AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE

Air Link Building, Domestic Road, Domestic Airport, Pasay City 1301 Philippines

NAME: Dzharl Ecenzze R. Ringka DATE:

09/18/21
PROGRAM/SECTION: BSAF 1-2

TRANSCRIPT

PRINCIPLES OF AVIATION
What is Aviation?
- Art/science of flying aircraft
- Flying, operating, or operation of an aircraft
- Industry of producing an aircraft
- Coined by Gabriel La Landelle in 1863
- Avier (flying) derived from the Latin word for bird and the suffix -ation

HISTORY OF AVIATION
Tower Jumping
- Daedalus was the first to master flying ; from the Greek legend “The Metamorphoses”
- His wings are made from flax, twine, wax, and feathers.

Kites
- 2800 YEARS AGO IN CHINA
- used as a message for rescue mission
- was also used for measurement (distance), wind test, lifting men, signal purposes and
communication for military operations

Free Balloons
- unpowered aerostat, which remains aloft or floats due to is buoyancy.
- Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han Kingdom used airborne lanterns for military signaling
- these lanterns are known as kongming lanterns.

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 AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE
Air Link Building, Domestic Road, Domestic Airport, Pasay City 1301 Philippines

The Ornitopher
- -1485 by LEONARDO DA VINCI
- The modern day helicopter is based on this concept.
- was never actually created

The Aerial Screw

- by LEONARDO DA VINCI
- small flying models
- can’t stop the rotor from making the craft rotate.

Aerial Ship
- In 1670, Francesco Lana de Terzi, “FATHER OF AERONAUTICS”.
- description of an “aerial ship” supported by four copper spheres from which the air was
evacuated.

Montgolfier Balloon
- made by Joseph-Michel Montgolfier and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier
- sent the first passengers aloft in a balloon.
- made from paper and linen bag, or envelope, to contain hot air which was heated through an
opening at the bottom.
- first living passengers – a sheep, a rooster, and a duck.
- The first manned flight was on November 21, 1783 (Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and
Francois Laurent.)
- The flight reached a height of 500 feet.

*Henry Cavendish's 1766 work on hydrogen.

- Joseph Black proposed that a balloon filled with hydrogen would be able to rise in the air.

- On December 1, 1738, Professor Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers made the first gas balloon
flight in Paris.

- THEIR HYDROGEN-FILLED BALLOON FLEW TO ALMOST 2,000 FEET (600m), STAYED ALOFT OVER 2
HOURS AND COVERED A DISTANCE OF 27 MILES (43KM)

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 AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE
Air Link Building, Domestic Road, Domestic Airport, Pasay City 1301 Philippines

1891 OTTO LILIENTHAL

- German engineer, "GLIDER KING," was a pioneer of human aviation.
- He was the first person to design a glider that could fly a person and was able to fly long distances.

- He wrote a book on aerodynamics (1889) and was used by the wright brothers as basis for their
designs.

- He was killed after more than 2500 flights

·1891 SAMUEL LANGLEY

- built a model of a plane, aerodrome, that included a steam-powered engine

- In 1891, his model flew for 3/4 of a mile before running out of fuel

- attempted at adding a power plant to a glider

1894 OCTAVE CHANUTE

- published “Progress in Flying Machines” in 1894 ( included all of the world's aviation pioneers)

- The Wright Brothers used this book as a basis for much of their experiments

- In contact with the Wright Brothers

1897 CLEMENT ADER

- Steam powered plane

- A pioneer of flight before the Wright Brothers

1900 VON ZEPPELIN

- THE LUFTCHIFF ZEPPELIN LZ1 made its first flight

- rigid airship designs

*BLIMPS - not rigid (balloon)

*ZEPPELIN - w/ structure or shape (metal framework)

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 AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE
Air Link Building, Domestic Road, Domestic Airport, Pasay City 1301 Philippines

WRIGHT BROTHERS - THE FIRST POWERED FLIGHT

- Orville Wright (August 19, 1871 – January 30, 1948) Wilbur Wright (April 16, 1867 – May 30, 1912)
- first successful airplane and making the first controlled.
- Powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight
- The Wrights built the aircraft in 1903 using giant spruce wood
- A sprocket chain drive, powered the twin propellers, which were also made by hand
- The first powered flight took place at 10:35 am, December 17, 1903.
- Orville guided the flyer down a long wooden track, lifted into the air
- Remained aloft for 12 seconds and flew 120 feet.

CHARLES E. "CHARLIE" TAYLOR

- world’s first aviation maintenance technician
- built the first aircraft engine used by wright brothers

1914 FIRST AIRLINE

- January 1, 1914, the ST. PETERSBURG-TAMPA AIRBOAT LINE was born

- the world’s first scheduled airline using winged aircraft

1927 FIRST SOLO TRANS-ATLANTIC FLIGHT

- CHARLES LINDBERGH completes the first solo trans-Atlantic flight.

- Halifax, Nova Scotia, and St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador

1937 HINDENBURG DISASTER

- (Lakehurst, New Jersey)
- the end of the airship era

- caused by an electrostatic discharge (spark) that ignited leaking hydrogen

1941 GLOSTER E28/39

- World’s First Successful Jet Aircraft

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1897 CLEMENT ADER

- Steam powered plane

- A pioneer of flight before the Wright Brothers

 AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE
Air Link Building, Domestic Road, Domestic Airport, Pasay City 1301 Philippines

1947 FIRST SUPERSONIC FLIGHT BELL X-1

- Chuck Yeager was the first person to break the sound barrier (October 14, 1947)

- flying at an altitude of 45,000 ft (13.7 km)

1952 WORLD'S FIRST ALL-JET FLIGHT

- BOAC de Havilland Comet 1 G-ALYP ("Yoke-Peter")

- later crashed due to the fatigue problem

- flown a total of 3,681 hrs at the time of the accident

1957 – First Artificial Satellite

- Sputnik 1 - launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957

1958 BOEING 707

- one of the largest makers of passenger aircraft
1961 First Human Space Flight
- Vostok 1 (meaning Orient-1 or East-1) was the first human spaceflight

- Valentina Tereshkova (first & youngest woman to have flown in space, a solo mission)

- The Vostok 3KA spacecraft was launched on April 12, 1961

- Yuri Gagarin, a cosmonaut from the Soviet Union

1969 Concorde was first flown

- supersonic passenger airliners to have ever operated commercially

- Air France (AF) and British Airways (BA) only have this

1969 First Manned mission to Land on the Moon

- Apollo 11 mission was the first manned mission to land on the Moon

- Launched on July 16, 1969, carried Commander Neil Alden Armstrong, Com mand Module Pilot
Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Eugene 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr.

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 AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE
Air Link Building, Domestic Road, Domestic Airport, Pasay City 1301 Philippines

· 1973 Boeing 747 - "Jumbo Jet"

- first wide-body airplane produced

- Largest Boeing passenger airplane carrying 400 people

1974 world's fastest and highest-flying operational manned aircraft

- the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
- flying across the Atlantic in 1 hr, 55 min, 42 sec from New York to London

- 1,905.81 knots (2,193.2 mph; 3,529.6 km/h)

- Broke the world record: an "absolute altitude record" of 85,069 feet

1979 First Human powered crossing of the English Channel

- the Gossamer Albatross

- a human-powered aircraft built by Dr. Paul B. MacCready's AeroVironment

- June 12, 1979 it completed a successful crossing of the English Channel

1986 First Non-Stop World Circumnavigation

- the Model 76 Voyager

- piloted by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager

- ended successfully 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds later, on December 23

1988 World’s Heaviest Aircraft

- the An-225 MRIYA

- maximum gross weight of 640 tons (1,411,000 lb.)

2007 Largest Commercial Jetliner

- the Airbus A380 (double-deck, four-engined)

- “Superjumbo“

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 AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE
Air Link Building, Domestic Road, Domestic Airport, Pasay City 1301 Philippines

2008 Boeing 787

- Boeing 787 Dreamliner

- mid-sized, wide-body, twin engine jet airliner

- will carry between 210 and 330 passengers

2010 AIRBUS A350 XWB

- the A350 is the first Airbus aircraft w/ both fuselage and wing structures made primarily of carbon fiber
reinforced polymer.

- 315 to 369 passengers

FUTURE AIRCRAFTS:
- AIRBUS BIRD OF PREY
- BOEING SUGAR VOLT

CATEGORIES IN AVIATION
1. CIVIL AVIATION
- non-military aviation, both private and commercial

- “civil aviation” refers to the air-transportation service provided to the public

2 Major Categories:
• Scheduled Air Transport - regular scheduled routes/ daily flight
• General Aviation - civil flights (private/ commercial) Air Charter - business of renting Flying
School - flight training

2. MILITARY AVIATION
- the development and use of military aircraft

- aerial warfare, national airlift (air cargo)

AIRCRAFT
- supported either by its own buoyancy or by the dynamic action of air against

- uses dynamic lift

- Dynamic lift – Powered lift

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 AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE
Air Link Building, Domestic Road, Domestic Airport, Pasay City 1301 Philippines

CATEGORIES OF AIRCRAFT
1. Lighter than Air - contains gas that is lighter than the surrounding air - the most commonly
used gases are helium and hot air

TWO CLASSES OF LIGHTER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT:

• Balloon - unpowered aerostat, which remains aloft or floats due to its buoyancy

- free, moving with the wind, or tethered to a fixed point

• Airship - type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft

- Inflatable/De-flatable airships are called blimps

2. Rotorcraft - heavier-than-air flying machine that - uses lift generated by wings, called rotary wings
or rotor blades, that revolve around a mast

TWO TYPES OF ROTORCRAFT:

• Helicopter- rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors.

- from the Greek word “Helix” (spiral/whirl) and “Pteron”(wing)

- also known as heli, chopper, helo

• Autogyro - rotorcraft which uses an unpowered rotor in autorotation to develop lift

- rotor must have air flowing through the rotor disc to generate rotation

3. Glider - a heavier-than- air aircraft

- free flight does not depend on an engine

TWO TYPES OF GLIDER:

• Hang Glider
• Sailplane

4. Airplane - a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or
propeller

TWO TYPES OF AN AIRPLANE

• Single Engine
• Multi– Engine

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 AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE
Air Link Building, Domestic Road, Domestic Airport, Pasay City 1301 Philippines

5 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT

1. FUSELAGE - main body - holds crew and passengers or cargo

Structure of the Fuselage:

• Truss - (no skin)

• Monocoque Structure (the skin carries all the major parts)
• Semi-monocoque Structure (w/ stringers to increase weight, maintain shape)
2. THE WING - airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage
- primary lift generator of the aircraft
3. THE EMPENNAGE - includes the entire tail group
- consisting of fixed surfaces such as the vertical stabilizer and the horizontal stabilizer
- The movable surfaces include the rudder, the elevator, and one or more trim tabs.
- also known as the tail or tail assembly
4. LANDING GEAR - support of the airplane when parked, taxiing, taking off, or when landing
- can either be fixed or retractable
LANDING GEAR CONFIGURATION

• Tricycle Type Landing Gear - Nose landing gear, and Main Landing Gear
• Conventional Landing Gear– no nose wheel instead, it has a tail wheel or tail dragger

5. THE POWERPLANT – converts the chemical energy (fuel) into mechanical energy that drives the
other engine components thus propelling the aircraft in flight (Thrust)

What is the difference between an aircraft engine and an aircraft powerplant?

An aircraft engine is the engine alone. It doesn't have a propeller, cowlings, and accessories

While an aircraft powerplant is the engine with propeller, cowlings and other engine accessories.

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 AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE
Air Link Building, Domestic Road, Domestic Airport, Pasay City 1301 Philippines

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE
FUSELAGE STRUCTURE
TRUSS STRUCTURE

• a rigid framework made up of members, such as beams, struts, and bars to resist deformation
by applied loads.
• truss-framed fuselage is generally covered with fabric.
• constructed of steel tubing welded together in such a manner that all members of the truss can
carry both tension and compression loads.
• constructed of aluminum alloy and may be riveted or bolted into one piece, with crossbracing
achieved by using solid rods or tubes.

MONOCOQUE

• uses formers, frame assemblies, and bulkheads to give shape to the fuselage.
• Since no other bracing members are present, the skin must carry the primary stresses and
keep the fuselage rigid
• the biggest problem involved in monocoque construction is maintaining enough strength while
keeping the weight within allowable limits

SEMI-MONOCOQUE

• consists of frame assemblies, bulkheads, and formers as used in the monocoque design but,
additionally, the skin is reinforced by longitudinal members called longerons.

Longerons usually extend across several frame members and help the skin support primary bending
loads. They are typically made of aluminum alloy either of a single piece or a built-up construction.

Stringers have some rigidity but are chiefly used for giving shape and for attachment of the skin.
Stringers and longerons together prevent tension and compression from bending the fuselage.

WING STRUCTURE
RIBS - form the actual shape (or camber) of the wing and are attached to the spar.

SPAR - long beams that provide most of the strength in an aircraft wing

- run from the fuselage (more specifically, wing root) to the wing tip.

- primary members which provide structural support for the wing against twisting (torsion) and upward
bending forces while the wing generates lift.

STRINGERS - a thin strip of material to which skin of the aircraft is fastened.

- primary responsible for transferring the aerodynamic loads acting on the skin onto the frames and
formers

- keep the skin from bending

SKIN - covers much of its wings and fuselage

- The most commonly used materials are aluminum and aluminum alloys with other metals, including
zinc magnesium and copper.

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