Types of Evaporators: Adarsha Govinda K

TYPES OF
EVAPORATORS
ADARSHA GOVINDA K
Dept. of Ph. Chemistry
M PHARM 2nd sem
NGSMIPS
Contents
• Evaporation
• Applications of evaporation
• Factors
• Evaporators
• Classification of evaporators
• Theory
• Multiple effect evaporator
Evaporation
• Process of vaporizing large vol. of volatile liquid to get
concentrated product.
• Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, mass transfer takes
place from surface.
• Thus, practically evaporation is removal of solvent from
solution by boiling it in a vessel leaving behind a concentrated
liquid residue.
• Not only solutions, even suspensions can be subjected for
evaporation.
• Only condition for evaporation to take place is that liquid must
be volatile and solute must be non volatile.
• Sometimes when solvent vapour is valuable recovery of solvent
becomes essential.
Applications
• To manufacture bulk drugs
• To manufacture biologicals
• Misc.
Rate of Evaporation
M=[KS(b-bI )]/p
M= mass of vapour formed per unit time
S= SA of liquid exposed
p= atm. Pressure
b= max vap. pressure
bI= pressure due to vapour of liquid
Evaporators
• These are devices used for evaporation.
• Usually an evaporator consists of heat exchanger, valves,
controls, pumps, condensers.
• Most common designs are jacketed tanks, tubular heat
exchangers, agitated evaporators etc.
Ideal properties
• Effective transfer of heat.
• Effective separation.
• Meet conditions required (of product).
• Energy efficient.
• Minimal of no corrosion.
Classification of evaporators
1. Evaporators with heating medium in jacket
Steam jacketed kettle ( evaporating pan)
2. Vapour heated evaporators with tubular heating surfaces
A. Evaporators with tubes placed horizontally – Horiz. tube
evaporator
B. Evaporators with tubes placed vertically
i. Evaporators with short tubes
a. Single effect evaporator – Short tube vertical evaporator(std)
b. Multiple effect evaporator – triple effect evaporator
ii. Evaporators with long tubes
a. Evaporators with natural circulation- Climbing film evaporator
Falling film evaporator
b. Evaporators with forced circulation- Forced circulation evaporator
Steam Jacketed Kettle
• Here steam is supplied to jacketed kettle(pan)
• Heat is transferred to solution in kettle by conduction and
convection.
• As temp. increases evaporation of solvent increases.
• Copper is extensively used as pan (for acidic tinned Cu).
• Jacket is usually made up of iron (tin is mixed to prevent
rusting).
Advantages Disadvantages
• Suitable for both small and large • Heat economy is less.
scale. • Not suitable for heat sensitive
• Easy management. materials.
• Installation and maintenance • BP of water cannot be reduced.
cost. • Saturates the atmosphere-
• Materials of construction are slowing down of evaporation.
easily available.
• Stirring and final removal is easy.
Horizontal tube evaporator
• Here steam is passed through horizontal tubes.
• Tubes are immersed in liquid to be evaporated.
• Cylindrical body is made up of cast iron or steel.

Advantages
• Because of use of tubes SA can be increased.
• Suitable for attachment with condenser and receiver to
enhance evaporation
Short tube evaporator
Advantages
• SA
• Vigorous circulation enhances rate of heat transfer
• Multiple effect evaporator
Disadvantages
• Upper layer needs more time to get heated.
• Complicated.
Falling Film Evaporator
• Here feed enters from top and flows through the tubes.
• Solvents will be converted to bubble due to temp. rise.
• Small bubbles combine to form layer of bubbles.
• Vapour and liquid are separated at bottom

Advantages
Suitable for viscous liquids
Disadvantages
Poor distribution of feed (for suspensions)

Climbing Film Evaporator
• Here preheated feed enters from bottom and flows up through
tubes.
• Liquid gets heated quickly.
• Liquid near wall gets converted to vapour and forms small bubbles.
• They combine to form larger bubbles and moves up.
• Liq. Films are blown up and will strike deflector.
• Deflector helps in directing concentrate down it also acts as a foam
breaker.
Advantages Disadvantages
• Liquid flows at high velocity, hence • Expensive, complicated.
resistance of heat transfer is reduced • Difficult to clean
• Suitable for heat sensitive • Feed rate has to be
materials(Time of contact b/w solution maintained
and heating surface is short) • Cannot be employed for high
• Here tubes are not submerged ( no viscous liquids.
elevation of BP due to hydrostatic
head)
• Suitable for foam forming liquids.
Forced Circulation Evaporator
• In this system liquid is circulated through the tubes at high pressuire
by the aid of pump.
• Due to which boiling will not take place.
• Pressure will also create sort of agitation.
• When liquid reaches vapour head there will be pressure drop
leading to flashing.
Advantages
• Heat transfer coefficient is high
• Salting, scaling are not possible
• Suitable for thermolabile and viscous prep.
Disadvantages
• Expensive
Multiple Effect Evaporator
• Vertical tube evaporators connected in series.
• Provides greater economy and best suited for large scale evaporation .
References
1. Subrahmanyam CV, Setty JT, Suresh S, Devi VK. Pharmaceutical
engineering: Principles and practices. Vallabh Prakashan; 2014.
2. Bansod RG, Deshpande IC, Chaudhari GY, Tapre RW. A REVIEW ON
STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF EVAPORATORS AND THEIR
SOFTWARE.
3. V, GUNASUNDARI. "TYPES OF EVAPORATOR". OER Commons. Institute
for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education, 26 Aug. 2019. Web.
21 Apr. 2021. <https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/57346-types-of-
evaporator>.

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TYPES OF

• Effective transfer of heat.

• Meet conditions required (of product).

• Here steam is passed through horizontal tubes.

• Tubes are immersed in liquid to be evaporated.

• Cylindrical body is made up of cast iron or steel.

• Because of use of tubes SA can be increased.

• Suitable for attachment with condenser and receiver to

• Solvents will be converted to bubble due to temp. rise.

• Small bubbles combine to form layer of bubbles.

• Vapour and liquid are separated at bottom

Suitable for viscous liquids

Poor distribution of feed (for suspensions)

• Heat transfer coefficient is high

• Salting, scaling are not possible

• Suitable for thermolabile and viscous prep.

• Vertical tube evaporators connected in series.

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