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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 1
Objectives
To understand computer basics, programs, and operating systems (§§1.2–1.4).
To describe the relationship between Java and the World Wide Web (§1.5).
To understand the meaning of Java language specification, API, JDK, and IDE
(§1.6).
To write a simple Java program (§1.7).
To display output on the console (§1.7).
To explain the basic syntax of a Java program (§1.7).
To create, compile, and run Java programs (§1.8).
To use sound Java programming style and document programs properly (§1.9).
To explain the differences between syntax errors, runtime errors, and logic
errors (§1.10).
To develop Java programs using NetBeans (§1.11).
To develop Java programs using Eclipse (§1.12).
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 2
What is a Computer?
A computer consists of a CPU, memory, hard disk, floppy disk,
monitor, printer, and communication devices.
Bus
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 3
CPU
The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer. It
retrieves instructions from memory and executes them. The CPU
speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), with 1 megahertz equaling 1
million pulses per second. The speed of the CPU has been improved
continuously. If you buy a PC now, you can get an Intel Pentium 4
Processor at 3 gigahertz (1 gigahertz is 1000 megahertz).
Bus
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 4
Memory
Memory is to store data and program instructions for CPU to
execute. A memory unit is an ordered sequence of bytes, each holds
eight bits. A program and its data must be brought to memory before
they can be executed. A memory byte is never empty, but its initial
content may be meaningless to your program. The current content of
a memory byte is lost whenever new information is placed in it.
Bus
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 5
How Data is Stored?
Data of various kinds, such as numbers,
characters, and strings, are encoded as a
series of bits (zeros and ones). Computers
use zeros and ones because digital devices Memory address Memory content
have two stable states, which are referred to
as zero and one by convention. The . .
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 6
Storage Devices
Memory is volatile, because information is lost when the power is
off. Programs and data are permanently stored on storage devices
and are moved to memory when the computer actually uses them.
There are three main types of storage devices:Disk drives (hard
disks and floppy disks), CD drives (CD-R and CD-RW), and Tape
drives.
Bus
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Output Devices: Monitor
The monitor displays information (text and graphics). The resolution
and dot pitch determine the quality of the display.
Bus
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Monitor Resolution and Dot Pitch
resolution The screen resolution specifies the number of pixels in
horizontal and vertical dimensions of the display device.
Pixels (short for “picture elements”) are tiny dots that form
an image on the screen. A common resolution for a 17-inch
screen, for example, is 1,024 pixels wide and 768 pixels
high. The resolution can be set manually. The higher the
resolution, the sharper and clearer the image is.
dot pitch The dot pitch is the amount of space between pixels,
measured in millimeters. The smaller the dot pitch, the
sharper the display.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9
Communication Devices
A regular modem uses a phone line and can transfer data in a speed up to
56,000 bps (bits per second). A DSL (digital subscriber line) also uses a
phone line and can transfer data in a speed 20 times faster than a regular
modem. A cable modem uses the TV cable line maintained by the cable
company. A cable modem is as fast as a DSL. Network interface card
(NIC) is a device to connect a computer to a local area network (LAN).
The LAN is commonly used in business, universities, and government
organizations. A typical type of NIC, called 10BaseT, can transfer data at
10 mbps (million bits per second).
Bus
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 10
Programs
Computer programs, known as software, are instructions to
the computer.
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Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
1101101010011010
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 12
Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 13
Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 14
Popular High-Level Languages
Language Description
Ada Named for Ada Lovelace, who worked on mechanical general-purpose computers. The Ada
language was developed for the Department of Defense and is used mainly in defense projects.
BASIC Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was designed to be learned and used easily
by beginners.
C Developed at Bell Laboratories. C combines the power of an assembly language with the ease of
use and portability of a high-level language.
C++ C++ is an object-oriented language, based on C.
C# Pronounced “C Sharp.” It is a hybrid of Java and C++ and was developed by Microsoft.
COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language. Used for business applications.
FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation. Popular for scientific and mathematical applications.
Java Developed by Sun Microsystems, now part of Oracle. It is widely used for developing platform -
independent Internet applications.
Pascal Named for Blaise Pascal, who pioneered calculating machines in the seventeenth century. It is a
simple, structured, general-purpose language primarily for teaching programming.
Python A simple general-purpose scripting language good for writing short programs.
Visual Visual Basic was developed by Microsoft and it enables the programmers to rapidly develop
Basic graphical user interfaces.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 15
Interpreting/Compiling Source Code
A program written in a high-level language is called
a source program or source code. Because a
computer cannot understand a source program, a
source program must be translated into machine
code for execution. The translation can be done
using another programming tool called an
interpreter or a compiler.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 16
Interpreting Source Code
An interpreter reads one statement from the source
code, translates it to the machine code or virtual
machine code, and then executes it right away, as
shown in the following figure. Note that a statement
from the source code may be translated into several
machine instructions.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 17
Compiling Source Code
A compiler translates the entire source code into a
machine-code file, and the machine-code file is
then executed, as shown in the following figure.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 18
Operating Systems
The operating system (OS) is a
program that manages and
controls a computer’s activities.
The popular operating systems
for general-purpose computers
are Microsoft Windows, Mac
OS, and Linux. Application
programs, such as a Web
browser or a word processor,
cannot run unless an operating
system is installed and running
on the computer.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 19
Why Java?
The answer is that Java enables users to develop and deploy
applications on the Internet for servers, desktop computers, and
small hand-held devices. The future of computing is being
profoundly influenced by the Internet, and Java promises to
remain a big part of that future. Java is the Internet
programming language.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 20
Java, Web, and Beyond
Java can be used to develop standalone
applications.
Java can be used to develop applications
running from a browser.
Java can also be used to develop applications
for hand-held devices.
Java can be used to develop applications for
Web servers.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 21
Java’s History
James Gosling and Sun Microsystems
Oak
Java, May 20, 1995, Sun World
HotJava
– The first Java-enabled Web browser
Early History Website:
http://www.java.com/en/javahistory/index.jsp
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 22
Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 23
Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple Java is partially modeled on C++, but greatly
simplified and improved. Some people refer to
Java Is Object-Oriented Java as "C++--" because it is like C++ but
Java Is Distributed with more functionality and fewer negative
aspects.
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 24
Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple Java is inherently object-oriented.
Although many object-oriented languages
Java Is Object-Oriented began strictly as procedural languages,
Java Is Distributed Java was designed from the start to be
object-oriented. Object-oriented
Java Is Interpreted programming (OOP) is a popular
Java Is Robust programming approach that is replacing
Java Is Secure traditional procedural programming
techniques.
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable One of the central issues in software
development is how to reuse code. Object-
Java's Performance oriented programming provides great
Java Is Multithreaded flexibility, modularity, clarity, and
reusability through encapsulation,
Java Is Dynamic inheritance, and polymorphism.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 25
Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple Distributed computing involves several
computers working together on a network.
Java Is Object-Oriented Java is designed to make distributed
Java Is Distributed computing easy. Since networking
capability is inherently integrated into
Java Is Interpreted Java, writing network programs is like
Java Is Robust sending and receiving data to and from a
Java Is Secure file.
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 26
Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple You need an interpreter to run Java
programs. The programs are compiled into
Java Is Object-Oriented the Java Virtual Machine code called
Java Is Distributed bytecode. The bytecode is machine-
independent and can run on any machine
Java Is Interpreted that has a Java interpreter, which is part of
Java Is Robust the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 27
Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple Java compilers can detect many problems
that would first show up at execution time
Java Is Object-Oriented in other languages.
Java Is Distributed
Java has eliminated certain types of error-
Java Is Interpreted prone programming constructs found in
Java Is Robust other languages.
Java Is Secure
Java has a runtime exception-handling
Java Is Architecture-Neutral feature to provide programming support
Java Is Portable for robustness.
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 28
Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java implements several security
Java Is Robust mechanisms to protect your system against
Java Is Secure harm caused by stray programs.
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 29
Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral Write once, run anywhere
Java Is Portable With a Java Virtual Machine (JVM),
Java's Performance you can write one program that will
run on any platform.
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 30
Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable Because Java is architecture neutral,
Java programs are portable. They can
Java's Performance be run on any platform without being
Java Is Multithreaded recompiled.
Java Is Dynamic
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 31
Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable Java’s performance Because Java is
architecture neutral, Java programs
Java's Performance are portable. They can be run on any
Java Is Multithreaded platform without being recompiled.
Java Is Dynamic
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 32
Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance Multithread programming is smoothly
Java Is Multithreaded integrated in Java, whereas in other
Java Is Dynamic languages you have to call procedures
specific to the operating system to enable
multithreading.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 33
Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance Java was designed to adapt to an evolving
environment. New code can be loaded on the
Java Is Multithreaded fly without recompilation. There is no need for
developers to create, and for users to install,
Java Is Dynamic major new software versions. New features can
be incorporated transparently as needed.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 34
JDK Versions
JDK 1.02 (1995)
JDK 1.1 (1996)
JDK 1.2 (1998)
JDK 1.3 (2000)
JDK 1.4 (2002)
JDK 1.5 (2004) a. k. a. JDK 5 or Java 5
JDK 1.6 (2006) a. k. a. JDK 6 or Java 6
JDK 1.7 (2011) a. k. a. JDK 7 or Java 7
JDK 1.8 (2014) a. k. a. JDK 8 or Java 8
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 35
JDK Editions
Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
– J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone
applications or applets.
Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
– J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications such
as Java servlets, Java ServerPages, and Java ServerFaces.
Java Micro Edition (J2ME).
– J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile
devices such as cell phones.
This book uses J2SE to introduce Java
programming.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 36
Popular Java IDEs
NetBeans
Eclipse
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 37
A Simple Java Program
Listing 1.1
// This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
} Animation
Welcome
Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 38
Creating and Editing Using NotePad
To use NotePad, type
notepad Welcome.java
from the DOS prompt.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 39
Creating and Editing Using WordPad
To use WordPad, type
write Welcome.java
from the DOS prompt.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 40
Creating, Compiling, and
Running Programs
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 41
Compiling Java Source Code
You can port a source program to any machine with appropriate
compilers. The source program must be recompiled, however, because
the object program can only run on a specific machine. Nowadays
computers are networked to work together. Java was designed to run
object programs on any platform. With Java, you write the program
once, and compile the source program into a special type of object
code, known as bytecode. The bytecode can then run on any computer
with a Java Virtual Machine, as shown below. Java Virtual Machine is
a software that interprets Java bytecode.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 42
animation
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animation
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 44
animation
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 45
Two More Simple Examples
Animation
WelcomeWithThreeMessages Run
Animation
ComputeExpression Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 46
Companion
Website Supplements on the
Companion Website
See Supplement I.B for installing and
configuring JDK
See Supplement I.C for compiling and
running Java from the command window for
details
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 47
Companion
Website Compiling and Running Java
from the Command Window
Set path to JDK bin directory
– set path=c:\Program Files\java\jdk1.8.0\bin
Set classpath to include the current directory
– set classpath=.
Compile
– javac Welcome.java
Run
– java Welcome
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 48
Compiling and Running Java
from TextPad
Companion
Website
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 49
Anatomy of a Java Program
Class name
Main method
Statements
Statement terminator
Reserved words
Comments
Blocks
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 50
Class Name
Every Java program must have at least one class.
Each class has a name. By convention, class names
start with an uppercase letter. In this example, the
class name is Welcome.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 51
Main Method
Line 2 defines the main method. In order to run a
class, the class must contain a method named main.
The program is executed from the main method.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 52
Statement
A statement represents an action or a sequence of actions.
The statement System.out.println("Welcome to Java!") in
the program in Listing 1.1 is a statement to display the
greeting "Welcome to Java!“.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 53
Statement Terminator
Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;).
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 54
Reserved words
Reserved words or keywords are words that have a
specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be used for
other purposes in the program. For example, when the
compiler sees the word class, it understands that the word
after class is the name for the class.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 55
Blocks
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups
components of a program.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 56
Special Symbols
" " Opening and closing Enclosing a string (i.e., sequence of characters).
quotation marks
; Semicolon Marks the end of a statement.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 57
{ …}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 63
Appropriate Comments
Include a summary at the beginning of the
program to explain what the program does, its key
features, its supporting data structures, and any
unique techniques it uses.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 64
Naming Conventions
Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each word in the
name. For example, the class name
ComputeExpression.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 65
Proper Indentation and Spacing
Indentation
– Indent two spaces.
Spacing
– Use blank line to separate segments of the code.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 66
Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.
End-of-line
style
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 67
Programming Errors
Syntax Errors
– Detected by the compiler
Runtime Errors
– Causes the program to abort
Logic Errors
– Produces incorrect result
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 68
Syntax Errors
public class ShowSyntaxErrors {
public static main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java);
}
}
ShowSyntaxErrors Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 69
Runtime Errors
public class ShowRuntimeErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(1 / 0);
}
}
ShowRuntimeErrors Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 70
Logic Errors
public class ShowLogicErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Celsius 35 is Fahrenheit degree ");
System.out.println((9 / 5) * 35 + 32);
}
}
ShowLogicErrors Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 71
Companion
Website Compiling and Running
Java from NetBeans
See Supplement I.D on the Website for details
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 72
Companion
Website Compiling and Running Java
from Eclipse
See Supplement II.D on the Website for details
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 73