women
• Rape
• Violence
• Suppression
• Dowry
• Physical and mental harassment
• Forced abortions
• Use of vulgar language
8. Explain the effects of Dowry?
• It diminishes self- respect of women.
• It leads to domestic conflicts.
• Animosity between men and women.
• Family relationship suffer
• Immorality and violence increase.
• Financial constraints to brides’ family

23
 9. What are the remedies to eradicate dowry?
• Prohibition of dowry act of 1961
• Public awareness
• Inter-caste marriages.
• Mass media
• Voluntary organization
• Women associations.
10.What are the ill effects of female feticide?
• Degradation of women
• Immorality develops in society
• It increases the sexual harassment in society
• Imbalance gender ratio.
11.Female feticides are increasing. Why?
• Poverty
• Burden to dowry
• Illiteracy
• Ignorance.
• Anti-women ideas.
• Desire for male progeny

Geography

CHAPTER-25
INDIA LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE

I. Answer the following questions in one sentence each.

1. What do you mean by intensive farming?
Growing two or more crop on the same plot in a year is called intensive farming
2. What do you mean by subsistence farming?
Farmers growing crops for their own use is called subsistence farming
3. What do you mean by Sedentary farming?
Farmer settled in a place and growing crops is called sedentary farming
4. What do you mean by shifting cultivation?
Without settling in a place farmer moves from one place to another place for
cultivation is known as shifting cultivation

24
5. What do you mean by commercial farming?
Agriculture practiced for commercial purpose is called commercial farming
6. What do you mean by mixed farming?
Mixed farming is raising of crops and cattle rearing, poultry, bee-keeping, pig-rearing,
sericulture and aquaculture in one holding
7. What do you mean by plantation farming?
It refers to cultivation of single crop over a large area
8. What do you mean by Kharif crops?
The crop grown during south-west monsoon season are called Kharif crops
9. What do you mean by Rabi crops?
The crop grown during north-west monsoon season are called Rabi crops
10.What do you mean by Zade farming?
During the period between kharif and rabi crops, crops are cultivated. This is called
Zade farming
11.Which is the main crop of the Rabi crops season?
Wheat is the main crop of Rabi crops season
12.Which country has the largest paddy growing area in the world?
India
13.Which is the largest Paddy-producing state in India?
West Bengal
14.Which crop required stagnation of water till harvest?
Paddy
15.Which state is known as ‘granary of wheat’ in India?
Punjab state
16.Which country is the origin place of Sugarcane?
India
17.Which country is the largest producer of Tea in the World?
India
18. What do you mean by Floriculture?
Floriculture refers to the productions of flowers for marketing
19.What is Horticulture?
The intensive cultivation of fruit, vegetables, flower, medicinal and aromatic plants is
called Horticulture
20.Name the land that is not used for cultivation?
Follow land
21. What is the total forest area in India?
22.8% area of the total area.
22. Which is the main Kharif crop of India?
Rice
23. Which country has the largest cotton field in the world?
India
24. Which is the largest producer of tea in the world?
India
25. What is “Golden Revolution”?
The rapid progress in horticulture is called as Golden revolution,

25
II. Answer the following questions
1. What is meant by Land use pattern?
Utilizing the land for a variety of purposes like cultivation, forestry and pastures is
known as Land use
2. What is plantation farming? Give examples
It refers to the cultivation of single crop on large estates for market
Example: Tea, Coffee and Rubber.
3. Distinguish between Kharif and Rabi crop season.
Kharif season Rabi season
● The crop grown in rainy ● The crop grown in winter season
season ● The sowing takes place in
● The sowing take place in October-November
June-July ● Crops harvested in Feb-March
● Crop harvested in September ● Wheat, Barley, Gram are the
● Paddy, Ragi, cotton are main main crops
crops

4. What is Agriculture?
Agriculture has been described as the ‘art of cultivating the land’. It is tilling the land,
protecting the plants and growing crops for the benefit of people and cattle
5. What are the conditions required for Sugar cultivation?
● It is annual crop
● 210 to 260 c of temperature
● 100 to 150 CMS annual rainfall
● It needs Loamy and black soil
● Irrigation also required.
6. What are the beverage crops? give examples
The crops which are used to produce stimulating drinks are called ‘beverage crops’
Example: - Tea and coffee
7. Explain the role of Horticulture in India
● It makes agriculture more profitable
● The efficient use of land
● Optimum utilization of natural resources
● Generating skilled employment for the rural mass
● It provides nutritional security
● To earn foreign exchange
8. What are the types of agriculture?
• Subsistence farming,
• Sedentary farming
• Shifting cultivation
• Intensive Farming,
• Commercial Farming,
• Mixed Farming,
• Plantation Farming,
26
9. Mention the Classification of land use.
● Net area sown
● Forest land
● Land use for non- agriculture purpose
● Fallow Land
● Grassland
● Other uncultivated land
10.Explain the impotence of agriculture in India. (June-2020)
● Nearly 65 percent of the people depend on agriculture.
● The economic progress of the country depends on the progress of agriculture.
● Agriculture in India is the main source of livelihood.
● It is the main source of food for the people and fodder for domestic animals.
● Agriculture supports tertiary sector
● It supports industries
● It helps to increase in National Income
11.What are the conditions required for paddy Cultivations?
● It is Primarily tropical crop, it requires high temperature of 250 c
● Heavy rainfall of 100-200cm per year.
● Alluvial, and clayey soils are best suited for cultivation.
● Paddy crop needs standing water and level land.
● Irrigation is necessary wherever rainfall is low
12.What are the conditions required for Wheat cultivations?
● It is a crop of temperate regions.
● It required a moderate temperature of 100-150 c
● Annual rainfall of 50 to 70 cm.
● Sand mixed clay and black soils are best suited for wheat cultivation.
13.What are the conditions required for Tea cultivations?
● It is a perennial crop.
● It is a tropical and sub-tropical crop.
● It requires a temperature of 210c
● It requires rainfall of 100-200 cm in a year
● It grows best in fertile soil, rich in humus.
● It requires hilly slopes with an altitude of 1200 to 2400 mts above sea level.
14. What are the beverage crops? Give examples.
● The crops which are used to produce stimulating drinks are called ‘beverage
crops.
● Coffee and tea are the most important beverage crops of India.
15.What are the factors essential for growing Cotton?
● Cotton is a tropical and sub-tropical crop.
● It requires 200 to 250 c temperature.
● Rainfall of 75-150cm in a year.
● Black cotton soil is the best suitable for cotton cultivation.
● It is grown as a Kharif crop.
16.How has agriculture helped in the development of secondary and tertiary
sectors? (March-2019)
● It supports tertiary sectors like trade, transport, banking and insurance
27
 ● It supports industries like cotton, jute, sugar industries
● It provides market for both sectors.
17.Prepare a list of flowers growing around you.
• Jasmine
• Champa
• Marigold
• Kanakambara
• Rose
• Lilly
• Lotus
• Orchids

INDIA'S MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES

I. Answer the following questions in one sentence each.

1. Which is India's most important Ferro - alloy metal?
Manganese
2. Aluminum is known as wonder metal of 20th century? Why?
Aluminum used in various types since it is called as wonder metal of 20th century.
3. What is a mineral?
A compound of naturally available substance with specific chemical composition is called
Mineral.
4. Which is the main raw material used in the manufacture of aluminum?
Bauxite
5. Which is the important non-ferrous metal of India?
Mica
6. Where did biggest oil deposit was found in India?
Bombay High
7. How petroleum was formed?
Petroleum was formed by fossils of ancient living beings.
8. Which country has the largest deposit of mica in the world?
India
9. Recently mica export has reduced in India, why?
Because of the availability of substitute for mica, its export has reduced
10. Why did petroleum is known has “liquid Gold”?
Petroleum is precious fuel in both peace and war time; hence it is known has liquid Gold
11. Where did Petroleum was discovered first time in India?
Digboi at Assam
12. Which are the main states that produce manganese in India?
Odisha, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
13. The largest producer of Mica.
Andhra Pradesh
14. How does Coal Formed?
The vegetative matter which was buried in the past ages has changed into coal, due
28
 to high temperature and pressure.
15. Which place is the largest producer of gold in the country?
Hatti is the largest producer of gold in the country.
16. Coal is called as “Black Diamond” Justify the statement.
Coal is used in the production of power, explosives, insect repellants, fiber, rubber,
fertilizer and many more, hence it is called has “Black Diamond”.
17. Name the mineral which is used as catalyst or moderator in reactors producing
nuclear energy.
Beryllium oxide
II. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences each.
1. Where was iron are deposits found in Karnataka?
Sandur, Hosapete, Kudremukh and Kemmannu gundi.
2. List out minerals used in the production of atomic energy?
• Uranium
• Thorium
• Beryllium
• Lithium
3. Which mineral is used as catalyst or moderator in reactors producing nuclear
energy?
Beryllium oxide
4. What are the important characteristics of the Mica?
• Transparent
• Heat resistant
• Insulation and
• Elasticity.
5. What are the uses of Mica?
• Used in electrical Industry
• Telephone, Aero planes
• Automobiles and wireless communications
• Artificial rubber
6. Which are the conventional power resources?
Coal, petroleum and atomic energy.
7. Which are the non-conventional power resources?
Solar, wind, tidal, geo-thermal power, bio-gas etc.
8. What are the main uses of Manganese are?
• It is an alloy metal
• Steel manufacturing
• Manufacturing of chemicals
• Production of electric equipment
• Production of colored glass.
9. What are the main ways of use of solar energy?
• Water heater
• Cooker
• Solar thermal electric bulb

29
 • Railway signal.
• Communication media.
10. Name the major states producing bauxite in India.
Odisha, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu and Madhya
Pradesh.
11. Explain the meaning and importance of Power Resources in India.
• The Resources necessary for the generation of energy is called Power Resources
• Essential for Economic development
• Improving the standard of living of the people
• they play major role in the development of agriculture, industry, commerce,
transport and communications etc.
12. What is Global warming?
The temperature of earth’s atmosphere is increased due to the over use of conventional
energy resources. These phenomena is noticed as ‘Global warming’.
13. Mention types of Mica ore
• Muscovite
• Biotite
• Phlugovite
• Lepidotite
14.What is solar energy?
Use of the heat emanating from the sun’s rays is called solar energy.
15. Which place is proposed to set up a solar electric production in India?
Baramar in Rajasthan
16. Which are the mineral resources available in India?
• Iron Ore.
• Manganese,
• Bauxite,
• Mica
17. Give your suggestion over come from energy deficit.
• Use of non-conventional resources
• Giving importance to hydro-electric power generation
• Use of alternate local energy resources
• Educating people
• Producing energy from solid waste
18. Which place is proposed to set up a solar electric production in Karnataka?
Chikkaballapur.
19. Where do we find iron ore mines in Karnataka?
• Kemannugundi
• Hospet
• Sandur
• Kudremukh
20. List out the main types of Manganese ore?
• Pyrolusite
• Psilomelane
30
 • Magnetite
• Branite.
• Holyandite.
21. List out the renewable energy resources.
• Solar energy.
• Wind energy.
• Tidal energy.
• Geo thermal energy.
• Bio-Gas.

CHAPTER-27
INDIA-TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

I. Answer the following questions in one sentence each.

1. Which is the Authority for the construction and maintenance of National
Highways?
National Highway Authority of India
2. Which port is called the 'Gateway of India'?
Mumbai
3. What is the name given to Bangalore International Airport?
Kempe Gowda International Airport
4. Which is the Authority for the construction and maintenance of border roads?
Border Roads Development Authority
5. Which is the important port in Karnataka'?
New Mangalore Port
6. Which is longest National highway of India?
Varanasi-Kanyakumari National high way (NH-7) is the longest highway in India.
7. Which is the highest road of the world?
The highway connecting Kulu-Manali and Leh
8. When did National Highway Authority of India was established?
1989
9. Name the national highway between Mumbai and Bangalore?
National highway -48
10.Name the regional and independent GPS system of India?
Navik is the regional and independent GPS system of India
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Define Transport and Communication
Transport: means movement of goods service and passengers from one place to
another place
Communication: Movement of messages from one person to another or from one
place to another place is called communication
2. Explain Golden Quadrilateral and super highways
Golden Quadrilateral Highway
31
 ● It is a project with four to six lane roads
● It was started in 1999
● This Highway network connect major cities as well as cultural and
industrial centers of the country
The Super highways
● North-South Corridor: Srinagar to Kanyakumari
● East-West corridor: Silchar in Assam to Porbandar in Gujarat
● These Roads connect many important cities and industrial centers
3. Mention the different types of Communications in India
● Postal service
● Telecommunication
● Radio and television
● News paper
● Internet and e-mail.
● Computer network
4. Make a list of major ports in India
Western ports Eastern Ports
● Kandla ● Tuticorin
● Mumbai ● Chennai
● Nhava Sheva ● Visakhapatnam
● Marmagoa ● Paradeep
● New Mangalore ● Kolkata
● Kochi ● Haldia

5. Explain briefly the importance of Road Transport in India.

● For the development of agriculture and village industries, roads are essential,
● They are very convenient to connect isolated villages.
● Roads can be constructed in forests and hilly regions.
● They connect remote places with towns and cities,
● They provide Door to Door service.
6. Mention important International Airports of India.
● Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi
● Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai
● Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport, Kolkata
● Anna International Airport, Chennai
● Kempe Gowda International Airport, Bangalore
● Rajeev Gandhi international airport. Hyderabad.
7. What is the importance of communication?
• It helps in quick transmission and discrimination of ideas, information and
messages from person to person and place to place.
• People can aware the policies of government.
• It enables us to know about natural hazards and disasters, weather forecasting
etc.
• It helps in the progress of trade, industry, agriculture etc.
32
 • It provides entertainment, day to day information of the world.
8. What is the importance of transport and communication? (June-2020)
● Agricultural progress
● Industrial progress
● Widen the market
● Increases the internal / external trade
● Provides employment
● Helps defense of country
9. Explain the problems of road transport in India.
• Village roads are unfit for the transportation during the rainy season.
• The transport causes the environmental pollution
• It leads to increase the density of vehicles and accidents.
• Roads are subjected to severe wear and tear due to rain, floods and cyclones
every year
• Construction and maintenance of national and state highways is in adequate.
• Scarcity of basic needs along the roadside.
10.What is Geographical information system (GIS)? What are its uses?
The system which can collect the information, accumulate and modify and enable use
when required and show the data of earth surface is called Geographical information
system (GIS).
Uses
• The GIS maps are more attractive and give accurate information.
• Geographical, social and economic information can be easily analyzed and
models can be constructed.
• It gives advance information regarding weather.
• Maps can be created very fast without cartographer.
• Maps can be created in very short time and also enables modification
11.What is Global positioning system (GPS)/Path finder? mention its uses?
The system which indicates the location of a stationary or moving object or person
through pointing out the latitude longitude and height above the sea level is known as
Global positioning system (GPS)/Path finder.
Uses
• It is useful in assessing the geographical position
• It is useful in the time of natural hazards for safety measures
• It is useful for trekkers to know the exact routes and location.
• Soldiers, pilots, fishermen and sailors use GPS to follow correct path and
direction.
• It is also useful to transport authority to manage the movement,
• GPS is the lifeline for many services at their in the cities.
• GPS shows path to google maps.
12.What is Remote Sensing Technology? What are its uses?
The system which gets information without physically touching the objects is called as
Remote Sensing Technology.
Uses

33
 • The information from this system is true, accurate and reliable.
• This is fast and low-cost system compared to geographical survey.
• The information can be easily analyzed using computers.
• It is useful to provide remedies in the time of natural calamities.
• We can easily study the cyclones, typhoons, storms and floods through remote
sensing pictures
• We also analyze the natural resources like land use, forest area, water bodies,
residential areas, land erosion and coast.

CHAPTER-28
INDIA MAJOR INDUSTRIES

I. Answer the following questions in one sentence each.

1. Where is Bengal iron company located?
Kulti in West Bengal
2. Which is the main raw material of the aluminum industry?
Bauxite
3. Name the forest base industry?
Paper industry
4. Where is the first modern paper mill set up?
Serampur on the bank of Hoogly river
5. Which is known as 'Manchester of India' or 'Cottonopolis of India'?
Mumbai
6. Name the Silicon Valley of India.
Bangalore
7. Why do the construction companies provide more demand for aluminum? (March-
2019)
● It has multipurpose use
● Used as a substitute for steel and copper in construction
8. Which industries manufactures cloth from various kinds of fibers?
Textiles industries.
9. Which is the main raw material used in Sugar industries?
Sugarcane
II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. What do mean by manufacturing industries? Mention their factors of location
The conversion of raw materials into usable products is known as manufacturing
industries
The factors of the location of industries
● Availability of raw material
34
 ● Availability of energy resource
● Availability of Labours
● Good transport facility
● Good market facility
● Technology and government policies
● Land Availability at low cost
● Port facility
2. List out the major industrial regions of India
a. Hooghly region
b. Mumbai-Pune region
c. Ahmedabad-Vadodara region
d. Damodar valley region
e. Southern industrial region
f. National capital region
g. Visakhapatnam-Guntur region
h. Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram region.
3. Describe the distribution of the Cotton textile industry in India?
● It is widely distributed over 76 town and cities
● It is concentrated mainly in Cotton growing areas
● It is located in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
● It is also located in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana
● Mumbai is known as ‘Manchester of India’ and ‘Cottonopolis of India’
4. Write the importance of knowledge-based industry in India
● It is a powerful tool of socio-economic change
● It providing jobs
● It develops the foreign trade
● Improvement in exports
● Earning large amount of foreign exchange
● It uses the intellectual capabilities of human resources
5. Which are the main Iron and steel industries of India?
● Tata iron and steel plant – Jamshedpur Jharkhand
● Indian iron and steel company – Burnpur of West Bengal
● Vishweshwaraiah iron and steel company – Bhadravathi of Karnataka
● Iron and steel company – Bhilai. Chhattisgarh
● Iron and steel company – Rourkela. Odisha
● Iron and steel company– Durgapur. West Bengal
● Iron and steel company – Bokaro. Jharkhand
● Iron and steel company – Salem. Tamil Nadu
● Iron and steel company– Visakhapatnam. Andhra Pradesh
6. Sugar industries are located in the Gangetic region. Why?
Sugar industries are located on the Gangetic region because
● This is a high yield area of Sugarcane
● Labours available at low cost
● Good transport facility
● Good market facility
● Technology and government policies
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 ● Availability of energy resource
9. Explain how industries help in the economic development of a country? (March-n
2019)
● It reduces the reliance on primary product
● It reduces imported goods
● It increases national income
● It increases per capita income
● Earns foreign exchange
● Creates job opportunities
● Increases G.D.P
11.What are the effects of biotechnology on agriculture?
• Grafting in plants and animals
• Innovation of new seeds
• Improvement in new medicine
• Innovation of organic fertilizers.
• Hybrid seeds in soya, maize and cotton was discovered.
• Plant biotechnology, medical biotechnology and environment biotechnology is
started
12.What are the changes that resulting from the use of advance technology?
• Modernization in telephones
• Development in internet communication.
• Progress in defense department
• Innovation of modern weapons and nuclear bombs
• Progress in satellite launching
• Lunar projects like Chandrayan are started.
• Transparent in administration

CHAPTER-29
INDIA-NATURAL DISASTERS

I. Answer the following questions in one sentence each.

1. Which is the most destructive atmospheric disaster?
Cyclone
2. Which Indian coast is the most Cyclone-affected area?
East coast
3. In Which geographical area the earthquakes are rarely found in India?
The peninsular zone
4. What is a tsunami?
Tsunamis are large waves generated by earthquakes.
5. What are Natural Disasters?
The natural hazards which create widespread destruction is known as natural
disasters
6. What are floods?

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 Floods refer to the inundation of land by river water.
7. What is a Cyclone?
In a cyclone the wind blows spirally inwards towards the center of low pressure.
II. Answer the following questions.
1. What are natural disasters? Give examples
Naturally-occurring destructive incidents resulting in loss of human life and property
are called natural disasters
Examples: - Cyclones, Floods, Landslides, Coastal erosion and Earthquakes
2. What are floods? Mention the natural causes of floods.
Floods refers to inundation of land by river water. The natural causes are
● Heavy rainfall
● Melting of snow
● Tropical cyclones
● Cloud burst
● Blockage of free flow river water
● Accumulation of silt in rivers
3. What are the effects of floods?
● Floods causes loss of life and property
● Damage to crops, vegetation
● Breakdown of communication and power system
● Dislocation of transport system.
● Soil erosion
● Disruption of essential services.
4. How do we control the flood?
● Afforestation in the catchment area
● Construction of dams across the rivers
● It reduces the volume of water and helps to provide water for irrigation etc.
● Construction of embankments for protection against inundation of the inhabited
areas and agricultural land.
● Flood forecasting and early warnings. This is essential for taking timely action
to prevent loss of human life, livestock and property.
5. What are cyclones? Mention their major effects
The wind blows spirally inwards towards the center of low pressure is called as
Cyclones
The effects of cyclones are
● It causes large scale deaths
● Crops get totally destroyed
● Transports links affected badly
● Electricity supply affected badly
● Ocean tides inundate the inland water bodies and make them salty
● Damage to buildings
6 What are the Preventive Measures of Cyclones?
● Cyclones are a natural phenomenon. We cannot prevent them.
● But people can pay heed to the warnings.
● They should keep in touch with radio, television and other communicative lines.
● Temporary shelters should be provided during cyclones.
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 ● Cyclone proof structure can be constructed.
● Mangrove forests and other deep-rooted trees can be grown along the coastline
to check the impact of cyclonic winds and the soil erosion.
7. Explain the natural and human reasons for landslides. (March-2019)
Reasons:
Natural forces: Undercutting of the slope as in sea wave, erosion of a sea cliff,
Earthquakes and heavy rainfall.
Human forces: Deforestation, Construction of roads, railway lines, dams and
reservoirs, hydel power projects, mining, quarrying etc.
8. What are the effects of landslide?
● Burying of human settlements and vegetation,
● Loss of life and property etc.
● Loss of life
● Blocking roads
● Blocking railways
9. Write about causes and distribution of coastal erosion
● Monsoon winds: Karnataka, Kerala, Goa, Maharashtra
● Tropical cyclones: Tamil Nādu, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha
● Tsunamis: Andaman-Nicobar Islands, east coastline
10.What is coastal erosion? How can we manage coastal erosion?
The erosion of the land by sea waves in the coastal area is known as coastal erosion
Management of coastal erosion including
● Prohibiting sand mining
● Construction of retention walls across coast
● Stocking of large rocky boulders along the coast
● Growing of Mangrove trees along the coast
● Construction of sea walls
11 What are the reasons for earthquakes?
● Plate movements
● Volcanic eruption
● Faulting and folding
● Landslides
● Collapse of underground cave roofs
● Hydrostatic pressure of manmade water bodies like reservoirs
12 Write the effects of earthquakes?
● It causes large scale deaths
● Crops get totally destroyed
● Transports links affected badly
● Electricity supply affected badly
● Spread of infectious diseases
● Damage to buildings
13 Mention the precautionary measures to be taken to reduce the effects of
earthquakes? (June-2020)
● Restricting construction of multi-storied buildings
● Restricting construction of large Dams
● Restricting underground mining
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 ● Restricting urban growth
● Stop deforestation
● Stop heavy quarrying activities

ECONOMICS

CHAPTER – 30
RURAL DEVELOPMENT

I. Answer the following questions.

1. Explain the meaning of rural development?
Rural development is improvement of the social and economic status of the rural by
proper utilization of the locally available natural and human resources.
2. What is meant by Decentralization?
Providing administrative power and responsibility in the development process of
villages.
3. Name the three levels of Panchayat Raj institutions
● Grama panchayat
● Taluk panchayat
● Zilla panchayat
4. Mention any two housing programs
Indira Awas Yojana, Ambedkar- Valmiki housing programs
5. Which work of women is not considered Labour?
Home service
6. Who said that development of its villages is the true development of
India?
Mahatma Gandhi.
7. Gandhiji said that development of its villages is the true development of India.
Why?
● India is a land of villages.
● About 68.84% of the population lived in villages.
8. What do you mean by ‘Rural Development’?
A process of economic and social improvement of rural areas.
9. Which act established a uniform system of Panchayat Raj institutions
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 in India? (March-2019)
73rd Constitutional Amendment Act- 1993.
II. Answer the following questions.
1. How is the economic situation in the rural areas of India?
● Poverty has increased
● Dependency on agriculture
● Most of the people are illiterate
● Lower per capita income
● Unemployment
● Social backwardness
2. Explain briefly the significance of rural development.
The significance of rural development as follows
● To eradicate poverty,
● To eradicate unemployment and illiteracy
● To facilitate education and health
● To bring development in agriculture
● To provide facilities like irrigation,
● To provide transport and market yards
3. Explain Gandhi's concept of ‘Grama swarajya’ in the light of decentralization
● To develop self-reliant, self-sufficient, and prosperity
● To stop all kinds of exploitation
● To uphold human dignity and independence
● All round development of rural sector
● To provide social security
● To develop agriculture
4. What is the role of Panchayati raj institution in rural development?
● It can facilitate the drinking water, roads,
● It facilitates drains, hospitals, schools to rural areas
● They promote development of human resource by encouraging education,
technical and vocational training,
● Expansion of health and hygiene
● It provides employment by nurturing rural productive activities like fishery,
bee keeping, poultry
● Development of agriculture
5. What are the key features of the Panchayat Raj system in India?
● Three tier structure of Panchayats
● Direct / periodic elections
● Reservation
● Provision of financial, administrative, budget, audit responsibilities
● Provision for executive / support staff
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 ● Strict procedure for distribution and formation of Panchayats
6. List out the areas of working in outside managed by women.
• Farmer
• Officer
• Businesswomen
• Lawmaker
• Teacher
• Pilot
• Doctor
7. Which are the areas of majority women are working in India?
• Farming
• Cattle-rearing
• Fisheries silkworm rearing
• Horticulture.
• Floriculture.
• Poultry.
8. Explain the importance of women’s self-help groups.
• It empowers women socially
• It empowers women financially.
• It provides micro finance in major way.
• It helps women to face atrocities
• It provides democratic rights
• It helps women to learn collective responsibility.

CHAPTER-31
PUBLIC FINANCE AND BUDGET

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. The government manages the public finance through Fiscal policy
2. When Government revenue is more than its expenditure. it is called as Surplus
budget
3.The person who presents the central government budget in Lok Sabha is Finance
minister
4. The revenue generated by the government through internal and external loans is
Capital receipts.
II ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. What do you mean by public finance?
Public finance is the subject which studies the Income, expenditure and debt-
management of government.
2. What do you mean by budget?

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 The statement of estimated income and expenditure of a year prepared by the
government is called budget
3. Give the meaning of deficit budget?
It is situation that government expenditure is more than its income is called as deficit
budget
4. What are direct taxes?
When the tax is paid by an individual on whom it is levied. This is known as direct tax
5. Express the fiscal deficit in the form of a formula?
Fiscal deficit = revenue receipts + non debt capital receipts –total expenditure
6. What types of taxes are imposed by the government?
• Direct taxes
• Indirect taxes
7. What is public expenditure?
The government spends money for defence, administration, economic development
and welfare of people is known as public expenditure
8. What are indirect taxes?
If the burden of tax imposed by the government is transferable to others is called
indirect tax
9. What are revenue receipts?
The income generated by the government through tax and non-tax sources is called
revenue receipts
10. What is public revenue?
The government collects income from various sources to meet its expenditure is
called public revenue
11.Give the meaning of non-tax revenue?
Apart from taxes the government generates revenue from other sources is known as
non-tax revenue
12.What is fiscal policy?
The policy adopted by the government related to its income, expenditure and debt
periodically is known as fiscal policy
13.What is deficit financing?
When the government expenditure is more than its revenue is known as deficit
financing.
III ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1. Explain briefly the significance of public finance
• The government formulates methods to equitably distribute the country’s
wealth
• It also calculates the labour and capital investment to maximise the
production
• It also ensures a balanced growth in all spheres of the economy
• To eradicate the poverty and unemployment
• To regulate the financial upheavals and commodity prices
• To bring financial stability

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2. Explain the aspects of non-tax revenue of central government
The source of non-tax revenue of central government includes
• The net profit earned by the Reserve bank of India
• The net profit generated by the Indian Railways
• The revenue generated by the department of Postal and Telecommunications
• The revenue generated by the public sector industries
• The revenue generated by coins and mints
• Various types of fees and penalties
3. What is a deficit? mention the types of fiscal deficit
In the government budget the expenditure is more than its revenue receipts and
non-debt capital receipts the situation is called fiscal deficit
The four kinds of deficit are
• Budget deficit
• Revenue deficit
• Primary deficit
• Fiscal deficit
4. What are the direct taxes?
When the tax is paid by an individual on whom it is imposed, it is called direct tax
• Personal income tax
• Corporate tax
• Wealth tax
• Stamp duty
5. What are indirect taxes
If the burden of the tax imposed by the government is transferable to others, it is
called indirect tax.
• Central excise duty
• Import-export taxes.
• Service tax.
• Foreign travel tax
6. List the non-plan expenditure of the central government.
• Administration expenditure
• Defence expenditure
• Interest payment
• Allocations to states
• Various subsides.
7. List the plan expenditure of the central government.
• Financial services- agriculture and agricultural related activities, industries,
communication, fuel, science and technology, rural development
• Social services-education, health, hygiene, family welfare, drinking water
supply, housing, social welfare.
• General services-maintenance of peace, law and order.

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 8. Explain reasons for increasing public expenditure?
OR
What are the goals of public expenditure?
• To promote faster development
• To develop Industry, trade and commerce
• To promote agriculture and rural development
• To promote balanced economic growth
• To maximize social welfare
• To promote full-employment.
9. Differentiate the public finance and private finance.
Private finance Public finance
• it related to income and • it related to income and
expenditure of a family. expenditure of a family.
• The individuals calculate their • The government calculate its
income before hand and then expenditure first and then
spend it accordingly. adjusts its income accordingly.
• The transactions are kept • Public financial matters are
confidential. discussed in the legislative
• When an individual saves houses
money, it will supplement • Government shows more and
their prosperity. more expenditure on
development basis.

BUSINESS STUDIES
CHAPTER-32
ENTREPRENEURSHIP

I ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. Who is an entrepreneur?
Entrepreneur is an innovator of new ideas and business process, he possess
management skills and strong team building abilities and essential leadership qualities
to manage the business
2. “Entrepreneurship is creative activity” How?
Entrepreneurship is a creative activity.
● It is the ability to create and build something.

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 ● It is a knack of sensing the opportunity where others chaos, contradiction
and confusion.
● It uses the human resources properly
● It also uses natural resources effectively
● Entrepreneurship contributes to increase the national income
3. What are the characteristics of entrepreneurship?
The characteristics of entrepreneurship are
● Creativity
● Team building
● Problem solving
● Innovation
● Leadership
● Decision making
4. Explain the importance of an entrepreneur?
OR
Entrepreneurs serve as the “Sparkplug” in the economy’s engine. Justify.
The importance of an entrepreneur is
● He encourages effective mobilization of skill
● He helps to increase Gross domestic product (GDP)
● He helps to increase per capita income
● He provides employment to artisans, technically qualified persons
● He bears risks and uncertainty
● He organized the factors of production
5. Which financial institutions provide assistance to entrepreneurs?
● Industrial development bank of India
● Export and import bank
● State finance corporations
● Industrial finance corporation of India
● National bank for agricultural and rural development
● Small industries development bank of India
6. Which are the promotional organizations of entrepreneurs?
● District industrial centers
● Small industries development corporation Ltd
● Small scale industries board
● Small industries service institutions
● National small industries corporation
● Khadi and village industries corporation
7. What are the Functions of an Entrepreneur? (March-2019) (June-2020)
● He organizes factors of production.
● He starts a new business activity.
● He introduces new methods into practice.
● He handles the budget of his concern.
● He bears risk and uncertainty.
● He coordinates things effectively.

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 8. Entrepreneurs play an important role in nurturing the economic development of
India. How?
● Promotes capital formation.
● Provide employment to people.
● Helps the country to increase GDP and Per Capita Income.
● Promotes development of Industries.
● Promote the country's export trade.
● Enable the people to avail better quality goods at lower price.
● Tries to improve the standard of living.
9. What are the services provided by district industrial centers (DIC’s).
• Technical support
• Allotment of raw materials
• Export assistance
• Financial assistance
• Approval of project reports
• Training assistance.
10. List out the areas of Self-Employment Opportunities for Entrepreneurs.
● Advertising agencies.
● Marketing Consultancy.
● Industrial Consultancy.
● Photo copying centers.
● Industrial Testing Labs.
● Internet browsing center
● Equipment Rental and Leasing.

CHAPTER-33
CONSUMER EDUCATION AND PROTECTION

I Answer the following questions in one word or sentence each

1. Who is the consumer?
A person who buys goods or hires or avails services for a consideration called price of
wages
2. What is the main aim of the consumer movement?
Protection of consumer rights is the main aim of consumer
3. What is the right of every consumer?
The right of every consumer is getting quality goods and services
4. When did the consumer protection act come into force in India?
In India consumer protection act came into force in 1986
5. Who appoints the president of the district consumer forum?
State Government appoints the president of the district consumer forum
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 6. What do you mean by Consumer Protection?
The protection to consumers against the exploitation by the producers and traders.
7. When did the World Consumers’ Day come into force?
March 15, 1962.
8. Why is March 15, 1962 an important day in the history of the World Consumer’
movement?
U.S. president John F Kennedy adopted legislation comprising Four rights.
9. What is Tele Shopping?
The consumer can sit at home and directly buy the goods from the traders using
information technology or SMS.
10.Who is a Seller?
The person who sells goods and services to consumers.
11. When do we celebrate World Consumer’s Day? (March-2019)
March 15th of every year
12. A person bought a car of worth Rs 15 lakhs is now facing some problem in it
But the car company is not responding to him. To which agency can the person
Complaint?
District consumer forum
13. A person bought a house of worth Rs 75 lakhs is now facing some problem in
it, But the housing company is not responding to him. To which agency can the
does the person Complain?
The state consumer commission
14. A person bought a housing Flat of worth Rs 1.5 crore is now facing some
problem, But the car company is not responding to him. To which agency
can the person Complain?
The national consumer commission.
II Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each
1. What are the problems faced by consumers?
The problems faced by consumers are
● Adulteration of goods
● hike in price
● loss in weight
● low quality goods
2. What are the causes for consumer exploitation?
● Interference of middle men
● Trade malpractices in market,
● Ambition of profiteering
3. What are the major objectives of consumer protection act?
• Safety and quality
• Avoiding production and sale of dangerous goods
• Prevention of trade malpractices
• Supervision on quality, weights, measures and price
• Compensating the consumers
• Consumer education

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4. Mention importance of consumer protection Council
● Avoiding production and sale of dangerous goods
● Prevention of trade malpractices in market
● Supervision on quality weights measures and prices
● Importance for consumer safety and quality
5. What are the major functions of consumer protection councils?
● Right to Information
● Right to choice
● Right to heard
● Right to seek
● Right to consumer education
● Right to stop exploitation
6. Mention the three stages of consumer courts
● District forum
● The state Commission
● The National Commission
7. What are the methods to follow to file a complaint in consumer court?
● A handwritten application should submit to the court
● It should be clear with address phone number
● The particular of the goods by which the losses incurred and the amount of
loss should be specified clearly
● The bill/receipts should be enclosed
● There is no need of lawyers
● The consumer himself or herself can argue

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