HC2 TC2 Midtern Handouts

HC2/TC2 Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality
Handout
BSHM 1A,1B,1C BSTM 1A, 1B
First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
I. Lesson: Introduction to Tourism Sector
II. Learning Outcomes:

• Identify the roles of public and private sectors
• Highlight the history of the private sectors
• Understand the different services offered by the private sectors
III. Content:
Lesson I: Air Transprtation
Air travel may be considered as the most popular mode of transport in the tourism industry. The
introduction of passenger airlines has changed the way people look at travel. Aviation has shrunk
the world by providing a faster and more convenient way of traveling overseas.
History of World Aviation
The prominent personalities and events that figure in the development of air transportation are as
follow:
George Cayley
• He is the father of aviation
• Concept of the modern aviation is his contribution
• Designed first successful human glider which is similar to modern aiplanes
Otto Lilienthal
• A brilliant German aviator
• He wrote his experiences in a book that later become a very important reference among
aviators.
• He died in a lethal glider accident in 1896 who attempt to fly using a motor-powered glider
ended when his glider stalled in mid air and plunged to the ground.
Samuel Langley
• He is a distinguished astronomer and the director of Smithsonian Institution when he got
involved in aviation
• Langley came up with aerodromes driven by steam engines and fuel engines and flew
them successfully
• He died in 1906 when he attempts to flawed the full version of an aerodrome failed and
he is being ridiculed by the press.
• The aerodrome built by Langley finally flew when Glenn Curtis rebuilt in and made some
modifications in 1914, Hammondsport,New York
The Wright Brothers
Wilbur and Orville Wright were American inventors and pioneers of aviation. In 1903the Wright
brothers achieved the first powered, sustained and controlled airplane flight; they surpassed their
own milestone two years later when they built and flew the first fully practical airplane.
Ancient times
In china hot air balloons were used as weapons of intimidations in war and as attractions during
festivals.
The parachute was accidentally believed discovered in Cordoba Spain.
Leonardo Da Vinci also made designs of aircrafts including gliders with control surfaces and
helicopters.
The turks of the Ottoman Empire in 1633 experimented with rocket in order to fly to the air
1|Page Marilyn Villanueva Suarez 2020

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Modern Flight Milestones
The early modes of air transportation were through hot air balloons used a early as the 18th
century.
These lighter-than-air crafts were used not only for exploration but also as vehicle for war as those
used during the American Civil War by the Union Army Balloon
The development of the heavier-than-air planes were popularized by the people mentioned at the
early part of this chapter.
Dirigible, advanced design was brought to the airship by the German count Ferdinand von
Zeppelin. The first Zeppelin airship flight occurred on July 2,1900.
The Wright brothers were the first to hold a record of successful manned flights at different
distances and altitudes on the same day. Witnessed by three coastal life-saving crewmen, a local
businessman, and a boy from the village, these flights were made public and well-documented
as well.
The first flight from England to Australia was done by brothers Sir Keith Smith in their Vickers
Vimy bomber, and the first Australian born astronaut is Andy Thomas.
In Milan, Italy, Thérèse Peltier became the first woman passenger in an airplane. When she made
a flight with Leon Delagrange on July 8, 1908
American Sam Cody made the first powered flight in Britain in 1908 using a plane designed and
built by the British Army.
Raymonde de Laroche became the first woman to fly solo in a powered aircraft in 1909.She was
also the first woman in the world to receive a pilot's 1 license.
The first flying machine to rise from the ground using rotating wings was crafted by Paul Cornu
in 1907.
• The first powered seaplane was invented in March 1910 by the French engineer Henri Fabre
who named it Le Canard (The Duck).
Almost as soon as they were invented, planes were drafted for military service The first country
to use planes for military purposes was Italy, whose planes made reconnaissance, bombing, and
shelling correction military flights during the Italian-Turkish war (September 1911-October 1912),
in Libya.
The first war to see major use of planes in offensive, defensive, and reconnaissance capabilities
was during World War II. The Allied Forces and Axis Powers both used planes extensively.
Frenchman Roland Garros attached a fixed machine gun to the front of his plane in 1914 which
revolutionized the art of dogfight in the air. Adolphe Pegoud was known to be the first "ace" of the
sky. Pilots who were well-known air to-air combats were Manfred von Richtofen, more popularly
known as the Baron, (believed to have shot down 80 planes) and Rene Paul Fonck (Who shot
down 75 planes).
Facts
The first solo non-stop crossing of the Atlantic was done by Charles Lindbergh
Graf Zeppelin completed the first round-the-world flight using a dirigible aircraft in 1929. The era
of the dirigible ended in 1937 with the terrible lire and the Hindenburg. These dirigibles were often
efficient and safe but when crashed, they created shocking impression of destruction.
The jet engine was developed almost at the same time by two countnes, oland and Germany.
Englishman Frank Whittle patented a design in 1930 while German Hans von Ohain patented his
version in 1936. Both were unaware of each other's work.
w World War II, there was a surplus in the number of big jets that were
as heavy bombers (B-29 and Lancaster planes) by the military. Commercial etion greatly
benefited from this since these planes were converted into commercial aircrafts.
The De Havilland Comet is the world's first jet airliner which also saw action the British Royal Air
Force service.

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The first North American commercial jet airliner to fly was the Avro C102 Tetliner. It
happened in September 1949.
Tring the Tupolev Tu-104 airplane, the former USSR's Aeroflot became the first airline in the world
to operate sustained regular jet services in 1956.
Airplane manufacturer Boeing came up with the design Boeing 707 that troduced mass air travel
with much comfort, safety, and convenience.
The Boeing 747 when introduced was the biggest of its kind to ever fly ntil Airbus introduced its
A380 model that could carry up to more than 800 passengers per flight.
In 1975, Aeroflot introduced the first supersonic passenger plane and started regular service on
Tu-144.
In 1976, British Airways Concorde began supersonic service across the Atlantic. The Concorde
logged a total flight time of 22,296 hours between its first flight in 1976 and its final flight in 2000.
The era of supersonic flight ended when the Concorde was retired in 2000. Terms and Definitions
• Airline is a company that provides air transportation to passengers, cargoes,
or a combination of both to predetermined routes. Airlines are also known as air carriers.
Airlines can be classified as either a domestic airline or an international airline. A domestic airline
flies to destinations that are only within the territory of the country where the airline is registered.
Meanwhile, international airline is a carrier that can fly to destinations beyond the country of its
registration. Flag carriers are airline companies that have been authorized by the government to
fly to other countries carrying the identity of their country of origin.
An airplane is the vehicle or the mode of transportation used to carry passengers and cargoes. It
is the most tangible asset of the company. Airplanes land and taxi on airport runways or airstrips.
Introduction to Tourism Sectors
Planes were drafted for military service in Italy
Planes are made reconnaissance, bombing, and shelling correction military flights during the
Italian- Turkish war (September 1911-October 1912) in Libya
Definition of Terms
AIRLINES -is a company that provides is transportation to passenger.
Classification of Airlines
1.Domestic Airline flies to destinations that are only within the territory of the country where the
airline is registered
2. International Airline is a carrier that can fly to destinations beyond the country of its
registration.
3. Flag Carriers are airline companies that have been authorized by the government to fly to
other countries carrying the identity of their country of origin
AIRPLANE is the vehicle or the mode of transportation used to carry passengers and cargoes.
AIRPORTS –are the terminals where the airlines companies pick up and/or drops off their
passengers
AIRSTIPS- are air terminals that can only accommodate small planes
Domestic Airports are terminals where domestic carriers load and unload their passengers.
International Airports are terminals which are compliant to the facilities, equipment and
amenities set by the aviation authority.
FLIGHTS are trips by airline at a designated time and date flight are describes in different ways
based on the character of their voyage.
Scheduled Flights are the regular trips undertaken by commercial airlines

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Non scheduled Flights also known as chartered flights are trips that are pre scheduled
by a person or identity who intends to pay for the whole flight
Connecting Flights are trips which require consecutive trips from one destination to the other.
FLEET is a collection or number of airlines that available to conduct commercial flights offered by
the airline company.
LOW COST AIRLINE is a type of commercial airline that position itself as an alternative airline.
CABIN CLASSES
1. FIRST CLASS CABIN is usually the most expensive and most comfortable accommodation
provided by an airline
BUSINESS CLASS CABIN is the second most expensive and comfortable class of service on
board the plane (sometimes called executive class)
ECONOMY CLASS CABIN some airlines even has two levels of economy class There are either
the premium economy slight better economy class seating greater distance between row or seats.
the seats themselves may or may not be wider than regular economy class or the economy class
(Also known as coach class or travel class), the basic accommodation commonly purchased by
leisure travelers.
AIRPORT AIRLINE IN THE PHILIPINES
Air Alliances
An air alliance is an agreement into by two or more airlines that will bring mutual benefit
to all parties involve. Benefits may come in different forms including guaranteed sales,

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marketing exposure, pooling of facilities, generated cooperation, etc
Air Alliances
An air alliance is an agreement into by two or more airlines that will bring mutual benefit to all
parties involve. Benefits may come in different forms including guaranteed sales, marketing
exposure, pooling of facilities, generated cooperation, etc
Lesson II: Land Transportation
Provides a vital link in travel and tourism.

Traveling from one country to another, a tourist sees a variety of vehicles.
There are even vehicles which are modified versions of existing forms of transportation such as
the Philippines’:
TRAINS

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Brief History
•
The earliest evidence of a railway came from greece. The wagonway, the precursor
of the railway, was built to transport ships made inland and to be launched on water.
• Railways known as wagonways were first used in mining areas in Europe. The main
function of these tracks is to transport coals from mines to wharfs and then load
them into a boat.
• The first engine locomotive was designed by Richard Trevithick in South Wales in
Northern Europe.
• The Middleton Railway was the first railway to successfully use steam locomotives
on commercial basis.
RAILROAD DEVELOPMENT IN AMERICA
1. The first railroad in the USA may have been in lewiston, New York in 1764.
2. The 1810 Leiper RailRoad in pennsylvania was intended as the first permanent
railroad.
3. The 1826 Granite Railway in Massachusetts was the first commercial railroad to
evolve through continuous operations into a common carrier.
4. The Baltimore and Ohio, opened in 1830, was the first to evolve into a major
system.
5. In 1867, the first elevated railroad was built in New York.
6. In 1869, the symbolically important transcontinental railroad was completed in the
United States with the driving of a golden spike at promontory, Utah.
CABIN CLASSES
Europe
1st Class and 2nd Class
United Kingdom
2nd Class-Standard Class
America
First Class was the for the rich, nobles, and aristocrats.
Second Class was for the middle-class citizens.
Third Class was for the working class.
TYPES OF TRAINS
Trains may be classified according to purpose, locomotive, types of service, etc.
Locomotives
It is the vehicle that provides power to a train
It is the site or location of the engine
It also controls the train speed and direction
Traditionally, it pulls a train from the front
1. Electric-powered trains are usually high-speed trains.
2. Long-distance trains are trains that a significant distance. These trains may travel in
between many cities, interstates/inter-regional, or even across several countries.
3. High-speed trains travel in astonishing speed and comfort.
Inter City trains are trains that provide precise, efficient, safe and affordable mode of
transportation and offer a faster form of transport for passengers in the cities and suburbs.
Commuter Trains are networks of trains that normally run within the cities and suburbs
Trains like these are very popular to commuters who prefer to travel faster instead of utilizing
the road transport that are usually slowed down by traffic these are:

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Branch line Trains have a route different from that of the city trains but somehow are
connected by terminals where passengers can take the connecting trips. They usually serves as
feeder trains to intercity trains
Light Rail Transit is said to be hybrid between trains and a tram and it provides a very
important service to commuters especially in the city traffic prone countries of Asia
Airport trains are trains within airport buildings that transport people between terminals
Freight Train is a type of train that transport cargoes, goods and materials using rail cars that
hold the freight
LRT LINE 1 (ROOSEVELT-BACLARAN)

Roosebelt
Balintawak
Monumento
5th avenue
R. Papa
Abad Santos
Blumentritt
Tayuman
Bambang
Doroteo Jose
Carriedo
Centrol terminal
UN avenue
Pedro Gil
Quirino
Vito Cruz
Gil Puyat
Libertad
EDSA
Baclaran
LRT LINE 2 (RECTO-SANTOLAN)

Recto
Legarda
Pureza
V. Mapa
J. Ruiz
Gilmore
Betty Go Belmonte
Araneta Center Cubao
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Anonas
Katipunan
Santolan
MRT 3 (North Avenue-Taft Avenue)
North Avenue
Quezon Avenue
GMA Kamuning
Araneta Center-Cubao
Santolan
Ortigas Station
Shaw Boulevard
Boni Avenue
Guadalupe
Buendia
Ayala
Magallanes
Taft Avenue
Lesson III: Water Transportation
WATER TRANSPOTATION
Watercraft is the major mode of transport of many Filipinos because of its affordability ad flexibility
in passengers and cargo handling. The Philippines, an archipelagic country is dependent on its
maritime industry in transporting passengers and goods. The country is dotted with hundreds of
ports and ferry terminals servicing the needs of the people from the urban areas and far flung
barrios.
Marine Transportation comes in various forms. It ranges from a very simple banca Outrigger and
fast crafts, to passenger ferries. The maritime transport is governed by many government
agencies such as the Philippine Coast Guard, Maritime Industry Authority, Philippine Ports
Authority and the Bureau of Customs including Local Government Units (LGU)
Despites its many regulating authorities, the maritime transportation industry still needs to be
efficient, safe, and world-class.

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The country is serviced by several major shipping companies. Most of them call on the
port of Manila. Major Ports in the Philippines are San Fernando in La union, Batangas City, Cebu,
Davao and Zamboanga
LOCAL FERRY TRANSPORT
Here are some terms widely used in the Philippine setting and defined by the Department of
Tourism:
1. Watercraft EVERY DESCRIPTION OF CONVEYANCE, EXCEPT SEAPLANE, USE OR
BEING CAPABLE OF USE as a means of transportation on water which shall include Passenger
Ship, Ferry, Pleasure Yacht, and other similar conveyances.
2. Passenger Ship Any vessel which is authorized to carry more than twelve (12) passengers as
further defined in the Philippines merchant marine rules and regulations
3. Ferry Any vessel having provision only for deck Passengers as defined in the Philippine
merchant marine rules and regulations.
It is a form of water transportation that brings passengers, cargo or passengers or a combination
of both to and from a destination over a body of water
Ferries vary in form depending on the length of the route, its passenger or vehicular capacity,
speed requirements and the water conditions the craft must deal with
Double Ended Ferries have interchangeable bows and sterns, allowing them to shuttle back and
forth without having to turn around. Among the popular ferry systems include the Staten Island
Ferry and Washington State Ferries in the USA.
Catamaran are normally associated with high speed ferry services. Stenna Line and Brittany
Ferries operate some of the largest catamarans in the world. These are watered powered vessels
that can accommodate as many as 375 passengers cars and 1,500 passengers.
RORO or ROll on- ROll on ferries are large, conventional ferries named for the ease by which
vehicles can board and leave. These ferries usually accommodate large trucks and buses and
transport them to a destination. A part of the ship’s body is either raised or brought down to
provide a wide opening towards the storage/holding area.
Pantoon Ferries bring vehicles across bodies of water such as rivers and lakes. They are used
in the absence of infrastructure like bridges. They are also widely used in countries that are less
developed and lack modern bridges due to costs. Pantoon Ferries on larger rivers are motorized
and can be steered.
Foot Ferries are small craft used to ferry passengers or commuters over rivers. These are either
self-propelled craft or cable ferries. These ferries are found in Belgium.
Cruise Industry
It is a vacation/leisure trip destination undertaken onboard a ship
Ancient Times
People with means were the only people who could afford to travel in far flung places. Traveling
is usually done by ships since aviation where was still inexistent. Some elite citizens and
philosophers took advantage of the mad frenzy to discover the East and increase their wealth and
possessions, embarked on sea journeys. Some went to America and discovered American and
North American places. Many also went to the East where they discovered the exotic yet wealthy
civilizations beyond the reach of ordinary man. Eventually, journeys to the East were made
popular and travelers wrote their experiences during their visit to this distant land.
Eventually, as the knowledge of man in craftsmanship advanced, so were the designs and
configurations of sea vessels. From wind-driven galleons, ships evolved to become steam-
powered vessels. They were more popularly known as steamships and were made of steel. They
were faster, sturdier, and bigger. As shipping line were established, more and more ships were
constructed. Sea travel became more efficient and a lot safer. These steamships carried more
loads of cargo.

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As the New World was discovered and Europeans settled abroad, sea travel became very
popular. This paved the way for the creation of ocean liners. transport passengers overseas. They
were built primarily to transport to passenger overseas. It was a significant shift. from mainly cargo
transport to passenger ship.
Similar to the development of community’s ocean liners. A social stratum also emerged among
ocean liners. Ocean Liners had particular areas for different class of passengers.
First class was reserved to the belonging to the wealthy; second class was for people who were
not rich but had enough resources to sustain themselves. And the third-class masses who
comprised most of the vessels' passengers.
As the world progressed, so did maritime transportation. Ships became bigger, faster and grander
Their popularity further grew when they started providing more entertainment and activities for
passengers to unwind while onboard. These activities were conceptualized to make sea travel
more interesting
When aviation travel emerged and the airlines were established, sea travel were started to lose
its luster. Passengers/commuters started looking at airlines for faster transportation in crossing
the oceans. What used to be travels for days become travels for mere hours. This development
spelled the demise of ocean crossing.
The death of one brought life to a new kind of industry. Ocean liners refurbished and repackaged
need their vessels and came up with a new look and novel services. These big ocean crossing
ships were transformed into large floating hotels with activities that could be done onboard. The
main thrust was to provide leisure and Cable vacation instead of simply transporting passengers
to their destinations. These big ocean crossing ships were transformed into large floating hotels
with activities that could be done onboard.
Ships came up with activities and entertainment, provided great food and better service, and
offered adventures from a list of destinations. Literally, ocean liners become floating casinos,
resorts, hotels, and spas rolled into one.
Popular Cruising Destinations
America
Alaska - The primary attraction of this destination is the presence of glaciers which are
magnificent and astonishing creations of Mother Nature. This destination also provides a
refreshing glimpse of mountains and various landscapes.
The Caribbean - The number one cruising destination in the world, it provides a variety of
beautiful island destinations, interesting culture, and paradise-like locales for people who love to
swim.
Europe
Mediterranean - The ports in this region are part of the rich history of the world. Cruisers will see
and experience historic villages, artistic products, and the blending of fine wine and food.
Significant episodes of world history occurred in the areas included in the itinerary of the European
cruises.
Ireland, Great Britain, and the North Sea - Cruisers will witness the magnificence of the fjords and
the majestic islands of Northern Europe.
Asia and the Pacific
Cruises will feast on a string of tropical islands and lovely beaches dotting the Pacific Ocean
10 | P a g e Marilyn Villanueva Suarez 2020

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Lesson IV: Food and Beverage Sector

Types of Restaurant
1. FINE DINING RESTAURANT
Fine dining restaurants, brings to mind many images, from crisp white tablecloths to waiters in
tuxedos There are three main areas of focus with a fine dining restaurant: The menu, service, and
atmosphere.
As opposed to casual eateries, cafes or family-style restaurants, fine dining caters to an upscale
clientele and provides the highest quality of food.
2. CASUAL DINING RESTAURANTS
A casual dining restaurant is a restaurant that serves moderately priced food in a
casual atmosphere. Except for buffet-style restaurants and, more recently, fast casual
restaurants, casual dining restaurants usually provide table service.
3. QUICK SERVICE RESTAURANTS
A fast-food restaurant, also known as a quick service restaurant (QSR) within the industry, is a
specific type of restaurant that serves fast food cuisine and has minimal table service.
Fast food restaurants are typically part of a restaurant chain or franchise operation that provides
standardized ingredients and/or partially prepared foods and supplies to each restaurant through
controlled supply channels.
4. BUFFET RESTAURANT

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A buffet is a meal where guests serve themselves from a variety of dishes set out on a
table or sideboard. Today there are many restaurant concepts centered around
a buffet theme. Buffets are also served on special occasions or as restaurant promotions.
TYPES OF MENU
Menu is a detailed breakdown of products sold in a food establishment, usually accompanied by
a picture of the items, product description and prices
1. A la Carte menu
In French, à la carte literally means "by the menu". In the restaurant industry, à la carte is an
upscale term used in reference to menus that list items priced and ordered separately. If you want
to give your guests plenty of flexibility, list your options individually on an à la carte menu. They
will pay for each individual side they select, and entrées such as steak or baked eggplant will
stand alone.
2. Table D’Hote
Yet another French culinary term, table d'hôte means "the host's table" and describes a menu
similar to a prix fixe menu, but with a more upscale turn of phrase. The term first referred to meals
shared among house guests and their hosts, who gathered at a single table to enjoy the vary. A
table d'hôte menu is also excellent choice for holiday meals and cuisine that encourages sharing,
such as Easter brunch or Spanish tapas.
3. Cycle Menu
If you rotate your menu items according to day of the week, seasonal availability, or chef's choice,
you need a practical way to display your simple but ever-changing selections. Du jour menus
must be changed daily, but cycle menus feature a complete list of current and upcoming menu
items. Cafeterias often use weekly or monthly cycle menus, because they cook different items on
the same equipment. Additionally, cruise ships, resort hotels, and hospitals may utilize cycle
menus as well.
4. Set Menu
Is one that offers set items pre-arranged by the host.Set menu lies in the number of choices for
each course. Here’s an example of the flow and types of dishes in a set menu:
Appetiser (e.g. canapes)
Salad (e.g. Cesar salad)
Soup (e.g. pumpkin soup)
Vegetables
Starch (e.g. baked potatoes)
Fish or seafood (e.g. grilled sea bass)
Chicken (e.g. roast chicken)
Pork or beef (e.g. beef medallions)
Dessert (chocolate based, cheese based or spoon based)
5. Card Du Juor Menu
Du jour means "of the day", and the term isn't limited to soups or cocktails. Du jour menus offer
flexibility for small and busy restaurants because they can be customized every day or even
throughout the day. These menus, which are commonly written on chalkboards or displayed on
digital displays, may include anything from a single special item to a list of that day's entrée
choices. They are usually presented in conjunction with a standard, static menu.
6. Degustation Menu
Tasting” list a range of items; usually specialties of the restaurant, w/c are served in a small
portion. A collection of a certain number of small courses that serves as a customer's entire meal.
Tasting menus can be tweaked to fit dietary needs or created anew if the same customer is dining
again, giving them a whole new tasting menu experience.
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Types of Table Service
1. French Service
This type of service involves tableside preparation. The food is partial prepared and pre-cut at the
kitchen. Then the preparation is completed in a Guerdon trolly at the side of the guest’s table,
usually with the showmanship. This is done by a Head/Senior server, known in French as the
Commis de Rang. In some restaurants, it is being done by a captain or a headwaiter
French service is very elegant and entertaining but takes a Lot of time. It is not advisable for diners
who are in hurry.
2. American Service
This is also called as “Plate Service” because the food is already arrangement in individuals plates
at the kitchen, ready to be served to guests. It is usually done for ala carte orders, good for one
serving. Platted foods usually with a garnish and accompaniments and are served on the right
side of the guest
3. Russian Service
This is a method of food service wherein food is pre-arranged in a platter with enough servings
for one table, then it is transferred (dished out) by the waiter from a service dish (platter) to the
guest’s plate.
4. Family/Lauriat Service
This type of service originated in China. The food is arranged in a plate or platter that is large
enough to contain the volume of food designed for the whole table. It uses a lazy susan to move
around the food such that guests are not inconvenienced in reaching for food positioned away
from their plates
Lauriat service is found in most Chinese restaurants and even in some Filipino restaurants
5. Buffet Service
This is self-service because the guest has to line up to get their food in a buffet table. The foods
in the buffet are classified an arranged in sequence from colds, to hot dishes and dessert. Hot
dishes are placed in chafing dishes to keep them warm.
The risk in using this type of service is the possibility of food shortage. One way of controlling this
is to assign waiters to portion and dish out foods for individual guests.

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Lesson V: Accomodation
History of accommodation
The lodging industry developed because of the need to provide accommodations for travelers.
Early roadside inns were mentioned in several instances in both the old and new testaments.
The early reference to the inn is found in the bible when Joseph, Christ’s foster father, was told
“There is no room at the inn”.
Excavations in Pompeii reveal that the Romans had developed the concept of inns into a trade.
Since the beginning of history, there has been some form of lodging industry.
The lodging industry developed because of the need to provide accommodations to travelers.
The industrial revolution and the development of spas helped the growth of the hotel industry
because of the demand for accommodations of people who migrated to the cities to work.
The development of railways led to the establishment of hotels near the railroad station.
The introduction and development of the automobile industry led to the building of roadside hotels
or motels.
In the 1960’s, resort hotels were developed due to the popularity of the sun vacation.
A recent development is the establishment of hotel chains and the overseas expansions of these
chains.
TYPES OF ACCOMMODATIONS
HOTELS
An establishment that provides lodging and usually meals, entertainment, and various personal
services for the public.
MOTELS OR THE MOTOR HOTELS
An establishment which provides lodging and parking and which the rooms are usually
accessible from an outdoor parking area.
RESORT HOTELS
Are intended for vacation travelers, and they are usually located near beaches
PENSIONS

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Accommodations especially at a continental European hotel or boarding house.
PARADORES
A usually government-operated hostelry found especially in Spain.
CONDOMINIUM
An individual ownership of a unit in a multiunit structure (as an apartment building).
CAMPGROUNDS
Usually appeal to families who travel in recreational vehicles.
BED AND BREAKFAST
Is a form of lodging which originated in Europe. This form of accommodations provides a bed for
the night and breakfast the next day.
INNS
Are lodging establishments that cater to transients.
APARTMENT-HOTELS(APARTELS)
Are buildings which contain several independent and furnished or semi-furnished apartments.
HEALTH SPAS
Are hotels and resorts which cater to people who go to spas or mineral springs for medical
treatment or weight reduction.
PRIVATE HOMES
IS the earliest form of overnight lodging for travelers. It provides lodging to tourists who cannot
be accommodate in hotels and motels during peak vacation periods
HOSTELS
Provide basic amenities such as a bunk bed and a commonly shared toilet and bathroom
CLASSIFICATION OF HOTEL
ACCORDING TO SIZE
SMALL HOTEL
25 Room or Less
MEDIUM HOTEL
25 to 100 Room
LARGE HOTEL
100 to 300 Room
MEGA HOTEL
300 and above
ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF SERVICE

WORLD CLASS SERVICE
These are also called luxury / Five Star Hotels, they target top business executives,
entertainment celebrities, high- ranking political figures, and wealthy clientele as their primary
markets.
They provide upscale restaurants and lounges, Valet, concierge services and also private dining
facilities.
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MID RANGE SERVICE
Hotels offering mid-range or otherwise 3 to 4-star hotels service appeal the largest segment of
the travelling public. This kind of hotels does not provide elaborate service and have a adequate
staffing. They also provide uniformed service, food and beverage room service, in-room
entertainment's and also Wi-Fi etc.
BUDGET/LIMITED SERVICE
These hotels provide clean, comfortable, safe, inexpensive rooms and meet the basic need of
guests. Budget hotels appeal primarily to budget-minded travellers who want a room with
minimum services and amenities required for the comfortable stay, without unnecessary paying
additional cost for costly services.
ACCORDING TO LOCATION
CITY/DOWNTOWN/COMMERCIAL HOTEL
These hotels are located in the heart of the city.
These hotels are more expensive than the suburban hotels.
These hotels are patronized by business men and high-income tourists.
These hotels are centrally located and at a convenient distance from markets, railway station,
airport, etc.
SUBURBAN HOTELS
These hotels are located in the suburb of cities, moderately priced and are of mostly medium,
large or small size.
Normally these hotels are patronized by low budget tourists.
The tourists who do not want to stay in the heart of city as they want to be away from hustle and
bustle of city, prefer these hotels.
Usually writers, poets, low budget tourists etc prefer to stay at suburban hotel
AIRPORT HOTELS:
These are Hotels located near the Airports, especially international airports.
Airport Hotels are popular because of their proximity to major travel centers.
Airport Hotels vary widely in size and level of services.
Typical target market includes business clientele, airline passengers with overnight travel
layovers or canceled flights and airline personnel.
Hotel owned courtesy vans often transport guests between the hotel and the airport.
MOTELS OR MOTOR HOTEL
Motels are also called Motor Hotels or transit hotel and are located alongside the highways.
Motels are normally economical and they provide comfortable bedrooms that motorists prefer to
stay on their way for a night rest.
Motels have facilities of proper motor garage to service a car and a filling station to refill
vehicles, parking area for motor vehicles etc.
They also have road maps, dormitory for drivers. These days Motels also provide various indoor
and outdoor facilities like Video parlor, Billiards, Table tennis, Cyber café, Library etc.
RESORT HOTELS
A resort located in the tourist interest places like hills, forests, beaches, on an island, or in some
other exotic location away from crowded residential areas.
The recreational facilities and breathtaking scenery typical of most resorts.

Handout
Most resort hotels provide extensive food and beverage, valet and room services, sight
seeing to vacationers.
Many resorts also provide special activities, indoor and outdoor games for guests such as
dancing, golf, tennis, horse riding, nature hikes, skiing and swimming, health club, steam sauna
bath, spas etc.
A more leisurely, relaxed atmosphere distinguishes most resort hotels from other types of
hotels.
ROTELS:
The hotels which rotate on wheels are called rotels.
It is also called motel on wheels. Best example of rotel in India is Palace on wheels.
It is a luxurious train, fully air-conditioned, well-furnished with attached restaurant and bar. The
fare is inclusive of train ticket, food, alcoholic beverages and sightseeing
FLOATELS: The hotels which floats on water are called floatels. The best examples of floatels
in India are House boats in Kashmir Dal Lake. These are luxurious suites consisting of drawing
room, dining room, bed room, sitting room, balcony, kitchen, bathroom etc.
These days luxury ships are becoming popular for travelling. The guests are offered cabins to
stay. These float on sea water and these have all facilities of five-star hotels.
BOATELS: These are luxury boats/yachts which can ferry people from one place to another.
The best example of yachts are in Mediterranean or Caribbean, they can ferry guest through
canal-based narrow boat or Broad-based cabin cruiser
ACCORDING TO OWNERSHIP
TIMESHARING
This is also known as ‘Vacation Ownership’ or ‘Holiday Ownership’ concept.
These properties are in resort areas like hills, beaches, forests etc.
Time share involves individuals who purchases the ownership of accommodation for a specific
week or weeks.
The price of the property will depend on the week, one tends to buy.
The guest can choose a peak season, semi peak season or a lean season.
CONDOMINIUM HOTEL
Each owner purchases and has full right of an unit he has purchased and shares the cost
common to the complex, such as taxes, insurance, maintenance and upkeep of public areas
including swimming pool, health club, parking, security, air conditioning, heating, cable, broad
band etc.
Each owner can occupy or sell his unit independently but is required to follow the rules and
regulations laid by the management.
CHAIN HOTELS
A chain is usually classified as operating under a management contract or as a franchise or
referral group.
Chains usually make certain rules regarding standards, rules, policies, procedures of affiliation
etc.
In general, the more centralized the organization the stronger the control over the individual
property.
INDEPENDENT HOTEL
Independent hotels do not have ownership or management affiliation with other properties.
They have no relationship to other hotels regarding policies, procedures, financial obligations,
management, accounting etc.
Handout
These may be registered as sole proprietor-ship or a private limited company.
The owner may decide the standard, type of clientele, the tariff etc.
MANAGEMENT CONTRACT
Management companies are organizations that operate properties owned by others.
Those other hotels may be owned by individual persons, partnerships or private limited
companies.
The individual hotel, under construction, may contract with a professional hotel management
company to operate the proposed property.
These contracts are normally on a long-term basis.
FRANCHISE
Franchise is a system in which the franchise owner grants another the right or privilege to
merchandise a product or service for a specified return.
Franchise Agreement is an agreement under which the owner operates as a member of the
chain, utilizing the brand image, name, goodwill and obtaining for a certain fee some services of
marketing and operating nature support from resources of a large organization, advertising,
sales promotion, technical and financial help etc.
REFERRAL GROUPS
:Referral Groups consists of independent hotels which have grouped together for some
common purpose.
Though the properties in the referral group may be different from each other but there is
sufficient consistency in the quality of service to satisfy guest expectations.
The member hotels recommend guests to other member hotels.
ACCORDING TO LENGTH OF STAY:
TRANSIT HOTELS
Motels and airport hotels are the best example of these hotels.
These hotels are patronized by those guests who are in transit and will be travelling further to
their destinations.
Sometimes these hotels also charge room rent for half a day as guests would like to stay just for
a few hours.
TRANSIENT HOTELS
Rest houses, Government guest houses etc are the best examples of transient hotels.
In these hotels one is not allowed to stay for a very long time as these hotels are very
economical and are patronized by the employees either on transfer or on tour or on vacations.
RESIDENTIAL HOTELS
These hotels offer rooms/apartments on monthly basis and even if a guest stays for a part of the
month, is normally charged for the full month.
The best examples for these hotels are hostels, paying guest houses for students, trainees,
working people etc.
Some big companies also hire them for months/years for their company executives for pleasure,
business, training etc.
OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF HOTELS
HERITAGE HOTEL

Handout
The Government of India to boost up tourism and to preserve the India heritage, has
started a scheme, where old heritage buildings, palaces constructed before 1935 were
converted into hotels.
Heritage Grand Hotels are those which are more than 100 years old.
BOUTIQUE HOTELS
These are very small and very expensive hotels and mainly cater for elite class.
Though the hotel is small but still it has more number of restaurants. Each one is decorated
keeping in view a theme and the food served
ALL SUITE HOTELS
The All-suite concept a new addition to the hotel industry.
These suites provide living room, bedroom, kitchenette etc.
ACCORDING TO PRICING PLAN
EUROPEAN PLAN(EP) Room only no meals included
AMERICAN PLAN(AP) Room with breakfast, lunch, and dinner are included in the quoted
price.
MODIFIED AMERICAN PLAN(MAP) Room includes breakfast and dinner nut not lunch or
breakfast and lunch but not dinner.
CONTINENTAL PLAN (CP) Room with Continental Breakfast
ENGLISH PLAN (EP) Room with full English or American Breakfast.

Handout
Lesson Vi: Travel Agency,Tour Operator and Tour Guide
History of Travel Agency
First Travel Agents
Robert Smart from England
He claimed that he was the first steamship agent.
He booked passengers to various channel ports including Dublin, Ireland.
Thomas Cook
Founded the agency by his name in November 1841 , charter a train at reduced rates originally
for workers going to temperance meetings and Bible camps in the countryside.
He was recognized as the first railway excursions agent.
With John A Mason Cook, he formed a partnership and renamed the travel agency as Thomas
Cook & Son which offered regular tours between Leicester and London in the middle of 19th
century
1863 - the first international excursion was undertaken to the Swiss Alps Switzerland.
1872 – the first round-the world excursion was organized with an itinerary that included the
British colonies of Australia and New Zealand.
Thomas Bennett
• He was said to be the first tour range individual inclusive travel.
• A secretary to the British consul general.
• He became a "trip organizer".
• The business provided tourists with a complete package that included itineraries,
carriage, provisions, and a "travelling kit".
Travel Agency
is a private retailer or public service that provides tourism related services to the public on
behalf of suppliers such as airlines, car rentals, cruise lines, hotels and package tours.
Also called travel bureau or travel intermediaries.
A business that helps to make arrangements for people who want to travel
A Travel Agency’s main function is to act as an agent, selling travel products and services on
behalf of the suppliers.
Difference between Travel Agency and Tour Operator
Travel Agency- are business entities that can provide a traveler services such as information
and expert advice, document facilitation, and travel arrangements.
They used to rely on commissions from the travel suppliers who were their main source of
income.
Tour Operator - are also business entities that go beyond the services provided by travel
agents.
They assemble tour packages and sell them to travel agents.
Tour operator can be travel agents at the same time.
Travel Agency Tour Operator
•Retailers
•acts as consultants or advisers to the travellers •Wholesalers. Deals with travel agents(retailers)
•revenues are fixed and pre determined by suppliers •acts as middlemen between the suppliers and the vendors
•charges fees for documentation and ancillary service•have variable but limited revenues income and profit margins
•sells optional products and services and make use of deposits.
A very important element of Tour Package is the flesh and Blood component which consists of
the tour guides. According to the Department of Tourism in the Philippines, a tour guide is an
Handout
individual who guides tourists both foreign and domestic, for a fee, commission, or any
other form of lawful remuneration.
Central Reservation System (CRS) or Global Distribution Systems (GDS)
CRS/GDS- it simplifies the work of travel intermediaries by putting together all the suppliers
including airlines, hotels, car rental firms, and resorts in a central computer and by sampling or
viewing through computer all the information needed.
In the past, travel agents used telephones and fax machines for reservation and confirmation.
Four major GDS Systems:

Amadeus
Galileo
Sabre
Worldspan

Handout
Top Travel Agencies in the Philippines
WOW Philippines Travel Agency
Rajah Travel and Tours
Blue Horizons Travel and Tours
Scorpio Travel and Tours
References:
Principle of Tourism 1, 1993
by: Buen Santos/ Ronald G. Manzano
Macro Perspective on Tourism and Hospitality,2019
By: Romeo Lim
Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality, 2018
By; Zenaida Cruz

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HC2/TC2 Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

I. Lesson: Introduction to Tourism Sector

II. Learning Outcomes:

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AIRPORT AIRLINE IN THE PHILIPINES

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Lesson II: Land Transportation

Provides a vital link in travel and tourism.

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LRT LINE 1 (ROOSEVELT-BACLARAN)

LRT LINE 2 (RECTO-SANTOLAN)

Lesson III: Water Transportation

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Lesson IV: Food and Beverage Sector

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ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF SERVICE

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Four major GDS Systems:

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