Cellorganelles FNL 120130005530 Phpapp01

Cell Organelles
BY : Dr. Mahum Rauf

DPT
Cell Organelles
Organelle (“little
organ”) = a small
structure in the cell
that performs a
specific function.
Membrane-bound
organelles are found
only in eukaryotic
cells
Cytoplasm
Everything in a cell except
the nucleus is cytoplasm
Clear, gelatin-like, watery
substance surrounding the
organelles.
Maintains the shape and
consistency of the cell.
 Allows for chemical
reactions necessary in
metabolism
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 “E.R.” (endo means inside
+ cytoplasmic +
reticulum means network
= network of membranes
inside the cytoplasm)
 Connected to nuclear
envelope
 Rough ER: studded with
ribosomes; it chemically
modifies proteins
 Smooth ER: no
ribosomes; it makes
lipids
Functions of ER
1. The membrane of ER manufacture many
substances such as proteins, lipids , carbohydrate
and other structures like lysosomes, peroxisomes
and secretory granules.
Lipids…… within wall of ER
Proteins…… ribosomes & mRNA
Golgi Apparatus
Looks like a stack of
plates; membrane-
bound
It’s membranes is
similar to those of
smooth ER.
It is prominent in
secretory cells.
Stores, transports, and
packages proteins
Molecules transported to
and from the Golgi by
means of vesicles
Lysosomes
 Provide intracellular digestive
system
 Garbage disposal of the cell
 Membrane-bound
 Contain digestive enzymes
that break down big molecules
and damaged organelles.
 It breakdown intracellular
substances in structures such
as damaged cell structures,
food particles & unwanted
material such as bacteria.
Which organelles do
lysosomes work with?
Mitochondria
 “Powerhouse of the cell” –
found in BOTH plant and
animal cells
 Cellular respiration
occurs here to release
energy (ATP) for the cell to
use
 Has 2 membranes – outer
and inner membranes (the
latter is highly folded that
increases surface area for
cellular respiration
 It provide an adequate
supply of energy to fuel the
chemical reactions of cell
 Once food enter the cell it splits…. Then small particles enter
mitochondria…then other enzymes remove CO2 and
Hydrogen ions by a process called Citric Acid Cycle
 An Oxidative enzyme system…progressive oxidation of
Hydrogen atoms.
 The energy liberated by these processes are used to produce
ATP
 Mitochondria is self replicating structure.
Cytoskeleton
 Acts as skeleton and muscle
 Provides shape and structure
 Helps move organelles around
the cell, or move the cell itself
 Made of three types of
filaments
 Only in eukaryotes
 Cell have large no. of tubular
structure which is composed of
protein fibrillar protein . These
structures are called
microtubules.
 Function… transport
substances from one area to
other.
Centrioles
During cell division –
help assemble the
spindle apparatus
that moves
chromosomes
Made of
microtubules
arranged in a special
way
Secretory vesicles
These are small vesicles containing
digestive enzymes.
After period of storage in cell ,they are
expelled through membrane to be
used elsewhere in body.
Nucleus
 Control center of the cell – has the
information needed to oversee the
chemical reactions in cells
 Contains DNA (either as
chromosomes or chromatin),
nucleolus and nuclear envelope
 Surrounded by a double membrane
called nuclear envelope
 Usually the easiest structure to see
under a microscope
 Usually one per cell, but some cells
have many nuclei
Nuclear Envelope
• Boundary of the nucleus
• “Envelope” – because it a a double-membrane
• Made of a phospholipid bilayer (like the cell membrane)
• Regulates what comes in and out of the nucleus, has nuclear pores
that allow a large molecule like RNA to move in and out of the
nucleus.
Nucleolus
A large, dense
area in the
nucleus
Site of ribosome
production
nucleolus
Ribosome
Site of protein
synthesis (also
known as translation)
Found attached to
rough ER or floating
free in cytoplasm
Not membrane-
bound
Produced in a part
of the nucleus
called the nucleolus
Identify the organelles

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Cell Organelles

BY : Dr. Mahum Rauf

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