Unit Four (Cuarta Unidad)

UNIT Nº 4
BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Electronic Components are intended to be connected together, usually by soldering to a Printed

Circuit Board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an
amplifier, radio receiver, oscillator, wireless). Some of the Main Electronic Components are:
Resistor, Capacitor, Transistor, Diode, Operational Amplifier, etc.
The classification of electronic components can be done based on applications like active and
passive.
Active Components
An active component is:
 Capable for delivering energy to the circuit,

 Producing energy in the form of voltage or current,
These components are used to amplify electrical signals to generate electric power.
Passive Components
A passive component is:
 Capable for absorbing energy in the circuit,

 Storing energy in the form of voltage or current,
PASSIVE COMPONENTS:
RESISTORS
The resistor is a passive electrical component that creates resistance in the flow of electric current.
In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they can be found. The resistance is
measured in ohms (Ω).
TYPES OF RESISTORS:
Resistors are available in different size, Shapes and materials. We will discuss all possible resistor
types one by one in detail with pro and cons and application as follow:
Main Applications of IC
Most electronic equipment today use integrated circuit, for example:

Computer/Server/Workstation
TV/Radio/Video
Cell Phones
Digital Clock
Robotic Systems
Telecommunication System
Automotive
Medical equipment
Aerospace
Children´s Toys
Military Field
Missile System
Etc.
APPLICATION OF RESISTORS
Practically, both types of resistors (Fixed and Variable) are generally used for the following
purposes.
Resistors are used:
 For Current control and limiting

 To change electrical energy in the form of heat energy
 To control temperature
 To control voltage or Drop
 For protection purposes, e.g. Fusible Resistors
Uses of resistors based on the type

Types of resistors Uses
Used in an electronic circuit to keep the right condition in the circuit.

Fixed resistor
(Values are determined during the design phase of the circuit.
Used for all forms of control: Like volume control on radios. Sliders
Variable resistor
in audio mixer
Light-dependent resistor
Used in a number of sensor applications.
or photoresistor
Varistor Used for spike and surge protection.(to protect computers)
Used in high power rating devices and equipment, testing and

Wire wound resistor
measuring devices and industries.
They are widely used in TV sets, amplifiers, and other electronic

Fusible resistors
circuits. (as they can limit current ad well as used as a fuse)
Potentiometer They are used as a voltage divider
CAPACITORS
Next to resistors, capacitors are probably the second most commonly used component in
electronic circuits. A capacitor is a device that can temporarily store an electric charge.
Capacitors are widely used to build different types of electronic circuits. A capacitor is a passive
two-terminal electrical component that can store energy in an electric field electrostatically. In
simple terms, it works as a small rechargeable battery that stores electricity. However, unlike a
battery, it can charge and discharge in the split of a second.
ACTIVE COMPONENTS: (SEMICONDUCTORS)

What is A Semiconductor?
A semiconductor is a physical substance designed to manage and control the flow of current
in electronic devices and equipment. It either doesn’t allow a freely flowing electric current or repels
the current completely.
A semiconductor sits between a conductor and an insulator and is commonly used in the
development of electronic chips, computing components, and devices. It’s generally created using
silicon, germanium, or other pure elements.
TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is made of a
solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external
circuit. The vast majority of transistors now produced are in integrated circuits , along with diodes,
resistors, capacitors and other electronic components, to produce complete electronic circuits.aged
individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits. The transistor is a
semiconductor electronic device that fulfils many functions as to be amplifier, oscillator,
commutator, or rectifier. Today they are found in all domestic apparatus: radios, televisions,
recorders, audio and video players, ovens of microwaves, washing machine, automobiles,
refrigerators, alarms, computers, calculators, printers, fluorescent lamps, cellulars, mp3 players,
and so on.
COMPONENTS OF A TRANSISTOR: Transistors are

composed of three parts – a base, a collector, and an
emitter.
TYPES OF TRANSISTORS:
There are many types of transistors in use. Each

transistor is specialized in its application. The main
classification is as follows:
The primary transistor is the BJT and FET is the modern version of transistor..
Each works in a different way. But the usefulness of any transistor comes from its ability to control
a strong current with a weak voltage.
USAGES:
A transistor can control its output in proportion to the input signal, that is, can act as an amplifier.
Or, the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled
switch.
DIODES
In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric current in only
one direction. A diode is made up of two words “Di “means Two, and “Ode “means Electrodes
which means that a device or component has two electrodes. (i.e., cathode and anode). A diode
is an electronic device having a two-terminal unidirectional power supply.
A diode has two terminals that have a low resistance to the flow of the current in one direction,
there is low resistance on one side and high resistance in the other, thus restricting the flow of
current in one direction. Semiconductor diodes are two-terminal devices that consist of a p-n
junction and metallic contacts at their two ends.
Materials that are used to make diode are: Germanium, silicon and germanium arsenide etc.
USAGES:
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current in one direction, while blocking
current in the opposite direction. Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a
check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating
current to direct current, and extract modulation from radio signals in radio receivers. Diodes are
used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes) and produce light (light emitting diodes).
Some diode symbols. Typical diode packages

TYPES OF DIODES.- There are many types but the most useful are:
- LED diode (light- emitting diode)
- ZENER diode
- RECTIFIER diode
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
An integrated circuit is a special component that contains an entire electronic circuit, complete with
transistors, diodes, and other elements, all photographically etched onto a tiny piece of silicon.
Integrated circuits are the building blocks of modern electronic devices such as computers and
cellphones. Integrated circuits (ICs) are a keystone of modern electronics. They are the heart and
brains of most circuits. They are the ubiquitous little black "chips" you find on just about every
circuit board.
Advantages of IC´s
1. Very small size
2. Low cost
3. Reduce power consuption
4. Highly reliable
5. Higher operating speed
6. Reduced external wiring connections
7. Easy to use
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS NAME ABBREVIATIONS
NTC:………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
PTC:………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
VDR:………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
LDR:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
SMD:………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
IC:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
PCB:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
FET :……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
MOSFET:………………………………………………………………………………………………………
LED:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
BJT:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
JFET:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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UNIT Nº 4

BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Electronic Components are intended to be connected together, usually by soldering to a Printed

 Capable for delivering energy to the circuit,

 Capable for absorbing energy in the circuit,

Most electronic equipment today use integrated circuit, for example:

 For Current control and limiting

Uses of resistors based on the type

Used in an electronic circuit to keep the right condition in the circuit.

Varistor Used for spike and surge protection.(to protect computers)

Used in high power rating devices and equipment, testing and

They are widely used in TV sets, amplifiers, and other electronic

Potentiometer They are used as a voltage divider

ACTIVE COMPONENTS: (SEMICONDUCTORS)

COMPONENTS OF A TRANSISTOR: Transistors are

There are many types of transistors in use. Each

Some diode symbols. Typical diode packages

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