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    Steel Industry

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    Mark Deniel Soriano

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    Steel Industry

    Uploaded by

    Mark Deniel Soriano
    1 views21 pages

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    Steel Industry (1)

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    1 views21 pages

    Steel Industry

    Uploaded by

    Mark Deniel Soriano

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    STEEL INDUSTRY

    PRESENTED BY POGI NA
    MGA TAO
    STEEL
    STEEL IS ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY USED MATERIALS IN
    THE WORLD DUE TO THE INNUMERABLE PROPERTIES
    THAT MAKE IT USEFUL IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES: FROM
    CONSTRUCTION, TO ART AND DECORATION, TO HOME
    FURNISHINGS AND ARCHITECTURE. TODAY AT ULMA,
    WE’LL TELL YOU ABOUT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
    STEEL, ITS PROPERTIES AND ITS DIFFERENT USES IN
    INDUSTRY AND
    STEEL, alloy IN EVERYDAY
    of iron LIFE.
    and carbon in which the carbon content
    ranges up to 2 percent (with a higher carbon content, the
    material is defined as cast iron). By far the most widely used
    material for building the world’s infrastructure and industries, it
    is used to fabricate everything from sewing needles to oil
    tankers. In addition, the tools required to build and
    manufacture such articles are also made of steel.
    COMPONENTS
    OF STEEL FUNDAMENTALLY, STEEL IS MADE OF IRON AND CARBON,
    BUT MANY OTHER ALLOYING ELEMENTS ALSO GET ADDED
    TO CREATE THOUSANDS OF DIFFERENT GRADES OF STEEL.
    MILD STEEL, OR CARBON STEEL, IS GENERALLY MORE THAN
    99% IRON, CONTAINING LESS THAN 0.25% CARBON,
    SIMILAR AMOUNTS OF MANGANESE, AND TRACES OF
    PHOSPHORUS AND SULFUR. BY CONTRAST, A COMMON
    GRADE OF STAINLESS STEEL (304) HAS ONLY ABOUT 70%
    IRON WITH A MINIMUM OF 18% CHROMIUM AND 8%
    NICKEL. MANGANESE, SILICON, PHOSPHORUS, AND OF
    COURSE CARBON ARE ALSO PRESENT IN VARYING
    AMOUNTS WITHIN THIS TYPE OF STEEL. OTHER ALLOYING
    ELEMENTS FOR DIFFERENT STEELS INCLUDE
    MOLYBDENUM, VANADIUM, AND BORON. MULTIPLE
    GRADES OF EACH TYPE OF STEEL EXIST, WITH VARIATIONS
    IN THEIR COMPOSITION MEANT TO PRODUCE DIFFERENT
    CHARACTERISTICS.
    COMPONENTS
    OF STEEL
    IRON MAKES UP 5 PERCENT OF EARTH’S
    CRUST AND IS SECOND IN ABUNDANCE TO
    ALUMINUM AMONG THE METALS AND
    FOURTH IN ABUNDANCE BEHIND OXYGEN,
    SILICON, AND ALUMINUM AMONG THE
    ELEMENTS. IRON, WHICH IS THE CHIEF
    CONSTITUENT OF EARTH’S CORE, IS THE
    MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT IN EARTH AS A
    WHOLE (ABOUT 35 PERCENT) AND IS
    RELATIVELY PLENTIFUL IN THE SUN AND
    OTHER STARS.
    TYPES OF
    STEEL

    STEEL IS CLASSIFIED BY ITS


    COMPOSITION: IRON IS FUSED WITH CARBON STEEL
    CARBON AND ANY NUMBER OF OTHER STAINLESS STEEL
    ELEMENTS TO ACHIEVE A SPECIFIC END. ALLOY STEEL
    THE FOUR MAIN TYPES ARE: TOOL STEEL
    TYPES OF
    STEEL
    CARBON STEEL IS UNIQUE FOR THE NOTABLE ABSENCE
    OF OTHER ELEMENTS IN ITS MAKEUP. THOUGH IT ONLY
    CONTAINS 2% CARBON OR LESS BY WEIGHT, ITS
    ELEMENTAL NATURE MAKES CARBON STEEL A STRONG,
    DURABLE MATERIAL THAT IS IDEAL FOR NUMEROUS USES.

    CARBON STEEL
    TYPES OF
    CARBON STEEL
    BELOW THE 2% CARBON THRESHOLD, CARBON STEEL CAN BE GROUPED INTO THREE
    CATEGORIES: LOW, MEDIUM, AND HIGH CARBON. EACH TYPE RETAINS THE INHERENT
    STRENGTH OF CARBON, BUT ITS USEFUL PURPOSE WILL CHANGE AS THE CARBON CONTENT
    INCREASES.

    • LOW CARBON: A CARBON CONTENT OF .30% AND UNDER IS CONSIDERED LOW-CARBON


    STEEL. THIS IS THE MOST COMMON AND THE LEAST EXPENSIVE TYPE OF STEEL. THANKS
    TO ITS ELASTICITY UNDER STRAIN, MANUFACTURERS USE LOW-CARBON STEEL FOR WIRES,
    BOLTS AND PIPES.

    • MEDIUM CARBON: A CARBON CONTENT BETWEEN 0.31% AND 0.60% GIVES THIS VARIETY A
    HIGHER STRENGTH AND LOWER DUCTILITY, MEANING IT’S LESS MOLDABLE UNDER
    PRESSURE. YOU CAN OFTEN FIND MEDIUM CARBON STEEL IN GEARS AND RAILROAD
    TRACKS.

    • HIGH CARBON: THE TOUGHEST VARIETY CONTAINS MORE THAN 0.61% CARBON AND IS
    OFTEN USED TO PRODUCE EXTREMELY TOUGH BUILDING MATERIALS AND TOOLS, LIKE
    BRICK NAILS AND SHARP CUTTING TOOLS LIKE TRENCHER BLADES. THEY DO NOT CONTAIN
    MORE THAN 2% CARBON.
    TYPES OF
    STEEL
    THIS TYPE IS COMMONLY KNOWN FOR ITS ROLE IN
    MANUFACTURING MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND APPLIANCES,
    BUT ITS RANGE OF USE IS FAR GREATER THAN JUST THE
    GAS RANGE IN YOUR KITCHEN. CHROMIUM IS THE ALLOY
    THAT SETS STAINLESS STEEL APART, LENDING THE
    MATERIAL ITS DISTINCTIVE LUSTER.

    STAINLESS
    STEEL
    TYPES OF
    STAINLESS STEEL
    IT’S COMMON TO SEE STAINLESS STEEL IN KITCHEN APPLIANCES, MEDICAL TOOLS AND AUTOMOTIVE
    APPLICATIONS, BUT STAINLESS STEEL IS HIGHLY VALUED FOR OTHER USES. STAINLESS STEEL IS
    GROUPED INTO FOUR SUBCATEGORIES THAT EACH SERVE A DIFFERENT PURPOSE.

    • MARTENSITIC ALLOYS: TOUGHNESS IS A HALLMARK OF MARTENSITIC ALLOYS, BUT THEY’RE PRONE


    TO CORROSION. MANUFACTURERS FORM THESE ALLOYS WITH A RAPID-COOLING PROCESS THAT
    MAKES THEM IDEAL FOR MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS, CUTLERY AND PLIERS.

    • FERRITIC ALLOYS: THESE ARE LESS-EXPENSIVE STEELS WITH LOW AMOUNTS OF CARBON AND
    NICKEL. AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS USE FERRITIC ALLOYS BECAUSE OF THEIR CHROMIUM-
    INDUCED STRENGTH AND SHEEN.

    • AUSTENITIC ALLOYS: AUSTENITIC ALLOYS HAVE HIGHER CHROMIUM AND NICKEL CONTENTS,
    WHICH IMPROVES THEIR RESISTANCE TO CORROSION AND CAUSES THEM TO BE NON-MAGNETIC.
    THEY’RE PRESENT IN COMMERCIAL KITCHEN APPLIANCES SINCE THEY’RE DURABLE AND EASY TO
    CLEAN.

    • DUPLEX ALLOYS: A COMBINATION OF AUSTENITIC AND FERRITIC ALLOYS RESULTS IN A DUPLEX


    ALLOY THAT INHERITS THE PROPERTIES OF BOTH WHILE DOUBLING STRENGTH. THEY’RE ALSO
    DUCTILE AND CORROSION-RESISTANT DUE TO THEIR FAIRLY HIGH CHROMIUM CONTENT. DUPLEX
    ALLOYS ARE COMMON AMONG INSTRUMENTS AND PIPEWORK USED IN GAS, OIL AND CHEMICAL
    INDUSTRIES.
    TYPES OF
    STEEL
    ALLOY STEEL IS IRON FUSED WITH ONE OF SEVERAL OTHER
    ELEMENTS, EACH CONTRIBUTING ITS UNIQUE ATTRIBUTES TO
    THE FINAL PRODUCT. ALL STEELS ARE INDEED ALLOYS, BUT
    CARBON AND CHROMIUM ARE SPECIFIC ALLOYS WITH NAMES
    ATTRIBUTED TO THE TYPE OF METAL THEY FORM.

    ALLOY STEEL
    TYPES OF
    ALLOY STEEL
    • ALUMINUM: LIGHTWEIGHT, HEAT-RESISTANT STEEL THAT’S DUCTILE AND EASY TO WORK WITH
    AND IS OFTEN USED IN HOT EXHAUST SYSTEMS AND POWER GENERATORS.

    • COPPER: CORROSION-RESISTANT STEEL THAT CONDUCTS HEAT VERY EFFICIENTLY, MAKING IT A


    GREAT CHOICE FOR ELECTRICAL WIRING AND INDUSTRIAL HEAT EXCHANGERS.

    • MANGANESE: IMPACT-RESISTANT STEEL THAT’S EXTREMELY TOUGH. YOU CAN FIND IT IN


    BULLETPROOF CABINETS, ANTI-DRILL PLATES AND HIGH-STRENGTH SAFES.

    • MOLYBDENUM: WELDABLE, CORROSION-RESISTANT STEEL THAT PERFORMS WELL UNDER HIGH


    PRESSURE, MAKING IT SUITABLE FOR UNDERWATER CONSTRUCTION OR OIL AND GAS
    PIPELINES.

    • SILICON: SOFT-NATURED STEEL THAT’S MALLEABLE AND HIGHLY MAGNETIC. SILICON CREATES
    STRONG PERMANENT MAGNETS POWER PLANTS NEED FOR THEIR ELECTRICAL
    TRANSFORMERS.

    • VANADIUM: HIGH-IMPACT STEEL THAT’S SHOCK-ABSORBENT AND VIBRATION-RESISTANT.


    AUTOMOTIVE PARTS LIKE SHOCKS AND SPRINGS OFTEN REQUIRE VANADIUM.
    TYPES OF
    STEEL
    TOOL STEELS ARE EXACTLY WHAT THEY CLAIM TO BE —
    THEY ARE A TYPE OF HIGH-CARBON STEEL SPECIFICALLY
    DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE MANUFACTURING OF TOOLS,
    SUCH AS DRILLS, SAW BLADES AND TOOL BITS. TOOL
    STEEL ALLOYS — ALONG WITH OTHER METALS SUCH AS
    TUNGSTEN, CHROMIUM AND VANADIUM — IMPROVE ITS
    STRENGTH, HARDNESS AND RESISTANCE TO WEAR AND
    CORROSION.

    TOOL STEEL
    TYPES OF TOOL
    STEEL
    • AIR-HARDENING: THE HIGH CHROMIUM CONTENT IN THIS STEEL ALLOWS IT TO BE
    EXPOSED TO HIGH TEMPERATURES WITHOUT DISTORTING.

    • WATER-HARDENING: THIS STEEL IS WATER-QUENCHED DURING USE, USED TO MAKE


    COMMON TOOLS AND IS THE MOST AFFORDABLE TOOL STEEL.

    • OIL-HARDENING: THIS OIL-QUENCHED STEEL IS EXCEPTIONALLY WEAR-RESISTANT


    FROM SLIPPING, AND IS USED TO PRODUCE KNIVES AND SHEARS.

    • HIGH-SPEED: HIGH-SPEED STEEL IS HIGHLY ABRASIVE AND IMPACT-RESISTANT. IT’S


    FOUND IN DRILL BITS AND POWER SAWS.

    • HOT-WORKING: THE NAME GIVES IT AWAY, BUT THIS STEEL CAN WITHSTAND EXTREME
    HEAT AND IS USED IN FORGING AND CASTING.

    • SHOCK-RESISTING: SMALL AMOUNTS OF CARBON, SILICON AND MOLYBDENUM


    HARDEN THIS STEEL AND SUIT IT FOR PUNCHES AND RIVETING TOOLS.
    THE MANUFACTURING
    PROCESS
    COAL TRADITIONALLY HAS BEEN A KEY PART OF THE COKE-MAKING PROCESS. THE COAL IS CRUSHED
    AND GROUND INTO A POWDER AND THEN CHARGED INTO AN OVEN WHERE IT IS HEATED TO
    APPROXIMATELY 1800°F IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN. AS THE OVEN IS HEATED, THE COAL BEGINS TO
    MELT SO MOST OF THE VOLATILE MATTER SUCH AS OIL, TAR, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN AND SULFUR ARE
    REMOVED. THE COOKED COAL, CALLED COKE, IS REMOVED FROM THE OVEN AFTER 18 TO 24 HOURS
    OF REACTION TIME. THE COKE IS COOLED AND SCREENED INTO PIECES RANGING FROM ONE INCH TO
    FOUR INCHES. THE COKE IS A POROUS, HARD BLACK ROCK OF CONCENTRATED CARBON (CONTAINS 90
    TO 93 PERCENT CARBON), WHICH HAS SOME ASH AND SULFUR BUT COMPARED TO RAW COAL IS VERY
    STRONG. THE STRONG PIECES OF COKE WITH A HIGH ENERGY VALUE PROVIDE PERMEABILITY, HEAT
    AND GASES WHICH ARE REQUIRED TO REDUCE AND MELT THE IRON ORE, PELLETS AND SINTER. TODAY,
    NATURAL GAS IS INCREASINGLY BEING ADDED IN PLACE OF COKE TO THE SAME DEGREE IN THE BLAST
    THE MANUFACTURING
    PROCESS
    THE MANUFACTURING
    PROCESS
    ADVANTAGES OF
    • STEEL
    SPEED OF ERECTION

    • QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION

    • EASE OF REPAIR

    • ADAPTATION OF PREFABRICATION

    • REPETITIVE USE

    • EXPANDING EXISTING
    STRUCTURES
    THERMAL PROPERTIES AND
    FIRE RESISTANCE
    • PROPERTIES DEPEND LARGELY ON ALLOYING ELEMENTS

    • CARBON IS ADDED TO IRON TO MAKE IT STRONGER.


    MELTING POINT CHANGE DEPENDING ON THE AMOUNT
    OF CARBON PRESENT BY MASS. BUT ONCE CARBON
    CONTENT IN ‘STEEL’ EXCEED 2.1% BY MASS IT IS NO
    LONGER STEEL AND IS CALLED CAST IRON

    • STEEL LOOSES STRENGTH WHEN HEATED SUFFICIENTLY.


    THERE IS A CRITICAL TEMPERATURE AFTER WHICH IT
    CANNOT SAFELY SUPPORT THE LOAD
    LIMITATIONS
    OF STEEL
    • CORROSION

    • EXPENSIVE FIREPROOF TREATMENT

    • SUBJECTED TO BULKING

    • CAN BE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN OTHER


    MATERIALS
    THANKS
    BYE

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