The Big World

of
Microorganism
Microorganism
-microscopic organism
-unicellular organism or
one celled organism
which are mostly
invisible to unaided eye
Microbiology
-field in biology that
deals with the study of
microorganism
Microorganism
-they are found everywhere on
Earth
-found in water, air, land, and
in bodies of living things
-are always associated with
diseases however some are
beneficial and are needed by
organism to survive
Pathogens
-disease causing
microorganism
Microorganism
-Bacteria
-Protist
-Fungi
-Virus
 Bacteria
-are simple unicellular
microorganism
-before electron
microscope was invented
in 1950, they are thought
simply as “packs of
enzymes” with no distinct
structures
-there are thousand of
bacterial species on earth
And only have been
identified
 Bacteria
-bacteria obtain nutrients
from their environment
-some species are free living
(saprotrophs) while others
require the presence of host
for survival (parasitic)
-as they invade the body of
hosts, they excrete waste
materials and various type
of toxin so as to invade the
body of the host.
Bacteria
-bacteria obtain nutrients from
their environment
-some species are free living
(saprotrophs) while others
require the presence of host
for survival (parasitic)
-as they invade the body of
hosts, they excrete waste
materials and various type of
toxin so as to invade the body
of the host.
Bacteria
Bacterial cells
have the
following
structural
components.
1. The cell
envelope
2. The
cytoplasm
3. Appendage
s
Cell Envelope
-encloses the contents of the cell;
it consist of three layers
1. Cell wall-provides strength and
rigidity to cell.
2. Plasma/cytoplasmic membrane-
functions as protective barrier
of the cell’s interior
3. Capsule-onsidered a virulence
factor because it enhances the
ability of bacteria to cause
disease; contain water which
protects the bacteria against
desiccation; rotect cells from
engulfment by eukaryotic cells,
such as macrophages
Cytoplasm

-fills the entire cell; it is the

complex fluid that serves as
the site where all the
metabolic reactions occur and
where some nonmembrane
bound organelles are located
like:
1. chromosomes- contain the
DNA for genetic instruction
appearing entangled loop in
the region called nucleoid
2. Ribosomes-site for protein
synthesis
Appendages

1. Flagella- a whip-like
structure that allows a cell
to move
2. Pili or fimbrae-hairlike
structure thin, rigid fiber
made of protein that
protrudes from the cell
surface; functions for
adherence of bacteria to
surfaces, substrates, and
for attachment to the host
and during sexual
reproduction.
 Group of
Bacteria
-distinction made by Hans
Christian Joachim Gram
which is observed when
bacteria are subjected to
Gram-staining process
1. Gram positive-are those
that retain the purple crystal
violet stain when subjected
to Gram-staining process
2. Gram negative-do not
retain the crystal violet
stain. Thus they are
counterstained by safranin,
a dye that gives them a
reddish or pinkish color.
Gram Staining
 Group of
Bacteria
Cell wall of Gram positive bacteria
are very simple made up of
peptidoglycan. Cell wall of Gram
negative bacteria is relatively thin
also made up of peptidoglycan but
multilayered. The existence of its
outer membrane prevents the
penetration of the purple stain.
Compared to Gram-positive, Gram
negative bacteria are more resistant
against antibiotics because of their
impenetrable wall.
The existence of these two strains of
bacteria is the basis used by
physicians in prescribing medicines
to cure bacterial infections.
 Bacterial Shape
1.Cocci (Singular:
Coccus)
-round bacterial cells
2. Bacilli (Singular:
Bacillus)
-rod shaped bacteria
3.Spirilla (Singular:
Spirillum)
-curved, twisted or
spiral shaped
bacteria
 Bacterial
Arrangement
1. Diplo-
-occur in pair
2. Tetrad
-occurs in four cells
3. Sarcinae
-occurs in eight cells
4. Strepto-
-occurs in chains
5. Staphylo-
-occurs in cluster like
a bunch of grapes
Bacterial
Arrangement
 Reproduction in
Bacteria
-there are thousand of species of bacteria on
earth. At this present time, only few species
have been identified by scientist. Researches
revealed that they have existed on Earth for
billion of years.
-Bacteria reproduce at a rapid rate.
-Bacteria reproduce asexually through the
following method
1. Binary fission
2. Budding
3. Spore Formation
 Reproduction in
Bacteria
1. Binary fission-the
fully grown parent
cell splits into two
halves , producing
two new cells.
2. Budding- a new
organism develops
from an outgrowth
or bud due to cell
division at one
particular site.
 Spore Formation
-structure produced by
bacteria that is resistant to
many environmental or
induced factors that the
bacteria may be subjected
to.
-help bacteria survive by
being resistant to extreme
changes in the bacteria's
habitat including extreme
temperatures, lack of
moisture/drought, or being
exposed to chemicals and
radiation
 Economic
Importance
Bacteria in the genus Lactobacillus in
combination with yeasts and molds are
being used for many years in the
fermentation processes, like brewing wine
and manufacturing cheese, butter, pickles,
and other fermented foods
Several species of bacteria are important in
the manufacture of perfumes, organic
acids, and chemicals important in the
pharmaceutical and agrochemical
industries.
 Economic
Importance
-methane producing bacteria are used n sewage
treatment plants to convert the sludge into methane
gas.
-some species of bacteria are used in leather tanning(a
process that converts the skin of animals into leather)
-Saprotrophic bacteria function as decomposers. They
act on dead and decaying matter to disintegrate and
convert them as valuable fertilizers.
Bacteria of the genera Rhizobium, Azobacter, and
Clostridium are involved in nitrogen fixation, the
process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate
compounds that can be used by plants in making
proteins,
 Symbiotic
Bacteria
-Escherichia coli that live in the human
large intestine synthesize certain vitamins
and release some minerals from the
undigested residue for human use.
-Some bacteria live in the gut of cattle,
horses, goat, and other herbivores. These
bacteria help the animals in digesting
cellulose from the plants that they eat by
releasing the enzyme cellulase.
 Harmful Effects of
Bacteria
-Saprotrophic
bacteria can act on
food items.
Staphylococcus
aureus secrete
substance that can
cause food
poisoning.
-Human disease
are caused by
pathogenic
bacteria
 Protist
is any eukaryotic
organism that is not an
animal, plant or fungus.
are a diverse collection of
organisms. While
exceptions exist, they are
primarily microscopic and
unicellular, or made up of
a single cell.
-subdivided into 3: animal
like protist, plant like
protist and fungus like
protist
 Animal like Protist
-are called protozoans
-like animals, they can move, and they are
heterotrophs. That means they eat things
outside of themselves instead of producing
their own food.
-they are classified into following according to
their structure for locomotion
a. Sarcodines
b. Flagellates
c. Ciliates
d. Sporozoans
 Animal like Protist
Sarcodines
-move using pseudopods (false feet) a
structure developed from a temporary
projection of cytoplasm
-aside for locomotion, the structure
are also used in food capturing
-do not have definite shape
Example: Amoeba, Foraminiferans,
radiolarian
Amoeba lives at bodies of water.
Water taken from underground
sources may be contaminated by
amoeba and cause amoebic
dysentery.
 Animal like Protist
Flagellates
-have whiplike projection
called flagella for its
locomotion
Example;
Trypanosoma- causes
African sleeping sickness.
Trychonympha –parasite in
the body of termites
 Animal like Protist
Cillates
- characterized by the presence
fine hair like cilia as locomotor
structures.
- Paramecium is the most
familiar example of ciliates.
Another common example is
Vorticella a colonial form.
Balantidium is a human
parasite. Blepharosoma is
large, free living and pink in
colour.
 Animal like Protist
Sporozoans
-generally have no structures for
locomotions
-The most familiar example is
Plasmodium, which causes malaria in
human beings.
Plasmodium exhibits a life cycle
involving the asexual spore producing
stage and the sexual stage. The
humans harbor the asexual stage and
the spores invade and multiply within
the blood cells.
Female Anopheles mosquito harbors
the sexual stage.
 Plant like Protist
-unicellular algae
Contain chlorophyll pigments like
plants therefore can carry out
photosynthesis.
Unlike plants, however, plant-like
protists do not have true stems,
roots, or leaves.
Mostly aquatic and form the group of
water-surface microorganism called
phytoplanktons.
They are represented by:
a. Dinoflagellates
b. Euglenoids
c. Green, brown, red and golden
algae
 Plant like Protist
Dinoflagellates
-a single-celled organism with
two flagella, occurring in large
numbers in marine plankton
and also found in fresh water.
Some produce toxins (Red
Tide)that can accumulate in
shellfish, resulting in paralytic
shellfish poisoning (PSP) when
eaten
-many dinoflagellates give off
light.
Example: Gonyaulax
 Plant like Protist
Euglenoids
-represented by euglena
-has a characteristics of
both animal like protist and
plant like protist
-it moves using its flagellum
-when exposed to sun it
uses its chloroplast to make
its own food. It feeds on
dead organic matter when
there is no light.
 Plant like Protist
Green algae
-also called as the chlorophytes
- They are green because the
chlorophyll is the main
pigment they have
- Live in water and moist soil,
but can be found in melting
snow and inside other
organisms.
- Examples: Chlorella,
Drapamaldia, Pediastrum,
Spirogyra, Chlamydomnas,
Ulva, Volvox
 Plant like Protist
Brown algae
-also called as the
phaeophytes
- Have chlorophyll and
yellowish- brownish
pigment
- Examples:Laminaria,
dictyota, turbinaria,
padina, sargassum(the
largest known algae),
Macrocystis
 Plant like Protist
Red algae
-also called as the rhodophytes
- Group containing most of the
world’s seaweeds
- Have chlorophyll and a red
pigment that gives them their color
- They contribute formation of coral
reefs by producing calcium
carbonate
- Others produce substance which
are sources of agar and
carrageenan used in production of
cosmetic products and gelatin
capsules
- Examples: Coralina, agardhiella,
porphyra
 Plant like Protist
Golden algae
-also called as the
chrysophytes
- They have
chlorophyll which is
usually marked by
yellow pigments
- Example: Cyclotella
 Fungi like Protist
Like fungi, they are
heterotrophs, meaning they
must obtain food outside
themselves. They also have cell
walls and reproduce by forming
spores, just like fungi. Fungus-
like protists usually do not move, The thin filaments growing out
but a few develop movement at of this dead insect look a little
some point in their lives. like a fungus. Also this mystery
organism, like a fungus, is
Two major types of fungus-like feeding on decaying matter.
protists However, this is not a fungus.
This organism is a type of
a. slime molds fungus-like protist, known as
b. water molds. water mold.
 Fungi like Protist
Slime molds
-They often have bright colors,
such as a vibrant yellow
Others are brown or white.
Stemonitis is a kind of slime
mold which forms small brown
bunches on the outside of
rotting logs.
Fuligo, sometimes called
“vomit mold,” is a yellow
slime mold found in decaying
wood.
 Fungi like Protist
Water molds
-mostly live in water or
moist soil. They can be
parasites of plants and
animals, getting their
nutrients from these
organisms and also from
decaying organisms.
They are a common
problem for farmers since
they cause a variety of
plant diseases.
 Fungi
-consist of varied heterotrophic plant
like organisms adapted to take their
nutrition from living or dead organism.
-they range from macroscopic
mildews, bracket fungi, and smuts to
mostly microscopic molds and yeast.
-A fungus (singular) has a vegetative
filaments called hyphae. A mat of
interwoven hyphae is called as
mycelium.
-Plants have cell walls with cellulose,
fungi have chitin in the cell walls of
their hyphae.
-Plants store food as starch, fungi
store food as glycogen like animals.
 Reproduction in
Fungi
-in asexual reproduction, fungi
reproduce through spore
formation. Spores are light,
seedlike structures found on the
modified cells of the hyphae.
They are normally released into
the air, carried away by various
means, and may germinate
under suitable conditions.
Another method of asexual
reproduction in fungi is
fragmentation by which the
hyphae break apart and each
fragment becomes a new fungus.
 Economic Importance
of Fungi
-The mycorrhiza is
the genus that
lives in symbiosis
with some
vascular plants
providing them
with essential
nutrients in
exchange for
some materials
which the fungus
cannot
manufacture.
 Economic Importance
of Fungi
-Fungi are
decomposers. They
break down dead
remains of organisms
to continue the cycle
of materials in the
ecosystem.
-Some specie
(Agaricus) are edible
and rich of protein.
 Economic Importance
of Fungi
-some specieces are
sources of drugs like
aspergillic acid
(Aspergillus flavus) and
antibiotics like penicillin
(Penicillium notatum)
-The yeast
(Saccharomyces
cerevisae)are widely
used in the
fermentation industry
 Harmful effects
-Food spoilage
-Animal and plant
diseases
-In humans, fungi
can cause ringworm
and athlete’s foot.
 Virus
-is a biological particle
consisting of a nucleic
acid(DNA or RNA) as genetic
material and a protein coat
enclosed by a protein coat
called capsid.
-possesses some
characteristics of life but they
are acellular (not consisting
of, divided into, or containing
cells) that’s why they are
considered as non living.
-they are not capable of
cellular function.
 Virus
Virus can be
classified according
to their genetic
material which
could be either RNA
or DNA.
Virus
Virus