Course Biology-Chapter1-Introduction-2021

Biology
for Biomedical Engineering,

Medical Technology, Radiology and Nurse
http://www.icp.ucl.ac.be/~opperd/private/tol.html 1
林崇智副教授
主要學歷 :
1. 陽明醫學院生化所，生物化學博士
2. 成功大學醫學院生化所，生物化學碩士
3. 台灣教育學院（國立彰化師範大學）生物系，生物學學士
4. 省立鳳山高中
5. 高雄師大附中國中部
主要經歷 :
1. 陽明交通大學生命科學系，副教授
2. 陽明大學生命科學系，副教授
3. 陽明大學生命科學系，助理教授
4. 中山醫學院生命科學系，副教授
5. 中山醫學院生命科學系，助理教授
6. 台中縣大里社區公民大學服務講員
7. Dept. Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University,
Postdoctoral Fellow
8. 彰化市陽明國中，實習教師
研究專長 :
1. 細胞內膜運輸系統 , 神經囊泡生合成與運輸
2. 動態胞器影像分析 ( 神經囊泡動態自動追蹤 )
3. 神經傳導之系統生物學 (System biology of Synaptic
transmission)
4. 顯微影像特徵量化與辨識 ( 胞器自動辨識系統 )
5. 顯微影像之生物資訊探勘聯絡電話 : 02-2826-7350 (O) 02-2826-7000 轉 66254(lab)
2
實驗室與辦公室 : 圖資 734 室 E-mail: [email protected]
Introduction
of The Course
3
NYMU is a great place for study biology!
From small scale……..

To the campus full of
biodiversity…
Introduction
 Topics
 Instructors
 Course format
 Text
 Evaluation
 Academic success
Topics
 The Chemistry of Life

 Physiology of the Cell
 Molecular Biology
 Genetics in Developmental Biology
 Evolution
 Plant Structure and Growth
 Animal Physiology
Instructors
 林崇智 The Chemistry of Life
Physiology of the Cell
Evolution
 陳燕彰 Animal Biology
 羅清維
Genetics
Structures and Chromosomes
Molecular Biology
Genetics in Developmental
Biology
 林蔚靖
Plant Biology
Textbook
10thedition, just
published in 2021
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections

ISBN 9781292229478
Published date 17/05/2018
Evaluation
• Midterm Exam (35%)
• Final Exam (35%)
• Reports & quizzes(20%)
• Attendance (10%)- Please don’t take

chance!
How to take this course
Before the class
•Reviewing pre-course materials assigned by the teacher
During the class

•Listen
•Think
•Ask questions (once you can not understand)
•Discuss
•Take notes
After the class

•Review the content taken from the class (understanding
every keywords, doing self-quiz in textbook)
•Find further reading materials that you interest via library and
internet
Welcome to discuss biology in FB
• https://www.facebook.com/groups/491309
997567729/
How to read the textbook
•Understand the title of the chapter (introduction

and the main concepts)
•Understand the outline of the chapter
•Pick out keywords (bold words, there are

explanations in the glossary) and figures
•Read the contents carefully
•Self-test to evaluate whether you get the points

Let’s Practice How to Use The
Textbook!
To understand overall content from
introduction
There are 23 pages in

this chapter!!!
How to read this

chapter???
To understand the major concepts from
big idea and table of the content
Every concept is made of several
paragraphs
Again, read the title first to help you have
an idea about this section!!
Pick out the bold keywords, which
indicate the major content.
The figures help you understand tough
concepts.
Reviewing the concepts
Connect your concepts-construct your
mind map!
PCR
Restriction enzymes
electrophoresis
Probes
replication
Answer some quizzes to know whether
you have correct concepts of this
chapter
Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life
Figure 1.0_1
Big Ideas of This Chapter
Themes in the Study

Evolution, the Core
of Biology
Theme of Biology
The Process Biology and

of Science Everyday Life
THEMES IN THE STUDY
OF BIOLOGY
1.1 All forms of life share common
properties
1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization,

new properties emerge at each level
1.3 Cells are the structural and

functional units of life
1.4 Living organisms interact with their

environment, exchanging matter and
energy
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is Biology?
Biology is the scientific

study of life.
What are the common properties
of all forms of life?

Major properties of life
Responding
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Nuclei
containing
Sperm cell
DNA
Embyro’s cells
Fertilized egg
with DNA from with copies of
both parents
inherited DNA
Egg cell
Offspring with traits

inherited from both parents
Metabolism-Energy processing
Regulation
A A
Negative
Enzyme 1 feedback Enzyme 1
B B
Enzyme 2
C C
Enzyme 3
D
D D D D
D
D
D
D D
D
Figure 1.11
Order
Evolutionary Adaptation
Test whether you understand the
common properties of life!
Figure 1.1
(1) Order (3) Growth and (4) Energy

development processing
(2) Reproduction
(6) Regulation
(5) Response to the

environment (7) Evolutionary adaptation
1.1 All forms of life share common properties
 Biology is the scientific study of life.
 Properties of life include

1. Order—the highly ordered structure that typifies life,
2. Reproduction—the ability of organisms to reproduce

their own kind,
3. Growth and development—consistent growth and

development controlled by inherited DNA,
4. Energy processing—the use of chemical energy to

power an organism’s activities and chemical reactions,

1.1 All forms of life share common properties
5. Response to the environment—an ability to respond

to environmental stimuli,
6. Regulation—an ability to control an organism’s

internal environment within limits that sustain life, and
7. Evolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve over

many generations as individuals with traits best suited
to their environments have greater reproductive
success and pass their traits to offspring.

What is life’s hierarchy of
organization?
Figure 1.2_1
Biosphere Ecosystem:
Forest in
Madagascar
Madagascar
Community:
All organisms in
the forest
Population:
Group of ring-tailed
lemurs
Organism:
Ring-tailed lemur
Figure 1.2_2
Organism:
Ring-tailed lemur
Spinal
cord
Organ system: Brain
Nervous system
Organ:
Brain
Nerve
Tissue:
Nervous tissue
Atom
Cell: Nucleus
Nerve cell
Organelle:
Nucleus Molecule:
DNA
1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new
properties emerge at each level
 Emergent properties are
– new properties that arise in each step upward in the
hierarchy of life,
– from the arrangement and interactions among
component parts,
e.g. different types of atoms to form a DNA molecule
which has new properties, including chemical bonds
and double helical structure.

 Biological organization unfolds as follows:
– Biosphere—all of the environments on Earth that
support life,
– Ecosystem—all the organisms living in a particular
area and the physical components with which the
organisms interact,
– Community—the entire array of organisms living in a
particular ecosystem,
– Population—all the individuals of a species living in a
specific area,

– Organism—an individual living thing,
– Organ system—several organs that cooperate in a

specific function,
– Organ—a structure that is composed of tissues and
that provides a specific function for the organism,
– Tissues—a group of similar cells that perform a
specific function,
– Cells—the fundamental unit of life,

– Organelle—a membrane-bound structure that performs
a specific function in a cell, and
– Molecule—a cluster of small chemical units called
atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Homework
Please use examples found in NYMU campus,

including 軍艦岩 , to explain the phenomena of
common life properties.
8-10 persons are in one team to write a two-page

page report, A4, font size 12p and single space.
If you can put original photos to strengthen your

report, it will be wonderful.
Please cite the references properly and no cut-

and-paste.
What is definitions for cells?
1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units
of life
 Cells are the level at which the properties of life
emerge.
 A cell can
– regulate its internal environment,
– take in and use energy,
– respond to its environment,
– develop and maintain its complex organization, and
– give rise to new cells.

of life
 All cells
– are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the
passage of materials between the cell and its
surroundings and
– use DNA as their genetic information.

of life
 There are two basic types of cells.
1. Prokaryotic cells
– were the first to evolve,
– are simpler, and
– are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells.
2. Eukaryotic cells
– contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a nucleus
containing DNA, and
– are found in plants, animals, and fungi.

Figure 1.3
DNA Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic cell (no nucleus) cell
Membrane
Organelles
Nucleus
(membrane-
enclosed)
DNA (throughout
nucleus)
of life
 Systems biology models the complex interactions
of biological systems, ranging
– from the functioning of the biosphere
– to the complex molecular machinery of a cell.

of life
 Cells illustrate another theme in biology: the
correlation of structure and function.
 Structure is related to function at all levels of
biological organization.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/945/flashcards/98945/png/picture91318353095741.png

How are living organisms
interacting with their
environment?
environment, exchanging matter and energy
 Living organisms interact with their environments,
which include
– other organisms and
– physical factors.
 In most ecosystems
– plants are the producers that provide the food,
– consumers eat plants and other animals, and
– decomposers act as recyclers, changing complex

matter into simpler mineral nutrients.
environment, exchanging matter and energy
 The dynamics of ecosystems include two major
processes:
1. The recycling of chemical nutrients from the
atmosphere and soil through producers, consumers, and
decomposers back to the environment.
2. The one-way flow of energy through an ecosystem,

entering as sunlight, converted to chemical energy by
producers, passed on to consumers, and exiting as heat.

Figure 1.4_1
Ecosystem
O2 O2
Sunlight
Heat
Producers Consumers
(such as (such as
plants) animals)
Chemical energy
(food)
CO2 CO2
Water and minerals Cycling of Decomposers

taken up by tree roots chemical nutrients (in soil)
Figure 1.4
Ecosystem
O2 O2
Sunlight
Heat
Producers Consumers
(such as (such as
plants) animals)
Chemical energy
(food)
CO2 CO2
Water and minerals Cycling of Decomposers

taken up by tree roots chemical nutrients (in soil)
EVOLUTION,
THE CORE THEME OF BIOLOGY
1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA

and a common genetic code
1.6 The diversity of life can be

arranged into three domains
1.7 Evolution explains the unity and

diversity of life

1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a
common genetic code
 All cells have DNA, the chemical substance of
genes.
 Genes
– are the unit of inheritance that transmits information
from parents to offspring,
– are grouped into very long DNA molecules called
chromosomes, and
– control the activities of a cell.

1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a
common genetic code
 A species’ genes are coded in the sequences of
the four building blocks making up DNA’s double
helix.
– All forms of life use essentially the same code to
translate the information stored in DNA into proteins.
– The diversity of life arises from differences in DNA
sequences.

Figure 1.5
A T
C G
C G
A T A
C G
T
A T
A T
C
G G C
1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into
three domains
 We can think of biology’s enormous scope as
having two dimensions.
1. The “vertical” dimension is the size scale that stretches
from molecules to the biosphere.
2. The “horizontal” dimension spans across the great

diversity of organisms existing now and over the long
history of life on Earth.

three domains
 Diversity is the hallmark of life.
– Biologists have identified about 1.8 million species.
– Estimates of the actual number of species ranges from

10 to 100 million.
 Taxonomy names species and classifies them into

a system of broader groups.

three domains
 The diversity of life can be arranged into three
domains.
1. Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread
prokaryotes.
2. Archaea are prokaryotes that often live in Earth’s extreme

environments.
3. Eukarya have eukaryotic cells and include

– single-celled protists and
– multicellular fungi, animals, and plants.

Figure 1.6_1
Domain Bacteria
Bacteria
Figure 1.6_2
Domain Archaea
Archaea
Figure 1.6_3
Domain Eukarya
Protists Kingdom Plantae

(multiple kingdoms)
Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia

Figure 1.6_4
Protists
(multiple kingdoms)
Figure 1.6_5
Kingdom Plantae
Figure 1.6_6
Kingdom Fungi
Figure 1.6_7
Kingdom Animalia
1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of
life
 The history of life, as documented by fossils, is a
saga of a changing Earth
– billions of years old and
– inhabited by an evolving cast of life forms.
 Evolution accounts for life’s dual nature of

– kinship and
– diversity.

life
 In 1859, Charles Darwin
published the book On the
Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection, which
articulated two main points.
1. A large amount of evidence
supports the idea of evolution,
that species living today are
descendants of ancestral
species in what Darwin called
“descent with modification.”
2. Natural selection is a
mechanism for evolution.

life
 Natural selection was inferred by connecting two
observations.
1. Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of
which are passed on from parents to offspring.
2. A population can produce far more offspring than the

environment can support.

Figure 1.7C
1 Population with varied inherited traits
2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits
3 Reproduction of survivors
life
 From these observations, Darwin inferred that
– those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the
environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
than less well-suited individuals,
– as a result of this unequal reproductive success over
many generations, an increasing proportion of
individuals will have the advantageous traits, and
– the result will be evolutionary adaptation, the
accumulation of favorable traits in a population over
time.

Evolution Is The Core Theme of Biology
An example to demonstrate properties of life
 Lemurs are primates that
– are known for their distinctive tails, dark eye patches,
and muzzles,
– live in Madagascar, and
– have ancestors who floated to Madagascar about 60

million years ago and diversified in a world
– relatively free of predators and competitors and
– with many different habitats.

 Diversity
 Genetic variations
 Natural Selection
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur
Figure 1.0_2
 Unity
 All modern forms of life display a common set
of characteristics
 Based on biological evolution
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE

How To Study Biology?
Types of Studies-1
Reductionism Biology
vs
Systems Biology
1. Reductionism Biology
•Reductionism
Involves reducing complex
systems to simpler components
that are more manageable to
study
Factor1 Function1
System
Factor2 Function2
(Ex.cell)
Factor3….. Function3
…
???
2. Systems Biology
Old-fashioned way
Change of Factor in System Changed
(Ex. Gene loss System- a black box Phenomena Functional Role of Factor
or mutation) (Ex.Cell) (Ex. Function
loss)
Most current way Change of Working model

Outer membrane
Factor in of dynamic
CELL and cell surface
System interactions
Cytoplasm among entire
Nucleu (Ex. Gene
s loss genes in the
or mutation) system (Ex. Cell)
ne
Refi
Changed
Phenomena
(Ex. Function
loss)
87 Functional Role of Factor

An Example:
Car parts only make a car?
http://www.designverb.com/wp-content/images/2007/12/weekend.links.car.parts.jpg
88
Well, they can build a car, but…..
89
http://www.flickr.com/photos/voyag/116928281/sizes/o/
They possibly can make this also…
90
Types of Studies-2
Discovery Science (Inductive reasoning)

vs
Hypothesis Science(deductive reasioning)
1.8 Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer
questions about nature
 The word science is derived from a Latin verb
meaning “to know.” Science is a way of knowing.
 Scientists
– use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions
from many observations and
– deductive reasoning to come up with ways to test a
hypothesis, a proposed explanation for a set of
observations. The logic flows from general premises to
the specific results we should expect if the premises are
true.

Discovery science
• Discovery science
– Describes natural structures
and processes as accurately
as possible through careful
observation and analysis of
data
• Data
– Are recorded observations
– Can be quantitative or
qualitative
• In inductive reasoning ( 歸納
推理 )
– Scientists derive
generalizations based on a
large number of specific
observations
Hypothesis-Based Science
• In science, inquiry that asks specific
questions
– Usually involves the proposing and testing
of hypothetical explanations, or hypotheses
• In science, a hypothesis
– Is a tentative answer to a well-framed
question, an explanation on trial
– Makes predictions that can be tested
敢問大人 , 小人
• In deductive ( 演繹 ) reasoning
– The logic flows from the general to the
specific
假設
一下 , 按大清律例所犯何
罪?
• If a hypothesis is correct
– Then we can expect a particular outcome
 How is a theory different from a hypothesis? A
scientific theory is
– much broader in scope than a hypothesis,
– usually general enough to generate many new,

specific hypotheses, which can then be tested, and
– supported by a large and usually growing body of
evidence.

1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share
their results
 We solve everyday problems by using
hypotheses.
– A common example would be the reasoning we use
to answer the question, “Why doesn’t a flashlight
work?”
– Using deductive reasoning we realize that the
problem is either (1) the bulb or (2) the batteries.
– Further, a hypothesis must be
– testable and
– falsifiable.
– In this example, two hypotheses are tested.

Figure 1.9A_s1
Observation
Question
Hypothesis 1: Hypothesis 2:

Dead batteries Burned-out bulb
Figure 1.9A_s2
Observation
Question

Prediction: Prediction:
Replacing batteries Replacing bulb
will fix problem. will fix problem.
Experiment: Experiment:
Test prediction by Test prediction by
replacing batteries. replacing bulb.
Figure 1.9A_s3
Observation
Question

Prediction: Prediction:
Replacing batteries Replacing bulb
will fix problem. will fix problem.
Experiment: Experiment:
Test prediction by Test prediction by
replacing batteries. replacing bulb.
Test falsifies Test does not

hypothesis. Revise falsify hypothesis.
hypothesis or Make additional
pose new one. predictions and
test them.
their results
 An actual research project demonstrates the
process of science.
 Scientists began with a set of observations and
generalizations that
– poisonous animals are brightly colored and
– imposters resemble poisonous species but are

actually harmless.
 They then tested the hypothesis that mimics

benefit because predators confuse them with
the harmful species.
their results
 The scientists conducted a controlled
experiment, comparing
– an experimental group consisting of artificial king
snakes and
– a control group consisting of artificial brown snakes.
– The groups differed only by one factor, the coloration

of the artificial snakes.
– The data fit the key prediction of the mimicry
hypothesis.

Figure 1.9B
Figure 1.9C
Figure 1.9D
Figure 1.9E
100
Artificial
83% 84% king snakes
Percent of total attacks
80
on artificial snakes
Artificial
brown snakes
60
40
20 17% 16%
0
Coral snakes Coral snakes
absent present
their results
 Science is a social activity with most scientists
working in teams.
 Scientists share information in many ways.
 Science seeks natural causes for natural

phenomena.
– The scope of science is limited to the study of
structures and processes that we can directly observe
and measure.
– Hypotheses about supernatural forces or explanations
are outside the bounds of science, because they
generate hypotheses that cannot be tested by science.
Are All Issues Discussed in This Show About Science?
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-i986tfCHe2g/UZvf4K6YDeI/AAAAAAAABEg/HXLjLmPPY_s/s1600/%E9%97%9C%E9%8D%B5%E6%99%82%E5%88%BB.JPG
BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE
1.10 CONNECTION: Biology,

technology, and society are
connected in important ways
1.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION:

Evolution is connected to our
everyday lives

1.10 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and
society are connected in important ways
 Many issues facing society are related to biology.
Most involve our expanding technology.
 The basic goals of science and technology differ.
– The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena.
– The goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge

for some specific purpose.

Wrong biotechnology…………
http://www.ksnews.com.tw/
upload/2014-09-
05_05b01002_.jpg
http://big5.ce.cn/gate/big5/hi.ce.cn/
sy/dt/201409/12/
W020140912547720706178.jpg
http://info.cms.hinet.net/img/
1484ef185cc00000bd93.jpg
http://iservice.ltn.com.tw/
Upload/liveNews/BigPic/
600_phpQmr4tX.jpg
1.10 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and
society are connected in important ways
 Although their goals differ, science and technology
are interdependent.
– Technological advances stem from scientific research.
– Research benefits from new technologies.

1.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is
connected to our everyday lives
 Evolution is a core theme of biology.
 Evolutionary theory is useful in
– Medicine (e.g. outbreak of flu),
– Agriculture (e.g. selective breeding),
– Forensics (e.g. mitochondrial DNA to prove identity), and
– Conservation (e.g. lower variations of organisms usually
become endangered).

1.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is
connected to our everyday lives
 Human-caused environmental changes are powerful
selective forces that affect the evolution of many
species, including
– antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
– pesticide-resistant pests,
– endangered species, and
– increasing rates of extinction.

Review of Chapter 1
THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY

1.1 All forms of life share common
properties
1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization,

new properties emerge at each level
1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life

environment, exchanging matter and
energy
EVOLUTION, THE CORE THEME OF BIOLOGY
1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a common
genetic code
1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three
domains
1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE

BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE

1.10 CONNECTION: Biology,
technology, and society are
connected in important ways
1.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION:

Evolution is connected to our
everyday lives
The following slides are just for
extended information.
Diversity
Figure 1.7D
Adaptations to different environments
Ground pangolin
Killer whale
Figure 1.9D_1
Figure 1.9D_2
Figure 1.10
Homework
Biology
The mind map of this chapter
is the study of
(a)
has changed
through the process of
(b)
mechanism is
depends on
accounts
for accounts
DNA
(c) for
(genetic code)
is evidence
leads to codes for of
diversity of life (d)
seen in
seen in seen in
variations in
(e) cells as basic common properties

units of life of living organisms
You should now be able to
1. Describe seven properties common to all life.
2. Describe the levels of biological organization from

molecules to the biosphere, noting the interrelationships
between levels.
3. Define the concept of emergent properties and describe

an example of it.
4. Explain why cells are a special level in biological

organization. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
5. Compare the dynamics of nutrients and energy in an

ecosystem.
6. Explain how DNA encodes a cell’s information.
7. Compare the three domains of life.
8. Describe the process and products of natural

selection. Explain why individuals cannot evolve.
9. Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data.
10. Compare the definitions and use of inductive and

deductive reasoning in scientific investigations.
11. Distinguish between a scientific theory and a

hypothesis.
12. Distinguish between the scientific definition and

common use of the word theory.
13. Describe the structure of a controlled experiment and

give an example.
14. Compare the goals of science and technology.

Explain why an understanding of science is essential
to our lives.
15. Explain how evolution impacts the lives of all

humans.

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Biology

for Biomedical Engineering,

From small scale……..

 The Chemistry of Life

Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections

• Midterm Exam (35%)

• Final Exam (35%)

• Reports & quizzes(20%)

• Attendance (10%)- Please don’t take

During the class

After the class

•Understand the title of the chapter (introduction

•Understand the outline of the chapter

•Pick out keywords (bold words, there are

•Read the contents carefully

•Self-test to evaluate whether you get the points

There are 23 pages in

How to read this

Themes in the Study

The Process Biology and

1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization,

1.3 Cells are the structural and

1.4 Living organisms interact with their

Biology is the scientific

of all forms of life?

Offspring with traits

(1) Order (3) Growth and (4) Energy

(5) Response to the

 Biology is the scientific study of life.

 Properties of life include

2. Reproduction—the ability of organisms to reproduce

3. Growth and development—consistent growth and

4. Energy processing—the use of chemical energy to

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. Response to the environment—an ability to respond

6. Regulation—an ability to control an organism’s

7. Evolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve over

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

– Organ system—several organs that cooperate in a

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Please use examples found in NYMU campus,

8-10 persons are in one team to write a two-page

If you can put original photos to strengthen your

Please cite the references properly and no cut-

– take in and use energy,

– respond to its environment,

– develop and maintain its complex organization, and

– give rise to new cells.

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

– are simpler, and

– are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells.

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– to the complex molecular machinery of a cell.

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