LETTERJHAY

METALS  When acids and metals react, the hydrogen

atom in the acid is replaced by the metal
Properties of Metals atom to produce a salt and hydrogen gas, for
example iron:
o Fe + 2HCI → FeCl2 + H2

Reactivity with oxygen

 Unreactive metals such as gold and copper

do not react with acids.
 Some reactive metals such as the alkali
metals react with oxygen.
 Copper and iron can also react with oxygen
although much more slowly.
 When metals react with oxygen a metal
oxide is formed, for example copper:
o 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO

PHYSICAL PROPETIES OF METALS

 Metals have shiny and lustrous appearance.

Also, they are sonorous.
General chemical properties of Metals  All metals except (Hg [Mercury], Ga [Gallium])
are solid at room temperature
 The chemistry of metals is studied by  Metals can be light (Na, K, Al and Mg) as well
analysing their reactions with water, dilute as heavy Fe.
acid and oxygen.  Usually, metals are hard, But Na and K are
 Based on these reactions a reactivity comparatively soft.
series of metals can be produced.  Malleability - Malleability is a substance's
ability to deform under pressure (compressive
Reactivity with water
stress)
 Some metals react with water, either warm  Ductility- Ductility is the physical property of a
or cold, or with steam. material associated with the ability to be
 Metals that react with cold water form a hammered thin or stretched into wire without
metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas, for breaking
example calcium:
o Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

 Metals that react with steam form metal  Metals like (Cu, Au, Ag and etc. ) are good
oxide and hydrogen gas, for example zinc: conductors of heat and electricity. However (Pb
o Zn + H2O → ZnO + H2 and Hg) are poor conductors of heat.
 Metals usually have high melting and boiling
Reactivity with acids point.
 Metals loses electron and changes to positive ion
 Most metals react with dilute acids such as called electropositive elements.
HCl.
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Metals have different chemical properties because of Iron and the remaining metals below iron in the activity
electron in the outer most orbit of metals series reacts with oxygen when heated in air.At high
temperature, metals like (Au, Ag and etc. ) do not react
 Metals give electrons to oxygen atom and react with oxygen.
to form oxides
Basic Amphoteric Acidic
Metal + Di oxygen gas = Metal oxide able to react
both as a base
 Metals like (Na and K) burns if kept in air
and as an acid.
At normal temperature, a thin layer of oxide is observed Na2O – Sodium ZnO – Zinc CO2 – Calcium Dioxide
Oxide Oxide SO2 – Sodium Dioxide
on metals like (Mg , Al and Zn). Magnesium when
CaO – Calcium Al2O3 –ialuminum oxide P4O10 – Phosphorus
heated in air burns with dazzling light and forms Oxide pentoxide
Fe2O3 – Iron Oxide
 The chemistry of the metals is studied by
analysing their reactions with water, dilute Neutral : CO, NO
acid and oxygen.
 Based on these reactions a reactivity series
Oxides of metal like zinc oxide and aluminum oxide
of metals can be produced. posses both acidic and basic properties. Such metals are
 The series can be used to place a group of called Amphoteric Oxides
metals in order of reactivity based on the
observations of their reactions with water, Na2O(s) + H2O = 2NaOH (aq) Sodium hydroxide
acid and oxygen. K2O(s) + H2O = 2KOH (aq) Potassium hydroxide

Most metal oxides are insoluble in water but some

dissolves in water and form alkali.

Metal + H2O = Metal Hydroxide/ Oxide +

Dihydrogen gas

Metals reacts with water and form Hydroxide or Oxides

and Dihydrogen gas. But all metals do not react with
water.

Metals like (Na, K, Ca, and L) reacts with cold water.

The Dihydrogen gas prodeuced by the reaction explodes

and burns fast.

Magnesium does not reacts with cold water. However, it

forms magnesium hydroxide and di hydrogen gas when
reacted with hot water. (Mg+H2O >>> Mg(OH)2 + H2)

Similarly, (Al, Zn and Fe) reacts with steam to form

the respective oxides and dihydrogen gas.

2Al(s) + 3H2O(g)→ 2Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)

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Metals like (Pb, Cu, Au, and Ag) do not react with cold contains less than 2 percent. An alloy is a substance
water and steam. composed of two or more elements. Therefore, all
steels are an alloy of iron and carbon, but the term
Metal+ Dilute acids = Salt of respective metal+
dihyd rogen gass “alloy steel” normally refers to a steel that also
contains one or more other elements. For example,
if the main alloying element is tungsten, the steel is
All metals do not react with dilute acids. If metal a “tungsten steel” or “tungsten alloy.” If there is no
reacts with dilute acid then the corresponding salt alloying material, it is a “carbon steel.”
and dihydrogen gas are produced.
CARBON CONTENT
Metals react with dilute hydrochloric acid to
produce hydrogen and the respective metallic  Pure Iron
chlorides. Magnesium reacts readily compared to  Low Carbon Steel (mild steel)
Zinc and Copper.  Medium Carbon Steel
 High Carbon Steel
FEROUS METALS  Cast Iron
The name Ferrous comes from the Latin word Iron Carbon Percentage
“Ferrum”.
1. Mild Steel :- Carbon content of 0.1 to 0.3%
Ferrous metals are those that contain iron as the and Iron content of 99.7 – 99.9%. Used for
base metal, or in other words those metals which engineering purposes and in general, none
are attracted by magnets. The properties of ferrous specialised metal products.
metals may be changed by adding various alloying 2. Carbon steel :- Carbon content of 0.6 to
elements. The chemical and mechanical properties 1.4% and Iron content of 98.6 to 99.4 %.
need to be combined to produce a metal to serve a Used to make cutting tools such as drill bits.
specific purpose. The basic ferrous metal form is 3. Stainless Steel :- Made up of Iron, nickel
pig iron. Pig iron is produced in a blast furnace that and chromium. Resists staining and
is charged with an iron ore, coke, and limestone. corrosion and is therefore used for the likes
Ferrous metals had a tremendous impact on of cutlery and surgical instrumentation. See
lifestyle, it was one of the most important changes our Infographic celebrating 100 years of
for mankind today Ferrous metals are the backbone stainless steel usage in buildings or the
of the world with built. different types of stainless steel.
Ferrous metal’s ore is readily available, constituting 4. Cast Iron :- carbon 2 – 6% and Iron at 94 to
about 5% of the earth's crust, and is easy to convert 98%. Very strong but brittle. Used to
to a useful form. manufacture items such as engine blocks
and manhole covers.
The four principal iron ores are hematite, limonite, 5. Wrought Iron :- Composed of almost 100%
magnetite and faconite. iron. Used to make items such as ornamental
gates and fencing. Has fallen out of use
Ferrous metals include cast iron, steel, and the somewhat.
various steel alloys, The only difference between
iron and steel is the carbon content. Cast iron
contains more than 2-percent carbon, while steel
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NAME ALLOY PROPERTIE USES

OF S
Tungsten Steel
Mild Carbon Tough. High Most
Steel 0.1 -0.3% tensile common Metals that have been mixed to obtain
Iron 99.9 - strength. Can metal used materials with new properties are called alloys.
99.7% be case in school Mixing steel with small amounts of other metals,
hardened. workshops.
such as vanadium, cobalt and tungsten, contributes
Rusts very Used in
easily. general strength, hardness and corrosion resistance.
metal
Tungsten, like iron, is a basic chemical
products
and element. It stands up to heat better than any other
engineering metal, having the highest melting point, 6192
. degrees F (3695 C), and the highest tensile strength
Carbon Carbon Tough. Can Cutting at temperatures over 3000 F (1650 C). It also
Steel 0.6 - 1.4% be hardened tools such as expands less than any other pure metal from heat
Iron 99.4 - and drills and has high resistance to corrosion.
98.6% tempered.
Stainles Iron, Tough, Cutlery, Cutting tools, such as drill bits, produce
s Steel nickel resistant to medical great heat from friction. Tungsten, added to steel in
and rust and instruments amounts varying from 2 to 18 percent (along with
chromiu stains. .
small amounts of molybdenum and vanadium),
m
Cast Carbon 2
Strong but Castings, maintains the metal’s strength at high temperatures.
Iron - 6% Iron
brittle. manhole Called high-speed steel, it goes into making drill
98 - 94%
Compressive covers, bits, milling bits, saw blades and other tools.
strength very engines.
high. HEAT TREATMENT
Wrought Almost Fibrous, Ornamental
Iron 100% iron tough, gates and  Hardening
ductile, railings. Not o If steel was bended back and forth.
resistant to in much use  Case Hardening
rusting. today. o The working rearranges the inner
Chromium-molybdenum alloy steel.
structure of the material
The chromium content provides good o It becomes more and more brittle and
hardness penetration, and the molybdenum eventually snaps
content ensures uniform hardness and high  Annealing
strength. chrome-molybdenum steel can be oil o Metal was heated to red heat and let
hardened to a relatively high level of hardness. The it cool slowly.
desirable properties of the chromium-molybdenum  Normalizing
include superior toughness, good ductility and o Cooling rapidly
good wear resistance in the quenched and o Resulting to hard and brittle
tempered condition.  Tempering
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o Heating moderately until it just Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, brass,

begins to change color and then cool copper, nickel, tin, lead, and zinc, as well as
it moderately precious metals like gold and silver. While non-
o It removes brittleness while retaining ferrous metals can provide strength, they are
the hardness required by the material primarily used where their differences from ferrous
metals can provide an advantage.
+ Martensitic
For instance, non-ferrous metals are much more
The crystalline structure produced by malleable than ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals
quenching. Named after Adolf Martens are also much lighter, making them well-suited for
use where strength is needed, but weight is a factor,
+Austenitic
such as in the aircraft or canning industries.
Annealing slow cooling produces it. Named Because they contain no iron, non-ferrous metals
after William Roberts- Austen have a higher resistance to rust and corrosion,
which is why you’ll find these materials in use for
Most widely used grade of stainless steel ; gutters, water pipes, roofing, and road signs.
non-magnetic ; with high levels of chromium and Finally, they are also non-magnetic, which makes
nickel and low level of carbon them perfect for use in small electronics and as
All of these involve three basic steps: electrical wiring.

 Heating As far as recycling goes, aluminum is the third most

recycled material in the world. However, many
 Soaking
other non-ferrous materials like copper, brass and
 Cooling
lead are relatively scarce, and metallurgists rely
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL heavily on scrap material recycling to make new
ones
Basics:
Hardness, Strength, Toughness Malleability, Name Com Properties Uses
Ductility, Melting point positi
on
Alumi Pure Greyish- Aircraft, boats,
nium Metal White, window frames,
soft, saucepans,
malleable, packaging and
conductive insulation, pistons
to heat and and cranks.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON electricity,
STEEL It is
corrosion
Basics: resistant. It
Rust, Hot dip Galvanising, Zinc alum Coating, can be
Chrome Plating, welded but
this is
NON FERROUS METALS difficult.
Needs
special
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processes. grey.
Alumi Alum Ductile, Aircraft and Resistant
nium inium Malleable, vehicle parts. to
alloys- +4% Work corrosion.
Dural Copp Hardens. Zinc Pure A layer of Makes brass.
umini er+1 metal oxide Coating for steel
um) %Ma protects it galvanized
ngan from corrugated iron
ese corrosion, roofing, tanks,
Coppe Pure Red, Electrical wire, bluish- buckets, rust-proof
r metal tough, cables and white, paints
ductile, conductors, water easily
High and central heating worked.
electrical pipes and Tin Pure White and Tinplate, making
conductor, cylinders. Printed metal soft, bronze.
corrosion circuit boards, corrosion
resistant, roofs. resistant.
Can work Gildin 85% Corrosion Beaten metalwork,
hard or g copp resistant, jewellery.
cold. metal er+1 golden
Needs 5% colour,
frequent zinc. enamels
annealing. well.
Brass 65% Very Castings,
copp corrosive, ornaments,
er yellow in valves,forgings. ELECTRICAL CODUCTIVITY
+35 colour,
%zin tarnishes Electrical conductivity in metals is a result
c. very of the movement of electrically charged
easily. particles. The atoms of metal elements are
Harder characterized by the presence of valence
than electrons, which are electrons in the outer
copper.
shell of an atom that are free to move about.
Good
electrical It is these "free electrons" that allow metals
conductor. to conduct an electric current.
Lead Pure The Protection against
metal heaviest X-Ray machines. Because valence electrons are free to move, they
common Paints, roof can travel through the lattice that forms the physical
metal. coverings, structure of a metal. Under an electric field, free
Soft, flashings. electrons move through the metal much like billiard
malleable, balls knocking against each other, passing an
bright and electric charge as they move.
shiny
when new ADDITIONAL NOTES ONLY :D about
but electrical conductivity and electro chem
quickly
oxidizes to
a dull
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Scandium:
Material Resistivity Conductivity
 Atomic weight 21. Used to strengthen aluminum
p(Ω•m) at σ(S/m) at
20°C 20°C alloys.
Silver 1.59x10-8 6.30x107
Copper 1.68x10-8 5.98x107 Yttrium:
Annealed Copper 1.72x10-8 5.80x107 Atomic weight 39. Used in superconductors and
Gold 2.44x10-8 4.52x107 exotic light sources.
Aluminum 2.82x10-8 3.5x107
Calcium 3.36x10-8 2.82x107 Lanthanum:
Beryllium 4.00x10-8 2.500x107 Atomic weight 57. Used in specialty glasses and
Rhodium 4.49x10-8 2.23x107 optics, electrodes and for hydrogen storage.
Magnesium 4.66x10-8 2.15x107
Molybdenum 5.225x10-8 1.914x107 Cerium: 
Iridium 5.289x10-8 1.891x107 Atomic weight 58. Makes an excellent oxidizer,
Tungsten 5.49x10-8 1.82x107 used in oil cracking during petroleum refining and
Zinc 5.945x10-8 1.682x107 is used for yellow color in ceramics and glass.
Cobalt 6.25x10-8 1.60x107
Cadmium 6.84x10-8 1.467 Praseodymium: 
Nickel 6.84x10-8 1.46x107 Atomic weight 59. Used in magnets, lasers and as
(electrolytic)
green color in ceramics and glass.
Ruthenium 7.595x10-8 1.31x107
Lithium 8.54x10-8 1.17x107 Neodymium: 
Iron 9.58x10-8 1.04x107
Atomic weight 60. Used in magnets, lasers and as
Platinum 1.06x10-7 9.44x106
Palladium 1.08x10-7 9.28x106 purple color in ceramics and glass.
Tin 1.15x10-7 8.7x106
Promethium:
Selenium 1.197x10-7 8.35x106
Tantalum 1.24x10-7 8.06x106 Atomic weight 61. Used in nuclear batteries.
Niobium 1.31x10-7 7.66x106
Samarium: 
Steel (Cast) 1.61x10-7 6.21x106
Chromium 1.96x10-7 5.10x106 Atomic weight 62. Used in magnets, lasers and for
Lead 2.05x10-7 4.87x106 neutron capture.
Vanadium 2.61x10-7 3.83x106
Uranium 2.87x10-7 3.48x106
Europium: 
Antimony* 3.92x10-7 2.55x106 Atomic weight 63. Makes colored phosphors,
Zirconium 4.105x10-7 2.44x106 lasers, and mercury-vapor lamps.
Titanium 5.56x10-7 1.798x106
Mercury 9.58x10-7 1.044x106 Gadolinium: 
Germanium* 4.6x10-1 2.17 Atomic weight 64. Used in magnets, specialty
Silicon* 6.40x102 1.56x10-3 optics, and computer memory.

Terbium: 
RARE METALS Atomic weight 65. Used as green in ceramics and
paints, and in lasers and fluorescent lamps.
In order of increasing atomic mass, the rare
earth metals and some of their common applications Dysprosium: 
are given below. Atomic weight 66. Used in magnets and lasers.
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Holmium: 
Atomic weight 67. Used in lasers.

Erbium:
Atomic weight 68. Used in steel alloyed with
vanadium, as well as in lasers.

Thulium: 
Atomic weight 69. Used in portable x-ray
equipment.

Ytterbium: 
Atomic weight 70. Used in infrared lasers. Also,
works as a great chemical reducer.

Lutetium: 
Atomic weight 71. Used in specialty glass and
radiology equipment.

We accumulated primitive qualitative data

N
for information in the systematic sampling [( K= )
n
where “K” is the sampling interval, “N” is the
population size, and “n” is the sample size.] of
Grade 12 students in the Senior High Department of
Camiling Colleges, Inc,.

7 out of 15 students of the latter stated that

the main purpose of research is to gather materials
for data inquiry and acquire existing schemas that
are indeed verifiable and reliable.

While the other 8 students profess that

research is an essential source for their respective
homework.

stated that the main purpose of research analyzing

and

understanding how important and beneficial is

research in our daily lives.