2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J.

Zalisko
PowerPoint Lectures for
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition
Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey
Chapter 1
Biology: Exploring Life
1.1 All forms of life share common properties
Biology is the scientific study of life.
Properties of life include
1. Orderthe highly ordered structure that typifies life,
2. Reproductionthe ability of organisms to reproduce
their own kind,
3. Growth and developmentconsistent growth and
development controlled by inherited DNA,
4. Energy processingthe use of chemical energy to
power an organisms activities and chemical reactions,
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1.1 All forms of life share common properties
5. Response to the environmentan ability to respond
to environmental stimuli,
6. Regulationan ability to control an organisms
internal environment within limits that sustain life, and
7. Evolutionary adaptationadaptations evolve over
many generations as individuals with traits best suited
to their environments have greater reproductive
success and pass their traits to offspring.
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Video: Sea Horses
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Figure 1.1
(1) Order
(2) Reproduction
(3) Growth and
development
(4) Energy
processing
(7) Evolutionary adaptation
(6) Regulation
(5) Response to the
environment
1.2 In lifes hierarchy of organization, new
properties emerge at each level
Biological organization unfolds as follows:
Biosphereall of the environments on Earth that
support life,
Ecosystemall the organisms living in a particular
area and the physical components with which the
organisms interact,
Communitythe entire array of organisms living in a
particular ecosystem,
Populationall the individuals of a species living in a
specific area,
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1.2 In lifes hierarchy of organization, new
properties emerge at each level
Organisman individual living thing,
Organ systemseveral organs that cooperate in a
specific function,
Organa structure that is composed of tissues and
that provides a specific function for the organism,
Tissuesa group of similar cells that perform a
specific function,
Cellsthe fundamental unit of life,
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1.2 In lifes hierarchy of organization, new
properties emerge at each level
Organellea membrane-bound structure that performs
a specific function in a cell, and
Moleculea cluster of small chemical units called
atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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Figure 1.2_1
Biosphere
Madagascar
Ecosystem:
Forest in
Madagascar
Community:
All organisms in
the forest
Population:
Group of ring-tailed
lemurs
Organism:
Ring-tailed lemur
Figure 1.2_2
Organism:
Ring-tailed lemur
Organ system:
Nervous system
Organ:
Brain
Tissue:
Nervous tissue
Nerve
Spinal
cord
Brain
Organelle:
Nucleus
Cell:
Nerve cell
Nucleus
Atom
Molecule:
DNA
1.2 In lifes hierarchy of organization, new
properties emerge at each level
Emergent properties are
new properties that arise in each step upward in the
hierarchy of life,
from the arrangement and interactions among
component parts.
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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units
of life
Cells are the level at which the properties of life
emerge.
A cell can
regulate its internal environment,
take in and use energy,
respond to its environment,
develop and maintain its complex organization, and
give rise to new cells.
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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units
of life
All cells
are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the
passage of materials between the cell and its
surroundings and
use DNA as their genetic information.
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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units
of life
There are two basic types of cells.
1. Prokaryotic cells
were the first to evolve,
are simpler, and
are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells.
2. Eukaryotic cells
contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a nucleus
containing DNA, and
are found in plants, animals, and fungi.
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Figure 1.3
Eukaryotic cell
Membrane
Prokaryotic
cell
DNA
(no nucleus)
Organelles
Nucleus
(membrane-
enclosed)
DNA (throughout
nucleus)
1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units
of life
Cells illustrate another theme in biology: the
correlation of structure and function.
Structure is related to function at all levels of
biological organization.

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1.4 Living organisms interact with their
environment, exchanging matter and energy
Living organisms interact with their environments,
which include
other organisms and
physical factors.
In most ecosystems
plants are the producers that provide the food,
consumers eat plants and other animals, and
decomposers act as recyclers, changing complex
matter into simpler mineral nutrients.
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1.4 Living organisms interact with their
environment, exchanging matter and energy
The dynamics of ecosystems include two major
processes:
1. The recycling of chemical nutrients from the atmosphere
and soil through producers, consumers, and
decomposers back to the environment.
2. The one-way flow of energy through an ecosystem,
entering as sunlight, converted to chemical energy by
producers, passed on to consumers, and exiting as heat.
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Figure 1.4
Ecosystem
Sunlight
CO
2
Heat
Chemical energy
(food)
Producers
(such as
plants)
Water and minerals
taken up by tree roots
Cycling of
chemical nutrients
Decomposers
(in soil)
Consumers
(such as
animals)
CO
2
O
2
O
2
EVOLUTION, THE CORE
THEME OF BIOLOGY
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1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a
common genetic code
All cells have DNA, the chemical substance of
genes.
Genes
are the unit of inheritance that transmits information
from parents to offspring,
are grouped into very long DNA molecules called
chromosomes, and
control the activities of a cell.
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1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a
common genetic code
A species genes are coded in the sequences of
the four building blocks making up DNAs double
helix.
All forms of life use essentially the same code to
translate the information stored in DNA into proteins.
The diversity of life arises from differences in DNA
sequences.

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Figure 1.5
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1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into
three domains

We can think of biologys enormous scope as
having two dimensions.
1. The vertical dimension is the size scale that stretches
from molecules to the biosphere.
2. The horizontal dimension spans across the great
diversity of organisms existing now and over the long
history of life on Earth.
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1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into
three domains

Diversity is the hallmark of life.
Biologists have identified about 1.8 million species.
Estimates of the actual number of species ranges from
10 to 100 million.
Taxonomy names species and classifies them into
a system of broader groups.
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Figure 1.6
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
Protists
(multiple kingdoms)
Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of
life
The history of life, as documented by fossils, is a
saga of a changing Earth
billions of years old and
inhabited by an evolving cast of life forms.
Evolution accounts for lifes dual nature of
kinship and
diversity.
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Figure 1.7B
1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of
life
In 1859, Charles Darwin published the book On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,
which articulated two main points.
1. A large amount of evidence supports the idea of
evolution, that species living today are descendants of
ancestral species in what Darwin called descent with
modification.
2. Natural selection is a mechanism for evolution.
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1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of
life
Natural selection was inferred by connecting two
observations.
1. Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of
which are passed on from parents to offspring.
2. A population can produce far more offspring than the
environment can support.
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Figure 1.7C
Elimination of individuals with certain traits
Reproduction of survivors
Population with varied inherited traits 1
3
2
1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of
life
From these observations, Darwin inferred that
those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the
environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
than less well-suited individuals,
as a result of this unequal reproductive success over
many generations, an increasing proportion of
individuals will have the advantageous traits, and
the result will be evolutionary adaptation, the
accumulation of favorable traits in a population over
time.

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Figure 1.UN03
Hereditary
variations
Environmental
factors
Evolution of adaptations
in the population
Overproduction of off-
spring and competition
Differences in reproductive
success of individuals
Population of organisms
Figure 1.7D
Ground pangolin
Killer whale
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
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1.8 Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer
questions about nature
The word science is derived from a Latin verb
meaning to know. Science is a way of knowing.
Scientists
use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions
from many observations and
deductive reasoning to come up with ways to test a
hypothesis, a proposed explanation for a set of
observations.The logic flows from general premises to
the specific results we should expect if the premises are
true.
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1.8 Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer
questions about nature
How is a theory different from a hypothesis? A
scientific theory is
much broader in scope than a hypothesis,
usually general enough to generate many new, specific
hypotheses, which can then be tested, and
supported by a large and usually growing body of
evidence.
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1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share
their results
We solve everyday problems by using hypotheses.
A common example would be the reasoning we use to
answer the question, Why doesnt a flashlight work?
Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem
is either (1) the bulb or (2) the batteries.
Further, a hypothesis must be
testable and
falsifiable.
In this example, two hypotheses are tested.
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Figure 1.9A_s1
Observation
Question
Hypothesis 1:

Dead batteries
Hypothesis 2:
Burned-out bulb
Figure 1.9A_s2
Observation
Question
Hypothesis 1:

Dead batteries
Hypothesis 2:
Burned-out bulb
Prediction: Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem.
Replacing bulb
will fix problem.
Experiment: Experiment:
Test prediction by
replacing batteries.
Test prediction by
replacing bulb.
Figure 1.9A_s3
Test falsifies
hypothesis. Revise
hypothesis or
pose new one.
Observation
Question
Hypothesis 1:

Dead batteries
Hypothesis 2:
Burned-out bulb
Prediction: Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem.
Replacing bulb
will fix problem.
Experiment: Experiment:
Test prediction by
replacing batteries.
Test prediction by
replacing bulb.
Test does not
falsify hypothesis.
Make additional
predictions and
test them.
1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share
their results
An actual research project demonstrates the
process of science.
Scientists began with a set of observations and
generalizations that
poisonous animals are brightly colored and
imposters resemble poisonous species but are actually
harmless.
They then tested the hypothesis that mimics
benefit because predators confuse them with the
harmful species.
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1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share
their results
The scientists conducted a controlled
experiment, comparing
an experimental group consisting of artificial king
snakes and
a control group consisting of artificial brown snakes.
The groups differed only by one factor, the coloration of
the artificial snakes.
The data fit the key prediction of the mimicry
hypothesis.
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Figure 1.9B
Eastern coral snake
(venomous)
Scarlet king snake
(nonvenomous)
Figure 1.9D
Artificial king snake;
not attacked.
Artificial brown
snake;
attacked.
Figure 1.9E
Coral snakes
present
Artificial
king snakes
Artificial
brown snakes
84%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Coral snakes
absent
17%
16%
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83%
1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share
their results
Science is a social activity with most scientists
working in teams.
Scientists share information in many ways.
Science seeks natural causes for natural
phenomena.
The scope of science is limited to the study of structures
and processes that we can directly observe and measure.
Hypotheses about supernatural forces or explanations are
outside the bounds of science, because they generate
hypotheses that cannot be tested by science.
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BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE
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1.10 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and
society are connected in important ways
Many issues facing society are related to biology.
Most involve our expanding technology.
The basic goals of science and technology differ.
The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena.
The goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge
for some specific purpose.
Although their goals differ, science and technology
are interdependent.
Technological advances stem from scientific research.
Research benefits from new technologies.


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1.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is
connected to our everyday lives
Evolution is a core theme of biology.
Evolutionary theory is useful in
medicine,
agriculture,
forensics, and
conservation.
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1.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is
connected to our everyday lives
Human-caused environmental changes are powerful
selective forces that affect the evolution of many
species, including
antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
pesticide-resistant pests,
endangered species, and
increasing rates of extinction.

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You should now be able to
1. Describe seven properties common to all life.
2. Describe the levels of biological organization from
molecules to the biosphere, noting the interrelationships
between levels.
3. Define the concept of emergent properties and describe
an example of it.
4. Explain why cells are a special level in biological
organization. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
5. Compare the dynamics of nutrients and energy in an
ecosystem.
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You should now be able to
6. Explain how DNA encodes a cells information.
7. Compare the three domains of life.
8. Describe the process and products of natural
selection. Explain why individuals cannot evolve.
9. Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data.
10. Compare the definitions and use of inductive and
deductive reasoning in scientific investigations.
11. Distinguish between a scientific theory and a
hypothesis.
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You should now be able to
12. Distinguish between the scientific definition and
common use of the word theory.
13. Describe the structure of a controlled experiment and
give an example.
14. Compare the goals of science and technology.
Explain why an understanding of science is essential
to our lives.
15. Explain how evolution impacts the lives of all
humans.
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