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    Lect2 Operational Amplifiers

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    lopeznathan272
    Book for econ

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    Lect2 Operational Amplifiers

    Uploaded by

    lopeznathan272
    3 views20 pages
    Book for econ

    Original Title

    Lect2-Operational-Amplifiers (1)

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    Book for econ

    Copyright:

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    3 views20 pages

    Lect2 Operational Amplifiers

    Uploaded by

    lopeznathan272
    Book for econ

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    Ideal and

    Non-Ideal
    Op Amp
    Fundamentals of Mixed
    Signals and Sensors
    Operational Amplifiers

    Having learned the basic laws and theorems for circuit


    analysis, we are now ready to study an active circuit element
    of paramount importance: the operational amplifier, or op
    amp for short. The op amp is a versatile circuit building block.
    OP AMP
    • an electronic unit that behaves like a voltage-controlled voltage source.

    • It can also be used in making a voltage- or current-controlled current


    source. An op amp can sum signals, amplify a signal, integrate it, or
    differentiate it. The ability of the op amp to perform these
    mathematical operations is the reason it is called an operational
    amplifier. It is also the reason for the widespread use of op amps in
    analog design. Op amps are popular in practical circuit designs because
    they are versatile, inexpensive, easy to use, and fun to work with.
    Syllabus
    • Ideal Op Amp
    • Non-Ideal Op Amp
    • Inverting Amplifier
    • Non-Inverting Amplifier
    • Summing Amplifier
    • Difference Amplifier
    • Cascaded Op Amp
    • Op Amp Circuits with PSpice
    • Applications
    A typical Operational Amplifier

    What’s Inside?

    • Resistors
    • Transistors
    • Capacitors
    • Diodes
    A typical Operational Amplifier
    Values of pins

    1. The inverting input, pin 2.


    2. The noninverting input, pin 3.
    3. The output, pin 6.
    4. The positive power supply V, pin 7.
    5. The negative power supply V , pin 4.
    Pin configuration and Circuit Symbol
    Powered Op Amp
    As an active element, the op
    amp must be powered by a
    voltage supply.

    Although the power supplies


    are often ignored in op amp
    circuit diagrams for the sake
    of simplicity, the power
    supply currents must not be
    overlooked.
    Non-Ideal Op Amp
    • The output section consists of a voltage-
    controlled source in series with the
    output resistance Ro.

    • The op amp senses the difference


    between the two inputs, multiplies it by
    the gain A, and causes the resulting
    voltage to appear at the output.
    Thus, the output Vo is given by, Equivalent Circuit of Non-Ideal Op Amp
    Typical Ranges of Op Amp Parameters
    • A is called the open-loop voltage gain because it is the gain of the op
    amp without any external feedback from output to input.
    Feedback / Closed-loop gain
    • when there is a feedback
    path from output to input,
    the ratio of the output
    voltage to the input voltage
    is called the closed-loop
    gain.

    • As a result of the negative


    feedback, it can be shown
    that the closed-loop gain is
    almost insensitive to the
    open-loop gain A of the op
    amp. For this reason, op
    amps are used in circuits
    with feedback paths.
    Limitation
    • A practical limitation of the op amp is that
    the magnitude of its output voltage
    cannot exceed |VCC|. In other words, the
    output voltage is dependent on and is
    limited by the power supply voltage.

    • Three modes:
    1. Positive Saturation
    2. Linear Saturation
    3. Negative Saturation
    Example 1
    A 741 Op Amp has an open-loop voltage gain of 2 x 10^5 , input resistance
    of 2M ohm, and output resistance of 50 ohm. The op amp is used in the circuit
    below. Find the closed-loop gain Vo/Vs. Determine current i when Vs = 2 V
    Example 1
    A 741 Op Amp has an open-loop voltage gain of 2 x 10^5 , input resistance
    of 2M ohm, and output resistance of 50 ohm. The op amp is used in the circuit
    below. Find the closed-loop gain Vo/Vs. Determine current i when Vs = 2 V
    Seatwork no. 1
    If the same 741 op amp in Example 1 is used in the circuit below, calculate the
    closed-loop gain Vo/Vs. Find io when Vs = 1 V.
    Ideal Op Amp
    • To facilitate the understanding of op amp circuits, we will assume
    ideal op amps. An op amp is ideal if it has the following
    characteristics:

    1. Infinite open-loop gain, A ≃ ∞


    2. Infinite input resistance, Ri ≃ ∞
    3. Zero output Resistance, Ro ≃ 0
    Ideal Op Amp

    • Although assuming an ideal op amp provides only an approximate


    analysis, most modern amplifiers have such large gains and input
    impedances that the approximate analysis is a good one. Unless
    stated otherwise, we will assume from now on that every op amp is
    ideal.
    Ideal Op Amp Model
    Two important characteristics of the ideal op
    amp are:

    1. The currents into both input terminals


    are zero:

    2. The voltage across the input terminals is


    equal to zero;

    or
    Example 2
    • Let’s Rework the seatwork no. 1, but now, using Ideal Op Amp Model
    Example 2
    • Let’s Rework the seatwork no. 1, but now, using Ideal Op Amp Model

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