AIR

TRANSPORTATION By: Melanie C. Marquez

AVIATION

 comes from the Latin avis meaning "bird," an appropriate translation

given that aviation deals with travel by air, specifically in a plane
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, 2009)
- Defines general aviation as “all civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and
non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire.”
 Civil/Commercial aviation- air transportation provided by airlines or
carrying of cargo by commercial aircraft
 Military aviation- development and use of military aircraft

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 General aviation as “all civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services
and non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire.”
 Civil/Commercial aviation- air transportation provided by airlines
or carrying of cargo by commercial aircraft. Commercial aviation can
be differentiated as activities that involve flying for business,
remuneration, or hire
 Military aviation- development and use of military aircraft
LIGHTER-THAN-AIR
HEAVIER-THAN-AIR
LOOKING BACK
 Balloons –first flying objects to carry people, pioneered in France by Montgolfier brothers
1783
 Leonardo da Vinci sketched flying machines such as ornithopters

 Otto Lilienthal of Germany was the first person to make and fly successful gliders in 1890s

 Wilbur & Orville Wright were inspired & developed fully practical biplane (double-winged) ,
Wright Flyer

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 Commercial airlines begun to carry mails by the 1920s
 In the 1930s more efficient monoplane (single-wing) were born
with an all metal fuselage (body) and a retractable undercarriage
became standard
 Aircraft played a vitally important role in World War II (1939–45),
developing in size, weight, speed, power, range, and armament.
 Experimental Aircraft Association founded 1953, organization
dedicated to supporting and promoting recreational aviation around
the world

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 Mass air travel was prominent around 1945 to 1960.
 After World War II, tourism was used to promote economic aid and
cultural diplomacy (Van Vleck, 2013).
 Airplanes used to transport serviceman and women during the war
were converted as aircraft to carry civilians for leisure and tourism
purposes.
 Planes were then used for economic and tourism development
rather than for mass destruction.
 Van Vleck (2013) researched that the jet age started with Pan Am
flight 111 “jet-age pioneers” from New York to Paris onboard a
Boeing 707 on October 26, 1958.
 Boeing, a U.S. based aerospace company, built the aircraft that
started a revolution in air travel.
 The record set by the age was later broken with the entry of the
Concorde, an aircraft that brought the industry into supersonic age
in 1973.
 Travel between Paris and New York took only 3 and ½ hours.
 The success of the Concorde did not last long.
 It retired after 15 years and had not been used since. No other
aircraft has broken the Concorde’s speed record (Blum, 2019)
PHILIPPINE AVIATION TIMELINE
C.F. Marquez first hot air balloon flown by a Portuguese acrobat C.F. Marquez in
Philippine airspace on a carnival exhibition (first air travel)
James "Budd" Pilot who undertook the first powered flight over Manila on 21
Mars February 1911.

Thomas Baldwin Pilot who undertook the first cross-country flight, going 10
miles out of Manila on 27 February 1911.
Gagaban An Igorot chieftain flown over Luneta Park. First Filipino to fly as a passenger on
a flight with Lee Hammond on 12 February 1912.
Frank P. Lahm Jr. Made the first military flight out of Fort McKinley (Fort Bonifacio) on a Wright
Type B aircraft on 16 March 1912.
Cora Wong Chinese nurse at the Chinese General Hospital who became the first woman to
fly as a passenger on a Curtiss seaplane piloted by Tom Gunn off Pasay on 11
April 1914.
Rosario Reyes First Filipino woman to fly as an international passenger on a flight to Guam on
12 April 1914 in a plane flown by Tom Gunn.
Ruth Law First aviatrix to fly in the Philippines. Performed exhibition flights on 4-5 April
 PHILIPPINE AVIATION TIMELINE
Philippine First airline in the Philippines (1927)
Airways Service
Inc.
Alfredo Carmelo First Filipino to make a solo flight on 9 January 1920, when he flew a
Hasil Sea Gull plane over Manila Bay.

Leoncio Malinao Officer of the Philippine National Guard who flew the first solo flight by a
Filipino serviceman on 26 April 1920.

Valeriano School First aviation School in the philippines

of Aviation

Letter of Document issued by President Marcos that established the "One Airline Policy“
Instruction 151 - Philippine Airlines (PAL) was designated as the flag carrier and became the
lone surviving airline, absorbing Air Manila and Filipinas Orient Airways in 1973
 SIGNIFICANT COMPANIES THAT WERE ESTABLISHED SINCE 1919
Airline Name Date Owners/Incorporators Notes
Established
Philippine Airways November 1919 MajorJoseph E.H. Stevenot
Service, Inc. (PASI) Alfred J. Croft
Philippine Air Service July 1920 The Philippine Government
(PAS)
Philippine Airways, Inc. November 1927 S.F. Aubrey, W. Briggman, Rafael Alunan, Was not able to operate;
(PAI) A.B. Cresap, Crisanto Delos Reyes, Later renamed as Philippine
Florentino Cairuz, and Alfred Croft Airlines

Aviation Corporation of May 25, 1929 Fulgencio Borromeo, Clyde A. DeWitt, Was not able to operate for
the Philippines (ACP) Juan M. Elizalde, Ramon Fernandez, and lack of qualified pilots
Leopoldo Kalaw

Compania Aerea July 12, 1930 Spanish businessman Was not able to operate due
to financial constraints

Philippine Aerial Taxi December 3, 1930 Emil Bachrach, Joseph Stevenot, and Operated non-scheduled
Company (PATCO) Andres Soriano services; Filed for bankruptcy
in June 1940
Iloilo-Negros Air April 1932 Lopez Family Ceased operations in
Express Company 1947
(INAEC)
Air Manila 1964
Aerolift August 1982 Lead by Carmelo Flores Closed due to financial
difficulties in 1996

Star Asia Airlines August 1982 Lead by Carmelo Flores Closed due to financial
difficulties
Grandair December 1994 EL & E Aviation Consultants, Inc. Closed due to financial
constraints brought
about by 1997 Asian
contagion

Cebu Pacific (CPA) March 1989 JG Group

Air Philippines October 1990 Taken over by Philippine
Corporation (APC) Airlines and later
renamed PAL Express
Asian Spirit Airline 1995 Airline Employee Cooperative Later bought by Zesto,
(ASA) became Zest Air, and
then sold to Philippine
Air Asia

See Air Corporation 1996 Iren Dornier Merged with Tiger Air
(SEAIR) Singapore and then later
sold to JG Group to
become Cebgo

Corporate Air 1995 Headed by Alberto Lina Initially operated as a

non-scheduled carrier

Laoag International 1995 Chaired by Shirley Ng Stopped operations after

Airways (LIA) a couple of fatal air
accidents

Zest Air 2008 Rebranded as Air Asia

Zest in 2013
TYPES OF AIRCRAFT

 Jet

-A jet aircraft is an aircraft propelled by jet engines. Whereas the engines in propeller-powered aircraft
generally achieve their maximum efficiency at much lower speeds and altitudes, jet engines achieve maximum
efficiency at speeds close to or even well above the speed of sound.
 Propjet
-A propjet is a jet airplane that incorporates the use of a turboprop engine to propel itself through the air.
Unlike a turbojet, the propjet uses the idea of a reciprocating engine prop airplane as its form of power but
incorporates the concept of a jet engine to power the prop. Currently, turboprop engines are more commonly used
on small subsonic aircraft, like charter jets, with a common cruising speed of about 400 knots. However, there are
some propjets that can have cruising speeds in excess of 500 knots.
 Propeller
-An aircraft propeller, also called an airscrew,[1] converts rotary motion from an engine or other power
source into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-
driven hub, to which are attached several radial airfoil-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a
longitudinal axis. The blade pitch may be fixed, manually variable to a few set positions, or of the automatically
variable "constant-speed" type.
 Helicopter
-A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally spinning rotors. This
allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward and laterally.
 Amphibian/Seaplane
-An amphibious aircraft or amphibian is an aircraft that can take off and land on both solid ground and
water. They are typically fixed-wing, though amphibious helicopters do exist as well. Fixed-wing amphibious aircraft
are seaplanes (flying boats and floatplanes) which are equipped with retractable wheels.
•Category: The broadest classification of aircraft based on their intended use and operating
environment, such as airplane, glider, or helicopter (rotorcraft).
•Class: A more specific division within a category based on design and performance characteristics,
such as single-engine or multi-engine.
•Type: A type of aircraft refers to a specific make and model of an aircraft, such as the Boeing 737 or
Airbus A320. To fly an aircraft that weighs more than 12,500 pounds or a jet (regardless of weight),
pilots require a “type rating.”
CATERGORIES OF AIRCRAFT
• Airplane – An airplane is a fixed-wing, engine powered aircraft.
• Glider – A glider is a craft that generates lift by the reaction between its lifting surfaces and the air.
It does not primarily rely on an engine for free flight.
• Lighter-Than-Air – A lighter-than-air aircraft like a hot-air balloon, blimp, airship, dirigible, or
zeppelin has no engine. It is filled with a lighter-than-air gas like helium that allows the craft to
ascend. Releasing the gas facilitates a descent.
• Powered Lift – A powered lift aircraft is capable of vertical takeoffs and landings as well as low
speed flights supported by engine thrust or lift devices. Horizontal flight is facilitated by a
nonrotating airfoil.
• Powered Parachute – A powered parachute or paraplane uses a combination of a parafoil and
motor to generate lift. It can operate on land or sea.
• Rotorcraft – Rotorcraft generate lift with a spinning rotor or multiple rotors.
• Weight-Shift-Control (hang glider) – A weight-shift-control aircraft, or powered hang glider, is a
powered aircraft controlled through pilot manipulation of the flexible pivoting wing.
 Rocket- A rocket is an aircraft propelled by expanding gases generated by an engine using self-
contained propellants (i.e., rocket fuel) and not dependent on the intake of outside substances (such
TYPES OF AIRLINE
1. “Regional”
-Regional airlines typically serve particular regions of a
certain country. They are one of the smallest of the three
types and usually provide services in niches that major and
national airlines usually don’t provide. Regional airlines
usually mostly deal with the transport of passengers and not
so much cargo over long distances.
2. National
-National airlines are a step up from regional. A national airline will
still provide regional service, however it also provides access to a
selection of long distance and international routes / destinations as
well. In most cases, a national airline will employ more staff than a
regional airline would require. Overall, their type of aircraft and fleet
size will also be much different when compared to a regional.
3. International (Major)
-The largest out of the three types of airlines that you’re going to
encounter is the international or major airline (2). Major international
airlines typically generate more than 1 billion in annual revenue.
International airlines also usually employ more staff than national and
regional airlines. They also usually transport more than just
passengers. Transportation of cargo and freight over long distances is
also expected.
AIRLINE BUSINESS MODELS
1. Low cost carrier (LCC)/ Budget Airline
- classified as not offering the traditional services or amenities that
you may find at a full service carrier. As a result, lowering the cost of
your airfare and seat price. Services that you may find to be absent
from some low-cost carriers include in-flight meals and entertainment,
pillows, blankets etc.
-aircraft used are generally smaller jet-engine or larger turboprop passenger
aircraft
-short travel time
-Southwest Airlines, Jetblue, AirAsia
2. Full Service Carrier (Legacy)
-These carriers usually provide passengers with inflight meals and
entertainment, blankets, pillows, checked baggage etc. These amenities are
also included in your ticket price.
-Flight options such as first class, business class, economy etc. are what you
can expect to see while working with a full service carrier. Since most full
service carriers are also international or major airlines. They will normally
transport passengers as well as cargo.
-e.g. Air Canada, American Airlines, Lufthansa, Air France, Philippine Airline
3. Holiday Carriers (Charters)
-These carriers usually provide holiday travel through contracts signed
with travel agencies to tourists. Group travel is usually encouraged as
opposed to individual ticketing. In these situations the travel agency is
usually the one responsible for filling seats in the aircraft.
-service is somewhere in between the first two carriers
4. Cargo Carriers (Freight)
-typically only deal with the transportation of cargo and freight.
Despite being their primary services, they do still offer passenger
transport in some divisions or subsidiaries of airlines.
AVIATION AUTHORITIES

 Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAA)

-responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation in order to ensure safe,

economical, and efficient air travel. As an independent regulatory body with quasi-
judicial and quasi-legislative powers, the CAAP is mandated to set comprehensive,
clear and impartial rules and regulations for the Philippine aviation industry.
 Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)

-tasked with regulating, promoting, and developing the economic aspects of civil
aviation in the Philippines. The CAB regulates the lease, purchase, and sales of
aircraft, along with overseeing consolidations and mergers of domestic air carriers.
The Civil aeronautics board (CAB) regulates the
economic aspect of air transportation, while Civil
aviation authority of the Philippines (CAAP),
regulates the technical and operational aspects of
air transportation

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INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION
(ICAO)

 A United Nations agency which helps 193 countries to cooperate together and
share their skies to their mutual benefit.
 Since it was established in 1944, ICAO’s support and coordination has helped
countries to diplomatically and technically realize a uniquely rapid and
dependable network of global air mobility, connecting families, cultures, and
businesses all over the world, and promoting sustainable growth and socio-
economic prosperity wherever aircraft fly.
 AIR TRANSPORT STRUCTURE

Military Aviation
All branches of the U.S.
armed forces, but especially
the U.S. Air Force, rely on
Commercial Aviation
General aviation planes and helicopters and
includes the airlines, air
encompasses personal and employ soldiers and civilians
taxi and charter
instructional flights and to pilot, manage, and
operations, airplane
business and executive maintain their vehicles and
rental, and aerial
aircraft equipment. Many commercial
applications
pilots receive training and
experience in the military
before going to work for
civilian airlines.
GOOD TO KNOW!

 Department of Transportation (DOT)

 Department of Tourism (DOT)
 International Air Transport Association (IATA)
 Light rail transit (LRT)
 Metro rail transit (MRT
 Greenwich mean time (GMT)
 Philippine ports authority (PPA)
 Philippine national railway (PNR)
 Phonetic alphabet

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