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1. Introduction to Microbiology

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Clutch - 1st edition - Clutch Textbook
1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY

●Microbiology: the study of microbes (organisms & infectious agents too ____________ to be seen by the naked eye).
□ Prefix “___________” means small. □ Biology: the scientific study of ___________.
●__________: the smallest, most basic/fundamental unit of life.
□ _____________________: any individual form of life (can be unicellular or multicellular).
□ Microorganism: living organism too small to see with the naked eye.
□ Microbes: includes microorganisms AND ______-living infectious agents too small to be seen by the naked eye.
EXAMPLE: Microbiology: Microorganism vs. Microbes.

PRACTICE: Which of these is considered a microbe but NOT a microorganism?

a) SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19 virus).
b) Escherichia coli bacterium.
c) Necator americanus (a hookworm).
d) Dinobryon divergens (Golden Algae).
e) None of the above, all are microorganisms.

PRACTICE: Which of these are characteristics of microorganisms?

a) Microorganisms are so small they cannot be seen with the naked eye.
b) Microorganisms can be multicellular or unicellular.
c) Microorganisms include the smallest units of life and non-living infectious agents.
d) Microorganisms can have DNA or RNA as their genetic material.
e) A and B are correct.
f) C and D are correct.
g) All of the above are characteristics of microorganisms.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY

Discovering Microorganisms
●The existence of microorganisms was discovered during the time period between 1665 - 1674.
●In 1665, Robert ________________, an English microscopist, was the first to visualize & depict a microorganism.
□ He described a common bread mold (Mucor) as a “microscopical mushroom.”
●In 1674, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch merchant, analyzed a drop of lake water with a microscope & saw microbes!
□ He described & depicted protozoa & bacteria, calling them “animalicules.”
●Hooke & Leeuwenhoek both deserve ______________ credit for revealing the microbial world!
EXAMPLE: Discovering the Microbial World.

PRACTICE: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observed microorganisms under his microscope and called them “animalicules”
(little animals). Which microorganisms did he observe?
a) Algae and bacteria.
b) Bacteria and protozoa.
c) Bacteria and viruses.
d) Protozoa and viruses.
e) He observed all of the above.

PRACTICE: Robert Hook’s and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes were not powerful enough to observe:
a) Roundworms.
b) Escherichia coli bacteria.
c) Yeast cells.
d) Viruses.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO TAXONOMY

●________________: the branch of science that classifies, identifies & names organisms.
□ ________ categories are used to classify all life.

Most Inclusive ____ear

____ing
____hilip
____ame
____ver
____or
____reat
Least Inclusive ____oup.

PRACTICE: Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms?
a) Bioinformatics. b) Taxonomy. c) Genomics. d) Evolution. e) Biology.

3 Domains of Life
●The broadest & most inclusive categories of life are the three domains:
1) ___________________
Consist of _________________ cells (________ a nucleus).
2) ___________________

3) ___________________ Consist of _________________ cells (contain a nucleus).

Past Present

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Clutch - 1st edition - Clutch Textbook
1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO TAXONOMY

EXAMPLE: According to the diagram, "A" is _____________; "B" is ______________.
a) The most recent species to evolve on Earth; an ancestor of group "A".
b) The most recent species to evolve on Earth; the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya.
c) The common ancestor of all life; the common ancestor of Bacteria and Archaea.
d) The common ancestor of all life; the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya.

Kingdoms of the Eukarya Domain

●Recall: organisms in each domain are further subdivided into _______________.
□ Domain Eukarya has _______ kingdoms:

EXAMPLE: Which of the following kingdoms is NOT part of the Eukaryotic Domain?
a) Kingdom Plantae.
b) Kingdom Protista.
c) Kingdom Fungi.
d) Kingdom Eubacteria.

PRACTICE: The proposal that one type of organism can change into another type over a long period of time is known as:
a) Creativity.
b) Evolution.
c) Natural history.
d) Preconception.
e) Preservation.

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Clutch - 1st edition - Clutch Textbook
1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO TAXONOMY

Categorizing Life Based on Energy Acquisition
●Scientists can categorize living organisms into ______ classes based on how they acquire their energy:
1) _______________ (_______trophs): acquire energy by making their own food.
2) _______________ (_________trophs): acquire energy by eating other living organisms.
3) __________________: acquire energy from wastes & dead organisms.
●Most energy utilized by life originates from the ________.
□ With every transfer of energy, some energy is lost as __________.

EXAMPLE: Autotrophs are also called:

a) Consumers.
b) Synthesizers.
c) Producers.
d) Carnivores.

PRACTICE: Biologists can divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs, which differ in _________.
a) Their method of obtaining energy.
b) The characteristics of life.
c) Their mode of inheritance.
d) The way that they generate ATP.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: SCIENTIFIC NAMING OF ORGANISMS

●In the 1700’s, the scientist Carl Linnaeus developed a binomial (_________-part) naming system for microorganisms.
□ First part of the Latin-based naming system indicates the _______________ (first letter capitalized).
□ Second part of the Latin-based naming system indicates the _______________ (first letter NOT capitalized).
□ Both the first & second parts of the name are ______________________ or underlined.
●Members of the same species may vary from one another in minor ways to form _______________.
□ Strains: genetic variants within a species (may be indicated with a strain designation).
EXAMPLE: Scientific Naming of Organisms.

PRACTICE: Which of the following represents the correct way to format the scientific name of an organism?
a) staphylococcus aureus.
b) escherichia Coli.
c) Staphylococcus epidermidis.
d) bacillus Anthracis.
e) Clostridium Botulinum.

PRACTICE: In biology, what are strains of a species?

a) Organisms of the same species that live in different environments.
b) Organisms of different species which live in the same environment.
c) Organisms of the same species with genetic variation.
d) Organisms of different species with extremely similar characteristics.
e) None of the above are correct.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: MEMBERS OF THE MICROBIAL WORLD

●There is a massive _____________ of microbes in the “Microbial World” since they have been around for billions of years!
□ Microbes can be living organisms made of cells OR ______-living, acellular infectious agents (not made of cells).
□ Living organisms are either _______karyotic (ex. bacteria or archaea) or _____karyotic (ex. fungi).
EXAMPLE: Map of the Microbial World.

●Bacteria & archaea are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotes.

PRACTICE: Which of the following groups is composed of prokaryotic organisms?

a) Eukarya b) Archaea c) Fungi d) Prions

PRACTICE: Which of the following groups is composed of eukaryotic organisms?

a) Protozoa b) Bacteria c) Archaea d) Viroids

PRACTICE: Which of the following groups is considered acellular?

a) Algae b) Helminths c) Bacteria d) Viruses

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

●_________________ (singular: bacterium): organisms in one of the three domains of life.
□ Consist of unicellular, prokaryotic organisms (no nucleus) that vary in shape & range in length from 0.5 to 10 µm.
□ One of the most primitive groups of organisms (believed to be the ___________ domain of life to exist).
□ Bacteria are major inhabitants of human bodies, forming the human _________________.
●Bacteria divide/multiply by _______________ fission & most have cell ____________ made of peptidoglycan.
□ Though many bacteria have been studied, most remain largely uncharacterized.
EXAMPLE: Introduction to Bacteria.

PRACTICE: Which of the following is not a characteristic of bacteria?

a) Prokaryotic.
b) Unicellular.
c) All have the same shape.
d) Divide via binary fission.
e) Some have the ability to move.

PRACTICE: Which of the following groups is the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on Earth?
a) Archaea.
b) Bacteria.
c) Eukarya.
d) Viruses.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEA

●________________ (singular: archaeon): organisms in one of the three domains of life.
□ Like Bacteria, Archaea also have a _______karyotic cell structure, but they still have many differences.
□ Archaea have unique ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences & have cell walls that __________ peptidoglycan.
□ Well known for growing in _____________ environments (extremophiles) but also grow in moderate environments.
EXAMPLE: Introduction to Archaea.

PRACTICE: Many species of Archaea are known to thrive in environments in which most living things would not survive.
We call these Archaea…
a) Extremophiles.
b) Thermophiles.
c) Halophiles.
d) Acidophiles.
e) Alkaliphiles.

PRACTICE: If you wanted to increase your chances of obtaining a member of Archaea (rather than a member of another
domain), which would be the best site to obtain a sample?
a) Inside a human intestine.
b) On the surface of human skin.
c) A 95°C (203°F) hot spring in Yellowstone.
d) A 22°C (72°F) freshwater spring in Hawaii.
e) On the surface of a raw hamburger patty.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO EUKARYA

●___________________ (singular: eukaryote): organisms in one of the three domains of life.
□ Cells contain a membrane-bound _________________ & can be unicellular or multicellular.
□ Includes the _______ eukaryotic kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, & protists (protists include algae & protozoa).
□ Microbiologists tend to study ____________________ eukaryotes (including fungi, algae, protozoa & helminths).
EXAMPLE: Introduction to Eukarya.

Fungi
●_____________ (singular: fungus): a diverse group of eukaryotes.
□ Ranges from unicellular yeasts to multicellular filamentous molds & mushrooms.
□ Unlike plants, fungi do _________ carry out photosynthesis & they have cell walls made of chitin.
□ Harvest energy from organic materials containing carbon & hydrogen.

PRACTICE: Although plants and fungi are very similar, fungi do not have…
a) Cell walls. c) The ability to harvest energy from decaying matter.
b) The ability to perform photosynthesis. d) All of the above.

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Clutch - 1st edition - Clutch Textbook
1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO EUKARYA

Protists: Algae
●_____________ (singular: alga): a diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotes (“___________-like protists”).
□ Can be unicellular or _________-cellular.
□ Have a wide variety of shapes, can reproduce sexually or asexually, & have cell walls made of cellulose.
□ Usually found near the surface of either salt or fresh water or in moist terrestrial habitats.
EXAMPLE: Introduction to Algae.

PRACTICE: Plants and algae are very similar, however algae…

a) Cannot perform photosynthesis. c) Can only reproduce asexually.
b) Do not have cell walls made of cellulose. d) Can be either unicellular or multicellular.

Protists: Protozoa
●______________ (singular: protozoan): a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotes (“______________-like protists”).
□ Have a wide variety of shapes, reproduce sexually or asexually, but do ________ have cell walls.
□ Most are _____________ (can move) & ingest organic materials as a food source.
EXAMPLE: Introduction to Protozoa.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO EUKARYA

Helminths
●____________________: eukaryotic parasitic worms that live at the expense of a host & tend to cause disease.
□ Are not technically microorganisms (some can be quite large), but their eggs & larvae are __________________.
□ Includes flatworms, roundworms & tapeworms.
EXAMPLE: Introduction to Helminths.

PRACTICE: Which of these answers about helminths is true?

a) Helminths are parasitic protozoans that infect many animal species.
b) Helminths are parasitic, microscopic animals that infect many other animals species.
c) Helminths are parasitic animals with microscopic eggs that infect many other animals species.
d) None of the above.

PRACTICE: Why do many microbiologists study helminths if they are technically not microscopic?
a) The eggs and larva of these parasites are microscopic and we require microscopic equipment to see them.
b) They can also cause bacterial infections to occur in humans.
c) The damage they cause to humans is microscopic.
d) Generally, microbiologists do not study these animals because they are not microscopic.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: ACELLULAR INFECTIOUS AGENTS: VIRUSES, VIROIDS & PRIONS

●Acellular (or non-cellular): _________ consisting of or containing cells or cellular structures.
□ Anything acellular is _________ considered living.
●Acellular Infectious Agents: non-cellular objects that contaminate & affect living cells (includes viruses, viroids & prions).
EXAMPLE: Introduction to Acellular Infectious Agents.

Viruses
●_________: obligate intracellular parasite made of DNA or RNA packed into a protein coat (& sometimes a lipid envelope).
□ Obligate Intracellular Parasites: substances that can only replicate ____________ a host cell they infect/harm.
□ ________ forms of life (bacteria, archaea & eukarya) can be infected by different types of viruses.
□ Frequently kill the cells they infect, but can also “silently” remain inside the host.
EXAMPLE: Introduction to Viruses.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: ACELLULAR INFECTIOUS AGENTS: VIRUSES, VIROIDS & PRIONS

PRACTICE: Viruses:
a) Contain both protein and nucleic acids. d) Are generally the same size as prokaryotes.
b) Infect only eukaryotic cells. e) Always kill the cells they infect.
c) Can grow in the absence of living cells.

Viroids
●Viroids: obligate intracellular parasites made of only of a single, short strand of ___________ that forms a closed ring.
□ Viroids are only known to infect _________________ & cause plant diseases.
□ Not much is known about how viroids originated & how they cause disease.
EXAMPLE: Introduction to Viroids.

Prions
●Prions (Proteinaceous Infectious Agents): obligate intracellular parasites made of only misfolded __________________.
□ Prions cause normal proteins to _____________ & lose their function, which can cause disease.
□ Prions are linked to several slow, degenerative diseases (ex. scrapie & “mad cow disease”).
EXAMPLE: Introduction to Prions.

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Clutch - 1st edition - Clutch Textbook
1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: ACELLULAR INFECTIOUS AGENTS: VIRUSES, VIROIDS & PRIONS

PRACTICE: This type of acellular infectious agent is only known to infect plants and is a small, circular, single-stranded
nucleic acid molecule.
a) Archaea.
b) Prion.
c) Virus.
d) Viroid.

PRACTICE: An infectious protein is known to cause neurodegenerative diseases in humans such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease (“mad cow disease”). This type of acellular infectious agent is known as a _________.
a) Viroid.
b) Prion.
c) Virus.
d) Protozoan.

PRACTICE: Which of the following statements about acellular infectious agents is FALSE?
a) Acellular infectious agents are non-cellular objects that contaminate and negatively affect living things.
b) Acellular infectious agents are obligate intracellular parasites and they cannot reproduce on their own.
c) Acellular infectious agents are considered the smallest forms of parasitic life.
d) Acellular infectious agents are known to infect all forms of life.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: IMPORTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS

●Microorganisms are incredibly _____________________ to all living organisms, especially humans.
□ We cannot survive without microorganisms, but yet they have killed more people through disease than war.
□ Microorganisms have important roles commercially, environmentally, as research tools, & in health.

Commercial Benefits of Microorganisms

●Microorganisms can be used by humans to make ___________________!!!!!!!!!
□ They can be used by humans to make valuable products that can be bought & sold to make a profit!
□ Microorganisms are used in _____________ production (ex. bread, beer, milk, yogurt, & cheeses).
□ Can also be used to make antibiotics, dietary supplements, biofuels, insecticides, or molecules to make plastics.

Environmental Benefits of Microorganisms

●Microorganisms play critical roles in maintaining an environment that supports the life of other organisms.
□ Some are cable of ________________ fixation (converting N2 into forms of nitrogen other organisms can use).
□ Some capable of degrading cellulose in animal guts & in environment (so fallen leaves & trees don’t pile up).
□ Some can be used for bioremediation to degrade various environmental pollutants & toxic chemicals.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: IMPORTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS

Microorganisms as Research Tools
●Microorganisms have the ___________ fundamental metabolic & genetic features as complex multicellular organisms.
□ All cells are made of the same chemical elements; build & perform similar cell structures & metabolic pathways.
□ Microorganisms are inexpensive to grow very quickly, making them excellent research tools!
□ Can be used as ___________ Organisms: non-human species studied to provide insight into other organisms.
EXAMPLE: Research with Model Organisms.

PRACTICE: Which of the following is a beneficial activity of microorganisms?

a) Some microorganisms are used in the creation of food and drink.
b) Some microorganisms remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
c) Some microorganisms provide nitrogen for plant growth.
d) Some microorganisms are used in sewage treatment processes.
e) Some microorganisms are used to remove pollutants from the environment.
f) All of the above.

PRACTICE: Which of the following is an example of bioremediation?

a) Using oil-degrading bacteria to clean up an oil spill.
b) Microorganisms in soil providing usable Nitrogen to plants.
c) Using bacteria in a laboratory to create human proteins and hormones, such as insulin.
d) All of the above.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: IMPORTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS

Microorganisms in Health & Disease
●Human bodies carry an enormous population of microorganisms, referred to as the normal _______________.
□ ______________ Microbiota or Flora: trillions of microbes that live on & in the bodies of multicellular organisms.
□ Normal microbiota plays important roles in human _____________ by competing with disease causing microbes.
□ Human Microbiome Project: coordinated studies using technology to characterize microbes inhabiting humans.
●Microorganisms are important for health, but can also act as _____________________ (disease-causing microbes).

PRACTICE: Which of the following is true of the normal human microbiota?

a) It consists of only dangerous pathogens that cause harm to humans.
b) It consists of a small subset of viruses that do not cause harm to humans.
c) It consists of trillions of microorganisms living on and in the human body that have a beneficial role in human health.
d) It consists of only of microbes that normally flourish in the absence of oxygen.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: SCIENTIFIC METHOD

●Question: How can you trust the information that you learn from your textbook?
□ You can trust it because the info in your textbook has been subject to the __________________ method.
●Scientific Method: a procedure used to _____________ questions, _________ ideas, & _________ scientific knowledge.
□ Scientific method starts with an ______________________ & a ____________________.

Predictions, Hypotheses, & Theories

●_____________________: an expected outcome of an event that can either be correct or incorrect.
□ Predictions only address the answer to “____________ will happen?”
●_____________________: a proposed & testable explanation for an observation.
□ Hypotheses address the answers to “what will happen?” & “__________ it will happen?”
□ Therefore, a good hypothesis ________________ a prediction.
●_______________: a testable & __________ hypothesis of many observations, supported by a large body of evidence.
Observation: Lawnmower will not start.
Question: Why doesn’t the lawnmower start?

Prediction: If you add gas to the lawnmower, then it will start.

Hypothesis: The lawnmower stopped working because it ran out of gas, so if you add gas, then it will start working.
Theory: All lawnmowers stop working when they run out of gas.

□ Technically, hypotheses & theories can never be proven correct, but they can be falsified (proven incorrect).

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: SCIENTIFIC METHOD

EXAMPLE: A scientist observed a new phenomenon and wonders how it happens. What is the next step in their study?
a) Observe. b) Experiment. c) Design experiment. d) Peer review. e) Hypothesize.

PRACTICE: Which of the following shows the best order of steps of the scientific method?
a) Observation → Data Analysis → Hypothesis → Conclusion → Peer Review & Publish → Experiment.
b) Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Peer Review & Publish → Analysis → Conclusion.
c) Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Data Analysis → Conclusion → Peer Review & Publish.
d) Experiment → Hypothesis → Observation → Data Analysis → Conclusion → Peer Review & Publish.

PRACTICE: A scientist observes that even after sterilizing a broth, cells reappear in the broth over time. The scientist then
asks: “Why do cells reappear in the broth after sterilization?” and designs/conducts an experiment. Considering this,
appropriately label each of the following blanks as either a “prediction, hypothesis or theory.”

________________: Cells will only appear in the broth exposed to a source of preexisting cells.
________________: Cells appear only when preexisting cells grow & divide; therefore, cells only appear in exposed broths.
________________: All organisms consist of cells & all cells come from preexisting cells.

Basic Theories of Biology

●There are _______ basic theories of biology:

PRACTICE: Which of the following statements about the cell theory is false?
a) All living organisms are made of cells. b) All cells arise spontaneously.
c) Cells are the basic structural & functional unit of life. d) All cells arise from preexisting cells.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Variables
●______________________: a scientific investigation/procedure designed to test the validity of a hypothesis/theory.
●__________________: a changeable element of the experiment.
□ Scientists investigate the relationship between _______ main types of variables:
EXAMPLE: Experiment Testing the Effect of Water on Plant Growth.

PRACTICE: Jonathan wants to know which style/model of paper airplane is going to win the contest by traveling the
furthest. He designs 5 different models of paper airplanes and drops each of them from the same height of 20 meters. He
records the distance that each plane travels before it hits the ground. What are the independent and dependent variables of
Jonathan’s experiment?
Independent Variable: ______________________________________
Dependent Variable: _______________________________________

PRACTICE: In an experiment to test the effect of temperature bacterial reproduction rate, temperature would be the:
a) Standardized variable. b) Dependent variable. c) Control variable. d) Independent variable.

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

PRACTICE: The temperature at which an alligator's egg is incubated will determine the sex of the offspring. The dependent
and the independent variables in this experiment are ________.
a) Sex of the baby alligator and temperature respectively.
b) Temperature and sex of the baby alligator respectively.
c) Size of the incubator and size of the baby alligator respectively.
d) Number of offspring and temperature in the incubator respectively.

False Positives/Negatives
●Well-designed experiments contain ______________ groups, which help prevent false positives/negatives.
□ False _________________: outcomes that falsely indicate the ________________ of a result.
□ Example: Pregnancy test says you’re pregnant when you’re actually not.
□ False _________________: outcomes that falsely indicate the ________________ of a result.
□ Example: Pregnancy test says you’re NOT pregnant when you actually are.

Negative & Positive Controls

●_______ main types of controls used in experiments: 1) Negative Control & 2) Positive Control.
□ Ideally, the control groups only differ from the experimental group in the ________ factor being tested.

Negative, Positive, Placebo

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1. Introduction to Microbiology

CONCEPT: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

EXAMPLE: A scientific researcher designs an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new sleeping pill compared to the
brand name product. Match each of the following controls/outcomes in the experiment to their appropriate description:
a) Negative Control ______. 1. A sugar pill that should have no effect on the patient.
b) Positive Control ______. 2. Patient does not fall asleep after taking the brand name pill.
c) False Positive ______. 3. A brand name pill that has proven to work on patients.
d) False Negative ______. 4. A patient falls asleep after taking the non-effective sugar pill.

PRACTICE: A scientist wants to study the effects of nitrogen on wheat plants. They set up an experiment with 4 groups of
plants: group A gets 20 pounds of nitrogen per acre, group B gets 40 pounds per acre, group C gets 60 pounds per acre,
and group D gets 0 pounds per acre. Which of the following is the control group? Is it a positive or negative control group?
a) Group A. b) Group B. c) Group C. d) Group D.

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