ELECTRONIC

S PRESENTED BY:
DEGROUP 4
ASIS, CLARK
DE GUZMAN, ANGELA
DEL ROSARIO, CHRYSTAL
MHAE
DELDA, JOHN EDDREY
DELA CRUZ, JOSEPH DANIEL
DENOLAN, ARJAY
TABLE OF
CONTENTS:

Electronics Electronic Tools and

Equipment
Electronic
Multi-Tester
Components
 What is
Electronics?
Electronics is the subfield of physics and
engineering that analyses and develops
electronic devices that use electricity, the flow
of electrons. The flow of electrons is called
electricity.
 History of
Electronics
- Early Beginnings (19th Century): The branch of electronics started much earlier
in the nineteenth century with discovery of electricity and magnetism.
- 1800: Alessandro Volta was the first person to invent the voltaic pile that is
known today as the battery.
- 1820: Hans Christian Ørsted found that light does not actually move along a
wire, but electricity causes it.
- 1831: Michael Faraday also established the principle which forms the basic of
electric generators and transformers, the electromagnetic induction.
- The Vacuum Tube Era (Late 19th - Early 20th Century): This was after the
emergence of the vacuum tube at the close of the nineteenth century into
electronics.
- 1904: John Ambrose Fleming invented the diode which is the first vacuum
tablet.
- 1907: Lee de Forest has developed the triode – a vacuum tube capable of
amplifier the signal.
- 1920s-1940s: Radio, television and early built computers were made possible
by the invention of vacuum tubes.
- The Transistor Era (Mid-20th Century): Whereas before the invention of the
transistor in 1947, there was a significant change in electronics.
- 1947: Bardeen , Brattain & Shockley invented the transistor way lesser, more
stable and efficient as compared to the vacuum tubes.
- 1950s-1960s: Transistors dramatically transformed electronics, which bridged
the way to build tinny, superior computers, portable radios among other
devices.
- The Integrated Circuit Era (Late 20th Century): The integrated circuit (IC) that
was realized in 1958 reduced size of electronics and enhanced creation of
microprocessors, microcomputers, and the contemporary digital era.
- 1958: Jack Kilby was also the man behind the invention of integrated circuits.
- 1960s-Present: It has become so that nowadays practically each and every
devices employs an IC contributing to the creation of such devices as
 ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS
 RESISTORs
Resistors are passive
components that oppose
the flow of electric
current. They are
commonly used to limit
current, divide voltage,
and create specific
voltage drops in a circuit.
 How They Work

> Resistors work by converting electrical energy into heat.

The amount of resistance is measured in ohms, and higher
resistance values impede current flow more effectively.
EXAMPLE
S:

Laptop Mobile phone

COLOR CODING
CAPACITORS
Capacitors are passive
electronic components that
store electrical energy in an
electric field. They are often
referred to as mini batteries
due to their ability to hold a
charge, albeit for a shorter
duration compared to
traditional batteries.
 EXAMPLE
S:
audio
amplifier

Capacitance and Charge

Storage

electric
The amount of charge a
car
capacitor can store is directly
proportional to its capacitance,
measured in Farads (F). A higher
capacitance value indicates a
greater capacity to store
charge.
Capacitors play a vital role in various electronic circuits and systems, finding
applications in:

•Filtering: Capacitors can be used to block unwanted frequencies while allowing desired
frequencies to pass through. This is particularly useful in smoothing out voltage
fluctuations and removing noise from signals.

•Smoothing: Capacitors act as smoothing elements, helping to maintain a consistent

voltage level in circuits that experience voltage variations or fluctuations. They act as a
reservoir of charge, providing a stable source of energy.

•Timing: Capacitors are crucial for creating time delays in circuits. By charging and
discharging through a resistor, they can create time constants that determine the
duration of a particular delay.

•Energy Storage: Capacitors can store a small amount of energy, making them ideal for
applications where a quick burst of energy is required. This is particularly relevant in
pulsed circuits, backup power systems, and energy harvesting.
Inductors
Energy
Storage
Inductors store energy in a magnetic field created by
the flow of current through the coil. This energy can be
released back into the circuit.

How They
Work
When current flows through an inductor, a magnetic
field is generated. The strength of the field depends on
the current and the number of turns in the coil.

Applicati
ons are
Inductors essential in circuits for filtering,
smoothing, and creating resonant circuits, playing
crucial roles in various electronic devices.
types of Inductors
DIODES One-Way Current
Diodes are semiconductor
Flow devices that allow current to
flow in only one direction. They act as a switch, blocking
current in the reverse direction.

HOW THEY
Diodes
WORKare made of a p-type and an n-type
semiconductor material joined together. When a
forward voltage is applied, the diode conducts current,
while a reverse voltage blocks it.

APPLICATIONS
Diodes are ubiquitous in electronics, used in
rectification, switching, voltage clamping, and signal
detection applications.
TRANSISTORS
Amplification and
Switching
Transistors are semiconductor devices capable of
amplifying or switching electronic signals. They
act as controlled switches or amplifiers in circuits.

HOW THEY
WORKhave
Transistors three terminals: base, collector,
and emitter. A small current applied to the base
controls a larger current flowing between the
collector and emitter.

APPLICATIONS
Transistors are the foundation of modern electronics,
used in amplifiers, oscillators, digital circuits, and
many other devices.
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Integrated circuits (ICs) are
semiconductor devices that
combine multiple electronic
components—like
transistors, resistors, and
capacitors—into a single
chip to perform specific
functions.
LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device
that emits light when an electric current passes through
it. LEDs are widely used in displays, indicators, and
lighting due to their efficiency and longevity.
 SWITCHES
light-emitting diode (LED)
is a semiconductor
device that emits light
when an electric current
passes through it. LEDs
are widely used in
displays, indicators, and
lighting due to their
efficiency and longevity.
PONTENTIOMETERS
Potentiometer is a three-terminal
resistor used to adjust voltage levels
or control current in a circuit. It
operates by varying the resistance
between its terminals, often used in
volume controls and tuning circuits.
CONNECTORS
Connectors in
electronics are
devices that join
electrical circuits,
allowing for the
transmission of
electrical signals and
power between
 Conclusion
Electrical components are the
fundamental building blocks of
modern electronics. Understanding
their properties and applications is
essential for designing, building,
and troubleshooting electronic
systems. From simple circuits to
complex devices, these
components enable us to harness
the power of electricity for a wide
range of applications.
ELECTRONIC
TOOLS AND
EQUIPMENT
 TOOLS:

Multimeter: Measures
voltage, current, and
Soldering Iron: Used to melt
solder for joining
components.
 TOOLS:

Desoldering Pump (Solder

Sucker): Removes solder.
 TOOLS:

Soldering Wire:
Metal alloy for
joining
 TOOLS:

Solder Paste: A mixture of

flux and solder used in
soldering.
 TOOLS:

Solder Smoke
Absorber (Fume
Extractor): Removes
 TOOLS:

Helping Hand: Holds parts in

place while you work.
 TOOLS:

Tweezers: Picks up small

components.
 TOOLS:

Screwdriver: Turns screws.

 TOOLS:

Electrical Tape:
Insulates wires.
 TOOLS:

Wire Stripper:
Removes insulation
from wires.
 TOOLS:

Magnifying Glass:
Magnifies small
objects
 TOOLS:

Power Supply:
Provides voltage
and current to
circuits
 TOOLS:

Alligator Clips:
Electrical connectors
 TOOLS:

Hot Glue Gun: Secures

components, insulates
connections, and
provides strain relief for
 TOOLS:

Pliers: Grips, cuts,

and bends wires.
 TOOLS:

Anti-static Wrist
Strap: Prevents static
damage
 TOOLS:

Wire Wrap Tool: Makes wire

connections
electronic
EQUIPMENT
Electronic equipment refers to devices that utilize electrical
energy to perform specific tasks. Often involving the
manipulation of signals, data processing, or communication.
These devices typically contain components like transistors,
diodes, resistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits.
 electronic EQUIPMENT

1.Consumer Electronics
• These devices entertain, inform, and communicate by
processing audio, video, or data

Example:
 electronic EQUIPMENT

2. Industrial Equipment
• Used in manufacturing and automation, these devices control
processes, monitor conditions, and improve efficiency.

Example:
 electronic EQUIPMENT

3. Medical Devices
• These devices diagnose, monitor, or treat medical conditions, often
processing and displaying patient data.

Example:
 electronic EQUIPMENT

4. Communication Equipment
• Facilitate data transmission and connectivity, enabling voice and
data communication over networks.

Example:
 electronic EQUIPMENT

5. Computing Devices
• Perform computations, store data, and run applications, allowing
users to process information and perform tasks.

Example:
 electronic EQUIPMENT

6. Measurement and Testing Equipment

• Used mostly in laboratories and engineering for testing
and measurement.

Example:
 electronic EQUIPMENT

7. Home Appliances
• ·Improves convenience and efficiency in
household tasks.

Example:
 electronic EQUIPMENT

8. Power Converters
• Manages and converts electrical power for
various applications.

Example:
IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT:

• Efficiency
• Communication
• Automation
• Healthcare
• Entertainment
MULTI- TESTER
 What is Multi Tester?
- Also known as multimeter, is an electronic instrument
used to measure Voltage, Current, and Resistance

- It is called “Multi” meter, as it combines the

functionalities of Voltmeter, Ammeter, and Ohmmeter
into a single device

- Essential tool for electrical and electronics engineers,

used in testing and troubleshooting
Multi Tester / Multimeter
-Some examples are Bench Multimeters, Handheld Multimeters
(Analog, Digital Multimeter), and Clamp Multimeter

With the help of Multimeter, we can…

-Check if the switch (or push button) is properly working or not

-Measure the amount of current flowing through a device, like an LED
-Measure the voltage of a battery
-Check if the wire is conducting electricity or not
Parts of a Multimeter

Basic parts of a
multimeter include…

-Display
-Selection Knob
-Ports
-Probes
-The measured value, or current, or resistance, is
displayed on the LCD display of the Multimeter.
You can set the parameter to measure using the
selection knob at the center

-Multimeter comes from with a pair of proves, one

Red and one Black. Plug-in the probes in to ports
of the Multimeter to make a measurement

-Always connect the Black probe to the COM port

-Red probe is usually connected to the port with VΩmA

port

-In this configuration, we can measure AC and DC voltage,

DC current in mA and Resistance, which is what most of
us will use a Multimeter for

-Use the other port with label 10ADC to measure DC

current up to 10A
--Some
Multimeters
come with
backlight for the
LCD display
How to Use a Multimeter?

Measuring Voltage
-Using Digital Multimeter, we can
measure both the DC and AC voltage

-The Voltmeter section of the Multimeter

is usually marked as “V”
DC Voltage

-If there is a line adjacent to the “V”, then

it is used to measure DC voltage

-Plug-in the correct probes to the

Multimeter and set the knob to measure
the DC Voltage
--Connect the Red probe to the positive terminal of
the battery and Black probe to the negative
terminal

AC Voltage
-WARNING: measure AC Voltage with extreme caution
and preferably under a professional supervision, make
sure that the probes are properly inserted in to the
Multimeter ports without any exposed metal, do not
touch the probes by the tips, AC mains can be very
dangerous

-A sine wave symbol adjacent to the “V” indicates AC

Voltage measurement
-To measure AC mains Voltage,
set the knob to 600 in AC
Voltage Measurement (V with a
Sine Wave). I chose 600 because
my mains supply is 240V. Always
set the knob for AC Voltage
measurement before inserting
the probes

-Now, Insert the probes into the

socket and you can see the
measured AC Voltage displayed
on the LCD
Measuring Current
-The Ammeter section is indicated by the symbol A

-Most Digital Multimeters can only measure DC

Current, so, there will be a straight line adjacent
to the A to indicate DC current measurement

DC Current

-To measure DC Current, set the knob of the Multimeter

to DC Current measurement

-Consider the Multimeter in Ammeter mode as

essentially a wire through which the current flows to the
circuit

-In this configuration, Multimeter becomes a part of the

circuit, the measured current is displayed on the LCD
 Measuring Resistance

-One of the easiest measurements we

can perform using a Multimeter

-The Ohmmeter section of the Multimeter

is represented by Ω symbol

-Set the knob to the desired range in the resistance

measurement and connect the probes to the leads of
the resistor

-The measured resistance will be displayed on the LCD

Testing Continuity

-It is used to test continuity from a point A to B in a

circuit, whether a wire is conducting or not, whether a
switch is properly functioning or not

-The Continuity test function is usually represented by

a “speaker” symbol

-Set the knob to test for continuity and connect

the probes across a wire, if the wire is in good
condition without any breakage, then you will
hear a continuous buzzer, if there is a problem
in the wire, you will not hear any sound
Diode Test

-The Diode test feature is usually combined

with continuity test and is represented by a
Diode Symbol

-To test a diode, set the knob to Diode test mode

and connect the Red probe to Anode of the diode
and Black probe to Cathode of the diode

-If the diode is working properly, the Multimeter

will display the forward voltage drop across the
diode
Reference:
• https://www.electronicshub.org/how-to-use-a-multimeter/
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING