2 - Physical Chatacteristics of The Reservoir (Online)

Well Logging
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Physical Characteristics of a Reservoir
• Area and thickness.
• Porosity.
• Cementation.
• Permeability.
• Fluid distribution within a
reservoir.
• Capillary pressure.
• Resistivity.
• Water saturation.
• Wettability.
Area and Thickness
The total area of a reservoir and its
thickness are of considerable importance in
determining if a reservoir is a commercial one
or not. The greater area and thickness of the
reservoir, the greater the potential for large
accumulations of oil and gas.
Porosity
Porosity is the ratio of void space in a
rock to the total volume of rock, and reflects
the fluid storage capacity of the reservoir.
• Primary Porosity: Amount of pore space
present in the sediment at the time of
deposition, or formed during sedimentation.
It is usually a function of the amount of
space between
• Secondary rock- forming
Porosity: grains. porosit
deposition
Such porosity results alfrom
Post y.
groundwater dissolution, recrystallization
and fracturing.
• Effective Effectiv porosit is
Porosity: e y the
interconnected volum availabl to
• pore
Total fluids.
Porosity: Total e
porosityeis all voidfree
space in a rock and matrix whether effective
or non- effective.
• Fracture porosity results from the
presence of openings produced by the
breaking or shattering of a rock. The two
basic types of fractures include natural
tectonically related fractures and
hydraulically induced fractures.
• Vuggy porosity is a form of secondary
porosity resulting from the dissolution of
the more soluble portions of rock or
solution enlargement of pores or fractures.
Cementation
•Cementation is the
crystallization or precipitation of
soluble minerals in the pore spaces
between clastic particles.
•The process of lithification (the
conversion of unconsolidated deposits
into solid rock) is completed by
cementation.
• Common cementing agents
include calcite, silica, and iron oxide.
Porosity and permeability can be
reduced significantly due to
cementation.
Permeability
Permeability is a measure of the ease
with which a formation permits a fluid to flow
through it. Permeability is measured in darcies.
Few rocks have a permeability of 1 darcy,
therefore permeability is usually expressed in
millidarcies
To be or 1/1000 of a formatio
permeable, darcy. must
interconnected
a (intergranul
n haveinter
or
porosity
crystallin porosity, ar vugs, -
e interconnected or
fractures
).
A practical rule of thumb for
classifying permeability is:
•Poor to fair k = < 1.0 mD to 15 mD.
•Moderate k = 15 to 50 mD.
•Good k = 50 to 250 mD.
•Very good k = 250 to 1000 mD.
•Excellent k in excess of one darcy.
Shales and clays, which contain
very fine- grained particles,often exhibit
very high porosities. However, because
the pores and porethroats within these
formations are so small, most shales
and clays exhibit virtually no permeability.
Permeability (k) of solution channels
can be directly related to and calculated from
the size of the channels:
k (darcy) = 0.2x108 d2 where d is diameter
of channels (in inches).
For typical fracture the

permeability, equation becomes: above
k (darcy) = 0.544x108 w2 where
w is fracture width (in inches).
Porosity is NOT Dependent on Grain Size
Permeability is Dependent on Grain Size
Fluid Distribution within a
Reservoir
As Hydrocarbons and water accumulate
in a reservoir, vertical separation occurs as a
result of the difference in the specific gravity
of the various fluids.
Typically, the lighter fluids, like gas, rise
to the top of the reservoir.
It is important to note that all reservoirs
may not contain natural gas, oil, and water.
Some formations may only contain water.
However, any formation that contains
hydrocarbons will also contain some amount of
water.
Most water found within the porosity
of a reservoir is saline. Formation water is
commonly salty because of the fact that most
sediments are deposited in marine
environments.
Capillary Pressure
Reservoir rocks are composed of varying
sizes of grains, pores, and capillaries (channels
between grains which connect pores together).
As the size of the pores and channels
decrease, the surface tension of fluids in the
rock increases. When there are several fluids
in the rock, each fluid has a different surface
tension that causes a pressure variation
between those fluids.
This pressure is called capillary pressure
and is often sufficient to prevent the flow of
one fluid in the presence of another.
• Large pore throat diameters: Generally
yield a lower capillary pressure because of
the decrease in the amount of surface
tension. Large pores that are often
associated with large pore throat
diameters.
• Small pore throat diameters: Generally
yield higher capillary pressures
because of the greater amount of surface
tension. Small pores that are often
associated with small pore throat diameters.
Resistivity
• Resistance is the property of a subsurface that
offers opposition to the electrical current flow.
• Ohm's law describes the behavior of electrical
current flow through a material.
• r=E/I
• where
• r is resistance (in ohm),
• E is electromotive force (in volts), and
• I is current (in amperes).
Resistivity is a measure of the resistance
of a given volume of material.
R=rA/L
where R is resistivity (in ohms.m2/m), r is
resistance (in ohms), A is cross-sectional area
(m2), and L is length of material (in m).
The resistivity of any formation is a
function of the amount of water in that
formation and the resistivity of water itself.
Ion-bearing water is conductive; the rock
grains and hydrocarbons are normally
insulators.
Water Saturation (Sw)
Water saturation simply refers to the
amount of water that is present in the
reservoir. If the pore space is not occupied
by water, then it must be occupied by
hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon saturation (Sh) is
usually determined by the difference between
unity and water saturation.
Sh = 1 - S w
Wettability
Most reservoir rocks are water wet. This
means that the rock grains are covered by a
film of water. If the rock is oil wet, the grains
are covered by an oil film, with the water being
in the middle of the pores.
Net Pay
• Porosity, fluid saturation, and
criteria for netare
permeability pay definition.
• Gross thickness: Refers to a lithological
or stratigraphic unit and is not related to
the fluids in the formation.
• Net pay: Refers to the total thickness of
reservoir quality rock – rock that will flow
some amount of hydrocarbons.

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