Physical

Science
Formation Of Elements
QUARTER 1 - MODULE 1

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Notes To
The Teacher
• This contains helpful tips or
strategies that will help you in
guiding the learners.

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Formation of Lights and
Heavy Elements
• Elements are essential in the formation of matter. It
originated from the expansion o the universe 14 billion years
ago which is called as the 'Big bang. During this event, light
elements were formed such as hydrogen and helium, together
with small amounts of lithium and beryllium through a series
of nuclear fusion (combination process) reactions that
constitutes the fundamental energy source of stars, like the
Sun. On the other hand, heavier elements were from the
moment when the cloud of dust and gases from the Big bang
cooled down that led to the formation of stars and galaxies

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Atom
• Is a the building block of matter. It has important sub-
atomic particles namely electrons, protons, and neutrons

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 Electrons
• Are the negatively charged particles of an atom.
In 1897, Joseph John Thomson, a British
physicist, discovered electrons through his
cathode ray tube experiment. However, even
when Thomson identitied the presence o electron
in his experiment. He was not able to determine
what is the charge of electron until Robert
Milkan designed an experiment to measure the
absolute value of the charee o election in Dis on
croo exoeriment.

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Protons
• Are the positively charged particles of an atom. In 1909, it was
discovered by Ernst Rutherford in his famous gold foil experiment. In
this experiment, he noticed that most of the alpha particles pass
through the o without any deflection. He therefore concluded that this
region of the foil contains a positive charge. The number of protons in
the nucleus of an atom also refer to the atomic number

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Neutrons
• Are the uncharged particles of an atom. In 1932,
James Chadwick performed the same experiment
as Irene and Frédéric Joliot-Curie but he used
many different targets of bombardment besides
paraffin. By analvzing the energies of ditterent
targets atter bombardment he discovered the
existence o a new particle which is charge less and
has similar mass to proton. This particle is called
neutron. In addition, the number of neutron and the
number of protons in the nucleus o an atom
correspond to the atomic mass number

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The Big Bang Theory and
the Formation of Light Elements

• Based from the big bang theory, the universe

went through a huge expansion 14 billion years
ago. Back then, the universe is made of hot and
dense particles with high energies. As the
universe expands, everything also cooled down,
giving a way to the formation of protons and
neutrons

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Types Of Nuclear
Reactions
• The formation of light elements during the
big bang started trom a more complex process
when nuclei are produced which is called Big
Bang Nucleosynthesis. Nuclear reactions are
processes in which a nucleus either combines
wit anoter nucleus trougn nuclear rusion or
splits into smaller nuclei through nuclear
fission.

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 Alpha decay
(a-decay)
• is a type ot radioactive decay in which
an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle
(helium nucleus) and thereby transforms
or 'decays' into a different atomic
nucleus. with a mass number that is
reduced ov tour and an atomic number
that is reduced by two.

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 Beta decay (-decay)
• Is a type of radioactive decay in which a
beta particle (fast energetic electron or
positron) is emitted from an atomic
nucleus, transtorming the original nuclide
to an isobar leach of two or more isotopes
o ditterent elements. with the same atomic
weight

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 Gamma
radiation
• Is a type of radioactivity in which
some unstable atomic nuclei
dissipate excess energy by a
spontaneous electromagnetic
process. This often happens after
alpha or beta decay has occurred.
Since only energy is emitted
during gamma decay, the number
of protons remains the same

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 Positron emission or beta plus decay
(§*decay)
• Is a subtype of radioactive decav
called beta decav, in which a proton
inside a radionuclide nucleus is
converted into a neutron while
releasing a positron (e) and an
electron neutrino (ve).

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 Electron
Capture
• Is a process that unstable atoms can
use to become more stable. During
electron capture, an electron (-ie) in
an atom's inner shell is drawn into
the nucleus where it combines with a
proton, torming a neutron and a
neutrino. The neutrino is elected
from the atom's nucleus.

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 Bombardment
Reactions
• Involve the nucleus o the atom being
bombarded hence the name with particles
from the nucleus or an entire nucleus.
Examples of the particles are neutrons
and alpha particles. These reactions
usually give off a different particle than
the one that they were bombarded with.

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What's In
• Big bang nucleosynthesis BBI, or also known as the primordial
nucleosynthesis, is a process where light elements were produced
during the expansion o the universe An American cosmologist
Ralph Alpher was able to prove the process of BBN through his
calculations on the proportions of protons and neutrons present in
the early universe. Also, with his right knowledge of these
proportions, he was able to predict that elements such as hydrogen
and helium can be formed. During the first three minutes of the
rapid expansion of the universe, rapid cooling also occurs, thus
slowing down the sub-atomic particles, which provides more
opportunities for binding together to form light elements. Below are
the detailed explanations of the formation of light elements.

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Deuterium (D)
• An isotope of hydrogen, as first formed from the
fusion of a proton and a neutron, accompanied by
the emission of
high-energy photon

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Tritium (T), or Hydrogen-
3,
• was produced from the fusion of two deuterium
nuclei and a release o a proton.

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 Helium-3,
• An isotope of helium with one neutron and two
protons, was formed from the fusion of two
deuterium nuclei and a release of a neutron.

Helium 4
• can be synthesized from deuterium and
helium-3

Also, He-4 can be formed when a

deuterium fuses with a tritium
atom.

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 Lithium-
7
• An unstable nucleus with three protons and four
neutrons, was produced trom the nuclear rusion
of helum-4 and tritium.

Lithium-
7 • ecaved naturally to form two stable
helium nuclei.

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 Beryllium-7
• was produced from helium-3 and helium-

Beryllium-7
• Also reacts with a neutron and decays to
the unstable lithium-7, with the
subsequent release of a proton.

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