EVAPORATION

Assigned by Ma’am Mehwish

Content:
Defination

Introduction

Principle Of Evaporation
Factors Effecting Evaporation
Evaporation Under Reduced
Pressure
Evaporators & Its Types
Application Of Evaporation
 Defination:
Evaporation is the process by
which a liquid turns into a
gas below boiling point.
 Introduction:
Evaporation is a fundamental process in industrial
pharmacy, used to concentrate solutions, remove
solvents, and purify active pharmaceutical
ingredients. Understanding the principles and
factors affecting evaporation is crucial for
optimizing pharmaceutical manufacturing.
 Principle of Evaporation:
Heat Transfer Mass Transfer
Evaporation requires the input of The vapor must be removed
thermal energy to convert the from the liquid-vapor interface
liquid into a vapor phase. to allow more evaporation to
2 occur.

1 3
Vapor Pressure
The vapor pressure of the
liquid drives the phase
transition from liquid to
vapor.
Factors Affecting Evaporation
Rate
 Temperature
 Wind speed
 Surface area
 Humidity
 Atmospheric pressure
Cont…
1. Temperature:
•On increasing the temperature the rate of evaporation
also increases.
•At higher temperatures, the molecules are moving faster;
therefore, it is more likely for a molecule to have enough energy
to break away from the liquid to become a gas.
2. Wind speed:
•Wind speed and rate of evaporation are directly
proportional to each other.
•As the wind speed increases, the rate of evaporation also
increases.
3. Surface area:
•As the surface area increases, the rate of evaporation
also increases.
Cont…
4. Humidity:
•Humidity and rate of evaporation are in inverse relation
to each other.
•As the humidity decreases, the rate of evaporation increases.

5. Atmospheric Pressure:
• The rate of evaporation is inversely proportion to
atmospheric pressure on liquid under evaporation .
Evaporation Under Reduced
Pressure:
Lower Boiling Point
Reducing the pressure lowers the liquid's
boiling point, allowing evaporation to occur
at lower temperatures.
Gentler Processing
This is especially useful for heat-sensitive
materials that cannot withstand high
temperatures.

Energy Efficiency
The lower temperatures require less energy
input, improving the overall energy
efficiency of the process.
Equipment Use For
Evaporation
Equipment use for evaporation are
called evaporators
Types of Evaporators:
Evaporators Are Mainly Divide Into 3
Groups:
1.Natural Circulation
Evaporators
• Evaporating Pans
• Evaporating Stills
• Short Tube Evaporators
2.Forced Circulation Evaporator
3.Film Evaporator
• Wiped Film Evaporator
• Long Tube Evaporator
1. Natural Circulation
Evaporators
•Working principle:
The movement of the liquid results from convection
currents set up by the heating process.
•Convention currents:
The process in which heat moves through a gas or
liquid as the hotter parts rises and the cooler part sinks
• Evaporating Pans
• "On a manufacturing scale, liquid extracts
containing water are evaporated in open pans
called evaporating pans.
Construction:
The evaporating pan consists of
 Hemispherical shallow made of
• Copper
• Stainless steel
• Alluminium
• Enameled iron

Steam jacket: The hemispherical shape gives

the best surface\volume ratio for heating and
the largest area for the disengagement of
vapour.
Working:
The dilute solution is taken in the pan. Steam is
introduced through the
Steam inlet into the jacket to heat the pan. In
these evaporators the movement of the liquid
results from convention currents set up by the
heating process. The concentrated liquid is
collected through the outlet placed at the bottom
of the pan.

Advantages Disadvantage
1) They are simple, easy and cheap 1) The whole of the liquid is heated
to construct. all the time which may lead to
2) They are easy to use and clean. decomposition of the components.
3) Stirring of the evaporating liquids 2) This pan can only be used for
can be evaporating
done easily aqueous and thermostable liquid
extracts.
• Evaporating Stills
Construction:
• Itconsists of a jacketed-evaporating pan with
a cylindrical cover that connects it to a
condenser. The over all assembly is called
still. The cover is clamped with the
evaporating pan.
Working :
The dilute liquid is fed into the still, the cover is
clamped. Steam is introduced into the jacket. The
liquid is evaporated and Condensed in the
condenser and collected. The product (i.e.
concentrated liquid) is collected through the product
outlet

Advantages Disadvantage
1. Easy to clean and maintain. 1. All the liquor is heated all the
2. Allow the equipment to be used time.
for solvents other than water. 2. The heating surface is limited.
E.g. ethanol.
• Short Tube Evaporators
Construction.
The evaporator is a cylindrical vessel. The lower
portion of the vessel consists of a nest of tubes
with the liquor inside and steam outside this
assembly is called calendra.
The specifications of calendria are as follows:
• Tube length: 1-2m
• Tube diameter: 4080 mm
• Number of tubes:100
• Diameter of evaporator: 2.5 m
The feed inlet is at the top of the calendra. The
product outlet is placed at the bottom of the
evaporator. Steam inlet and outlet is placed from
the side of the calendria
Working:
The liquor in the tubes is heated by the
steam and begins to boil, when the mixture
of liquid and vapor will shoot up the tubes
(in a similar manner to that of a liquid that is
allowed to boil to vigorously in a test-tube).
The product is collected through the product
outlet.

Advantages Disadvantage
1) Increasing the rate of heat 1) Since the evaporator is filled to a
transfer. point above the level of the
2) Condenser and receiver can be calendria, a considerable amount of
attached to run the evaporation liquid is heated for a long time.
under vacuum with nonaqueous 2) Complicated design, difficult for
solvents. cleaning and maintenance.
2. Forced Circulation
Evaporator
Construction:
The evaporator consists of a short tube
calendria and a large cylindrical vessel
(body of the evaporator) for separation of
vapor and liquid takes place. The liquor inlet
is provided at the side of the cylindrical
vessel.
A pump is fitted in between the calendria
and the body of the evaporator. A tangential
inlet for liquid under high pressure is placed
at neck of the body of the evaporator. The
vapor outlet is placed at the top of the body
and it may be passed through a condenser
to collect the condensed liquid.
Working:
Feed is introduced through the liquor inlet. Pump will force
the liquid through the calendria. Steam heats the liquid inside
the calendria. As it is under pressure in the tubes the boiling
point is elevated and no boiling takes place. As the liquor
leaves the tubes and enters the body of the evaporator
through the tangential inlet there is a drop in pressure and
vapor flashes off from the superheated liquor. The
concentrated liquid is pumped out through the product outlet
and the vapor is collected through the vapor outlet.

Advantages Disadvantage
1) These evaporators possess rapid 1) Corrosion-erosion can occur, due
evaporation rate. to high circulation velocities.
2) These evaporators are mainly 2) Salt deposits detach and
used for accumulate at the bottom.
thermolabile materials.
3) These can also be used in
practice for the concentration of
3. Film Evaporator:
Film evaporators spread the material as a film over a
heated surface, & the vapor escapes the film.
 Following are the types of film evaporators:
I. Wiped Film Evaporator

II. Long Tube Evaporator

• Wiped Film Evaporator
Construction:
A form of film evaporator coming into increasing
use is the wiped film evaporator or rotary film
evaporator, which contains of a single, short
tube of wide diameter, better described as a
narrow cylindrical vessel,1 or 2 meters in length.
A section across the evaporator is shown here
where it will be seen that the vessel is
surrounded by a heated jacked. Through the
vessel is a bladed rotor, with a clearance of the
order of 1mm between the tips of the rotor
blades and the wall of the vessel.
Working:
The liquor is introduced at the top of the vessel and
spread as a film over the heated wall by the action
of the rotor. Evaporation occurs as the liquor
passes down the wall, vapours taken to a
condenser and the concentrated liquor withdrawn
at the bottom of the vessel. The evaporator is there
fore a form of single tube, falling film evaporator in
which the film is formed and agitated mechanically.

Advantages Disadvantage
1) the reliable continuous 1) Difficult to clean
processing of viscous, fouling 2) High maintenance
and soiled liquids
2) gentle treatment due to a short
residence time and a narrow
residence time distribution
3) the evaporation performance is
• Long Tube Evaporator

Construction:
The heating unit consists of steam-jacketed
tubes, having a length to diameter ratio of
about 140 to 1, so that a large evaporator
may have tubes 50 mm in diameter and about
7 m in length.
Working:
The liquor to be evaporated is introduced at
the top of the evaporator tubes and the
liquor comes down due to gravity. The
concentrate and vapor leaves the bottom.
They are separated in a chamber where the
concentrate is taken out through product
outlet and vapor from vapor outlet

Advantages Disadvantage
1) Because of obtaining good heat 1) A major disadvantage of falling
transfer the method being film evaporators is the potential
especially useful with liquids that instability of the falling film
are too viscous to be processed in expense to manufacture and
units in which the film is formed install the instrument is high.
naturally. 2) Difficult to clean and maintain.
Applications Of Evaporation:
“Evaporation is one of the most important processes in the manufacture of
pharmaceuticals.”
It is used in the preparation of Liquid extracts, soft extracts & dry extracts.
In the concentration of blood plasma & serum.
It
is also used in the manufacture of drugs containing, antibiotics, enzymes,
hormones & many other substances.
Used in purification of vitamins.
Concentration of proteins.
Concentration of biological products.
Stripping of solvents from vegetable & plant or herbal extracts.
Removal of water & solvents from fermentation broths.
Concentration of penicillin & related products
Evaporation:
Where Liquids
Go On A Grand
Adventure!
Group Members:
 Muhammad Hassan Alvi (103)
 Qaswer Ali (074)
 Aoun Ali (086)
 Waseem Ahmed (045)
 Usman Ashraf (084)

 Sabiha Shafeeq (076)

 Minahil Ashfaq (102)
 Malaika Liaqat (96)