Critical

Reading
Strategies
 Learning Competencies

1.Use various techniques in

summarizing a variety of academic
texts.
•Annotating
Critical
•Outlining
Reading
•Analyzing Strategies
•Summarizing
•Paraphrasing
•Direct Quoting
 • Highlighting or
underlining keywords
or ideas in the text.
Annotatin • Writing short
g explanations or
comments along the
margins of the page.
 • Write key words of phrases on
the margins in bullet form.
• Write brief notes on the
margin.
• Write questions or
Some ways information that you find
to annotate confusing.
• Write what you already know
text: about the ideas.
• Underline important words,
phrases, or sentences.
• Create a bank of unfamiliar or
technical words.
• Highlight relevant/essential
parts of the text.
• Determine the main idea.
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 • Presenting the
important main
Outlinin details of a text.
g • Shows how a text
is organized.
Topic Outline vs. Sentence
Outline
 Decimal Outline
1. Main idea 1 2. Main idea 2
1.1. Supporting idea 1 2.1. Supporting idea 1
1.1.1. Evidence 1 2.1.1. Evidence 1
1.1.2. Evidence 2 2.1.2. Evidence 2

Decimal
1.2. Supporting idea 2 2.2. Supporting idea 2
1.2.1. Evidence 1 2.2.1. Evidence 1
1.2.2. Evidence 2 2.2.2. Evidence 2
Outline vs. Alphanumeric Outline
I. Main idea 1 II. Main idea 2
Alphanumeric A. Supporting idea 1
a. Evidence 1
A. Supporting idea 1
a. Evidence 1

Outline b. Evidence 2
B. Supporting idea 2
b. Evidence 2
B. Supporting idea 2
a. Evidence 1 a. Evidence 1
b. Evidence 2 b. Evidence 2
 Examining the
content by
breaking down the
different elements
of a text.
Analyzin • Dividing the text
g into different
sections – more
focused reading.
• When reading long
and complex
 • Often used to share
essential ideas in a
book, book
chapter, an article,
and/or parts of it.
Summarizi • Gist or main idea,
ng
useful information,
or keywords or
phrases
• Generally done
after reading
• Deepen your
understanding of the text
• Identify relevant
information or key ideas Summarizing
• Combine details or is an
examples that support the important skill
main idea/s
• Concentrate on the gist or because it
main idea and keywords helps you:
presented in the text
• Capture the key ideas in
the text and put them
together clearly and
 • It provides an overview
of the source material.
A good • It is shorter than the
original text.
summary has • It reflects the exact
the following views or ideas of the
characteristics author.
• It does not contain
: comments or opinions of
the person/s writing the
summary.
• It contains citations.
What is NOT Summarizing
You are not summarizing when you:
• Write down everything
• Write down ideas from the text word-
for-word (verbatim)
• Write down incoherent and irrelevant
ideas
• Write down ideas that are not stated
in the text
• Write down a summary that has the
16
 Guidelines
in
Summarizin
1. Clarify your purpose before you read.
2. Read the text and understand the meaning.
Do not stop reading until you understand the
message conveyed by the author. Locate the
gist or the main idea of the text, which can
usually be found at the beginning, in the
middle, or at the end.
3. Select and underline or circle the key ideas
and phrases while reading; another strategy
is to annotate the text.
4. Write all the key ideas and phrases you
5. Without looking at the text, identify the
connections of these key ideas and phrases
using a concept map.
6. List your ideas in sentence form in a concept
map.
7. Combine the sentences into a paragraph.
Use appropriate transitional devices to
improve cohesion.
8. Ensure that you do not copy a single
sentence from the original text.
9. Refrain from adding comments about the
11.Compare your output with the original text
to ensure accuracy.
12.Record the details of the original source
(author’s name/s, date of publication, title,
publisher, place of publishing, and URL (if
online). It is not necessary to indicate the
page number/s of the original text in citing
sources in summaries.
13.Format your summary properly. When you
combine your summaries in a paragraph,
use different formats to show variety in
Summary
Formats
Idea Heading Format
Author Heading
Format
Date Heading Format
 I dea Heading Format

The summarized idea

comes before the
citation.

Benchmarking is a useful strategy that has the potential to help

public officials improve the performance of local services (Folz,
2004; Ammons, 2001). Once the practice of a particular city is
benchmarked, it can be a guidepost and the basis for the other
counterparts to improve their own.
 A uthor Heading Format
The summarized idea comes after the
citation.
The author’s name is connected by an
appropriate reporting verb.

The considerable number of users of FB has led educators to utilize FB for

communicating with their students (Grant, 2008; as cited in Donmus, 2010).
The study of Kabilan, Ahmad, and Abidin (2010) shows that the
students perceived FB as an online environment to expedite language
learning specifically English. Donmus (2010) asserts that educational
games on FB fecundate the learning process and make the students’
learning environment more engaging. As regards literacy, the notion
reveals that FB could be used as a tool to aid individuals execute a range of
social acts through social literacy implementation (ibid). Blackstone and
 D ate Heading Format

The summarized idea comes after

the date when the material was
published.

On the other hand, active participation of the citizens in

development contributes to sound and reasonable government
decisions. In their 2004 study on the impact of participatory
development approach, Irvin and Stansbury argue that
participation can be valuable to the citizens and the
government in terms of the process and outcomes of
 • Reporting Verb – a word used
Using to discuss another person’s
Reporting writings or assertions.
• They are used to incorporate
Verbs when the source to the discussion
in the text.
Summarizing Having a syntactically correct
Note:
sentence is not enough to
Past tense – idea to
create meaning. As Noam
be outdated and you
Chomsky pointed out, a
want to negate it
sentence can be perfect in
Present tense – idea
terms of syntax and still not
to be relevant or
make sense. He showed this by
agreeable
coming up with the famous
Checking for understanding (p.
115)
N
_______1. Sean copied everything
N
_______7. To add more information,
from the book. Alexa added her analysis and
S
_______2. Tomas extracted the key comments to the ideas of the author.
N
ideas in the text. _______8. Maria wrote down the general
S
_______3. Red concentrated on the and specific ideas of the text.
N
important details. _______9. Sean added some of his
S
_______4. Anita looked for key words related research to the information
and phrases. presented in the text.
S N
_______5. Sen simplified ideas. _______10. Lalaine extended the
N
_______6. Kai revised the main idea. message of the text and included some
of her interpretations.
 Comparing Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Direct
Quoting
Summarizing Paraphrasing Direct Quoting
does not match the source word for word matches the source word for
word
involves putting the main involves putting a passage cited part appears between
idea(s) into your own words from a source into your own quotation marks
words (restating) but retains Page number where the
and fully communicates the statement was taken must
original meaning be included (p. –single page;
pp. multiple pages; - for
range of pages)
presents a broad overview, may be similar in length to usually a short part of the
usually shorter than the the original text text
original text
must be attributed to the original source
citations are required and reporting verbs are used
When to use Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Direct
Quoting
Summarizing Paraphrasing Direct Quoting

1. Summarize a text that 1. Paraphrase a short text 1 Quote text that conveys
has long sections (ex. A with one or two sentences or powerful message or will
page or a chapter of a a paragraph with a show less impact if it is
book or the book itself; a maximum if five (5) paraphrased/summarized.
paragraph of an essay or sentences.
the essay itself).
2. Summarize when you 2. Paraphrase when you 2. Quote directly when you
want to: want to: want to:
a. Avoid or minimize a. Avoid or minimize direct a. Begin your discussion
direct quotation; or quotation; or with the author’s stand;
b. Use the main idea of b. Rewrite the author’s or
the text and write it words by not changing b. highlight the author’s
in your own words. the message or use your expertise in your claim,
own words to state the argument, or discussion.
author’s ideas.
Guidelines
in
Paraphrasi
1. Read the text and understand its meaning. Do not
stop reading until you understand the message
conveyed by the author.
2. Use a pen to mark or highlight the key words or
main idea of the text.
3. Recall the key words or main idea of the text that
you highlighted when you read it.
4. Write in your own words what you understood
about the ideas in the text.
5. Get the original text and compare it with your
paraphrase.
6. Check the meaning. Remember, your paraphrase
should have the same meaning as the original
text.
7. Check the sentence structure. The sentence
structure if your paraphrase should be different
from the original text.
8. Refrain from adding comments about the text.
Stick to the ideas presented in the text.
9. Record the details of the original source
(author’s name/s, date of publication, title,
publisher, place of publishing, and URL [if
online]).
10.Format your paraphrase properly. When you
combine your paraphrases in a paragraph, use
different formats to show variety in writing.
 Guidelines in
Direct Quoting
1. Copy exactly the part of the text that you want
to use.
2. Use quotation marks to show the beginning and
ending of the quote.
3. Record the details of the original source
(author’s name/s, date of publication, title,
publisher, place of publishing, URL [if online]
and page number/s). Indicating the page
number/s is necessary in citing sources when
quoting.
4. Format your quotation properly. If your
quotation consists of less than 40 words, it
should be presented as part of the text. Check
5. Direct quotation should not be used to
replace paraphrasing or summarizing.

Using Reporting Verbs when Paraphrasing

and Direct Quoting

• They are also used in paraphrasing and direct

quoting to integrate your sources in the text.
• Follow the same guidelines as with
summarizing.
Original Passage
What is plagiarism? In minor cases, it can be the
quotation of a sentence or two, without quotation marks
and without a citation (e.g., footnote) to the true author. In
the most serious cases, a significant fraction of the entire
work was written by someone else but the plagiarist
removed the author(s), name(s), and substituted his/her
name, perhaps did some re-formatting of the text, then
submitted the work for credit in a class (e.g., term paper or
essay), as part of the requirements for a degree (e.g., thesis
or dissertation), or as part of a published article or book.
Summarized
Plagiarism can be defined as using ideas, data, or any relevant
information of another without giving proper credit or acknowledgment
(Standler, 2012).
Paraphrased
According to Standler (2012), plagiarism can occur in small cases,
which happens when small parts of a passage are used without enclosing
them in quotation marks and citing the author. It can also occur in more grave
situations. In these instances, big chunks of the original text are used. There
are changes in the format, but the original author is not attributed to and the
work is claimed as the plagiarist's own and submitted to comply with
academic requirements or as a part of a material for publication.

Direct quoted
Standler (2012) states that plagiarism can be "the quotation of a
sentence or two, without quotation marks and without a citation (e.g.,
footnote) to the true author" (p. 5).
Activity
Time
Activity Title: Performance Check: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and
Direct Quoting
Learning Target: ­ to summarize, paraphrase, and direct quote a
passage
Reference: Communicate Today: English for Academic and Professional
Purposes for Senior High School
Author: Barrot, J,S. & Sipacio, P.F. Page Nos: pp.110-
129

INSTRUCTIONS:
Below is the abstract taken from page/s ____ of the study of
______ titled __________. Based on the guidelines that were
discussed, summarize, paraphrase, and direct quote the
abstract provided