Chapter 1

Introduction to programming with
C++
Winter Semester 2022/2023
1
© Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Course Information
Instructor: Dr. Ahmed Mahdi
Tutor: Abdallah Abdoh
Email: [email protected]
Office hours: Saturday, 09:00 – 10:30 or
agreement by email
Book: Introduction to C++ Programming, Y.
Daniel Liang, 2014
Lecture Time: Sat, Mon, Wed: 11:00 -12:00.
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Course Orga.
Start of Study: 10.09.2022
End of Study: 28.12.2022
Mid Exam: 03.11.2022 – 10.11.2022

Final Exam: 31.12.2022 – 16 .01.2023
Evaluation Scheme:
Attendence Homeworks Quizzes Mid Final
5 20 10 25 45
Evaluation scheme is subject to change with a prior
notice.
3
Catalog Description
Overview of computers and programming. Fundamentals
of structured computer programming; primitive data
types, expressions, control statements, functions, arrays,
searching, sorting; debugging techniques; introduction to
algorithm analysis.
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Course Objectives
As part of this course, students
• will be introduced to programming concepts and
techniques.
• will be introduced to C++ language syntax.
• will learn control statements, loops, functions, and
arrays.
• will write programs for a wide variety problems in math,
science, financials, and games.
• will analyze and design programs.
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Course Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be
able to
• analyze and design strategies for solving basic
programming problems.
• use primitive data types, selection statements, loops,
functions to write programs.
• develop programs to solve a variety of problems in math,
science, business, and games.
• use the step-wise refinement approach.
• use arrays to store and process data.
• (Optional) use an IDE to develop programs.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to
Computers, Programs, and C++
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Objectives
To understand computer basics, programs, and operating
systems (§§1.2–1.4).
To describe the history of C++ (§1.5).
To write a simple C++ program for console output
(§1.6).
To understand the C++ program-development cycle
(§1.7).
To know programming style and documentation (§1.8).
To explain the differences between syntax errors,
runtime errors, and logic errors (§1.9).
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What is a Computer?
A computer consists of a CPU, memory, hard disk,
monitor, printer, and communication devices.
Bus
Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,

USB and Tape and NIC Mouse, Pen Printer, driver
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CPU
 The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer.
 It retrieves instructions from memory and executes them. The CPU
speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), with 1 megahertz equaling 1
million pulses per second.
 The speed of the CPU has been improved continuously. If you buy a PC
now, you can get an Intel Pentium 4 or 8 Processor at 3-6 gigahertz (1
gigahertz is 1000 megahertz).
Bus

Devices

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Memory
 To store data and program instructions for CPU to execute.
 an ordered sequence of bytes, each holds eight bits. A program and its
data must be brought to memory before they can be executed.
 A memory byte is never empty, but its initial content may be
meaningless to your program. The current content of a memory byte is
lost whenever new information is placed in it.
Bus

Devices
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer
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How Data is Stored?
Data of various kinds, such as numbers,
characters, and strings, are encoded as a
series of bits (zeros and ones).
Memory address Memory content
Computers use zeros and ones because
digital devices have two stable states, . .
which are referred to as zero and one by . .
convention. . .
The encoding scheme varies. For example, 2000 01001010 Encoding for character ‘J’
character ‘J’ is represented by 01001010 2001

2002
01100001
01110110
Encoding for character ‘a’
Encoding for character ‘v’
in one byte. A small number can be stored 2003 01100001 Encoding for character ‘a’
in a single byte. If computer needs to store 2004 00000011 Encoding for number 3
a large number, it uses a number of
adjacent bytes.
No two data can share or split a same
byte. A byte is the minimum storage unit.
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Storage Devices
 Memory is volatile, because information is lost when the power is off.
 Programs and data are permanently stored on storage devices and are
moved to memory when the computer actually uses them.
 There are main types of storage devices: Disk drives (hard disks), CD
drives (CD-R and CD-RW), USB and Tape drives.
Bus

Devices

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Output Devices: Monitor
 The monitor displays information (text and graphics). The resolution and
dot pitch determine the quality of the display.
Bus

Devices
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Monitor Resolution and Dot Pitch
resolution  The resolution specifies the number of pixels per square
inch. Pixels (short for “picture elements”) are tiny dots
that form an image on the screen. The resolution can be
set manually. The higher the resolution, the sharper and
clearer the image is. However, the image may be very
small if you set high resolution on a small screen
monitor. PC monitors are usually 15-inch, 17-inch, 19-
inch, or 21-inch.
dot pitch  The dot pitch is the amount of space between pixels. The
smaller the dot pitch, the better the display.
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Communication Devices
 A regular modem uses a phone line and can transfer data in a speed up to
56,000 bps (bits per second).
 A DSL (digital subscriber line) also uses a phone line and can transfer data
in a speed 20 times faster than a regular modem.
 A cable modem uses the TV cable line maintained by the cable company. A
cable modem is as fast as a DSL.
 Network interface card (NIC) is a device to connect a computer to a local
area network (LAN). The LAN is commonly used in business, universities,
and government organizations. Ex. Ethernet NIC, Wireless Network NIC
… etc.
Bus

Devices
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Programs
Computer programs, known as software, are instructions to the
computer.
You tell a computer what to do through programs. Without programs,

a computer is an empty machine. Computers do not understand
human languages, so you need to use computer languages to
communicate with them.
Programs are written using programming languages.
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Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
Machine language is a set of primitive instructions built

into every computer. The instructions are in the form of
binary code, so you have to enter binary codes for various
instructions. Program with native machine language is a
tedious process. Moreover the programs are highly difficult
to read and modify. For example, to add two numbers, you
might write an instruction in binary like this:
1101101010011010
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Assembly languages were developed to make programming

easy. Since the computer cannot understand assembly language,
however, a program called assembler is used to convert
assembly language programs into machine code. For example,
to add two numbers, you might write an instruction in assembly
code like this:
ADDF3 R1, R2, R3
Assembly Source File

Machine Code File
…
Assembler …
ADDF3 R1, R2, R3
1101101010011010
…
…
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The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn

and program. For example, the following is a high-level
language statement that computes the area of a circle with
radius 5:
area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;
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Popular High-Level Languages
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
BASIC (Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instructional Code)
Pascal (named for Blaise Pascal)
Ada (named for Ada Lovelace)
C (whose developer designed B first)
Visual Basic (Basic-like visual language developed by Microsoft)
Delphi (Pascal-like visual language developed by Borland)
C++ (an object-oriented language, based on C)
Java (a popular object-oriented language, similar to C++)
C# (a Java-like developed my Microsoft)
Python (a successor to the ABC programming language )
Perl (general-purpose Unix scripting language)
Rust (Multi-prardiam Programming language)
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Compiling Source Code
A program written in a high-level language is called a
source program.
Since a computer cannot understand a source program.
Program called a compiler is used to translate the
source program into a machine language program called
an object program.
The object program is often then linked with other
supporting library code before the object can be
executed on the machine.
Source File Compiler Object File Linker Excutable File
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Operating Systems
 The operating system (OS) is
a program that manages and User
controls a computer’s
activities.
 You are probably using Application Programs
Windows XP, 7, 10, 11 or
Linux or Mac. Windows is Operating System
currently the most popular
PC operating system.
 Application programs such Hardware
as an Internet browser and a
word processor cannot run
without an operating system.
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History of C++
 C, C++, Java, and C# are very similar. C++ evolved from C. Java
was modeled after C++. C# is a subset of C++ with some features
similar to Java. If you know one of these languages, it is easy to
learn the others.
 C evolved from the B language and the B language evolved from
the BCPL language. BCPL was developed by Martin Richards in
the mid-1960s for writing operating systems and compilers.
 C++ is an extension of C, developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell
Labs during 1983-1985. C++ added a number of features that
improved the C language. Most importantly, it added the object-
oriented programming.
 An international standard for C++ was created by American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1998 (C++98). C++11,
C++14, C++17, C++20.
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A Simple C++ Program
Let us begin with a simple C++ program that displays the message
“Welcome to C++!” on the console.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
// Display Welcome to C++ to the console
cout << "Welcome to C++!" << endl;
return 0;
}
Welcome Note: Clicking the green button displays the source code with
interactive animation and live run. Internet connection is needed for
this button.
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C++ IDE Tutorial
 You can develop a C++ program from a command window or from
an IDE.
 An IDE is software that provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) for rapidly developing C++ programs. Editing,
compiling, building, debugging, and online help are integrated in
one graphical user interface.
 Just enter source code or open an existing file in a window, then
click a button, menu item, or function key to compile and run the
program.
 Examples of popular IDEs are Microsoft Visual C++, Dev-C++,
Eclipse, and NetBeans. All these IDEs can be downloaded free.
 Additionally, one can use also Linux, but with appropriate Libs and
compilers installed.
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Extending the Simple C++ Program
Once you understand the program, it is easy to extend it to display more
messages. For example, you can rewrite the program to display three
messages, as shown in Listing 1.2.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
cout << "Programming is fun!" << endl;
cout << "Fundamentals First" << endl;
cout << "Problem Driven" << endl;
return 0;
}
WelcomeWithThreeMessages
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Computing with Numbers
Further, you can perform mathematical computations and displays the
result to the console. Listing 1.3 gives such an example.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
cout << "(10.5 + 2 * 3) / (45 - 3.5) = ";
cout << (10.5 + 2 * 3) / (45 - 3.5) << endl;
return 0;
}
ComputeExpression
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Creating, Source code (developed by the programmer)
#include <iostream>
Create/Modify Source Code
Compiling, int main()

{
// Display Welcome to C++ to the console
Saved on the disk
cout << "Welcome to C++!" << endl; Source Code

and Running }
return 0;
Programs Preprocessor
Stored on the disk
Modified Source
Code
Compiler
If compilation errors
Stored on the disk
An object file (e.g., Welcome.obj) is created. Library Code

Machine Code
program program
Linker
Stored on the disk
An executable file (e.g., Welcome.exe) is created.

Executable Code
Run Executable Code

e.g., Welcome
Result
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If runtime errors or incorrect result
Programming Style and
Documentation
Appropriate Comments
Proper Indentation and Spacing
Lines
Block Styles
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Programming Errors
Syntax Errors
Runtime Errors
Logic Errors
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Syntax Errors
ShowSyntaxErrors
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Runtime Errors
ShowRuntimeErrors
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Logic Errors
ShowLogicErrors
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Common Errors
Common Error 1: Missing Braces
Common Error 2: Missing Semicolons
Common Error 3: Missing Quotation Marks
Common Error 4: Misspelling Names
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Introduction to programming with

Mid Exam: 03.11.2022 – 10.11.2022

Storage Communication Input Output

e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,

Storage Communication Input Output

e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,

Storage Communication Input Output

character ‘J’ is represented by 01001010 2001

Storage Communication Input Output

e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,

Storage Communication Input Output

Storage Communication Input Output

You tell a computer what to do through programs. Without programs,

Programs are written using programming languages.

Machine language is a set of primitive instructions built

Assembly languages were developed to make programming

Assembly Source File

The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn

Source File Compiler Object File Linker Excutable File

Compiling, int main()

cout << "Welcome to C++!" << endl; Source Code

Stored on the disk

An object file (e.g., Welcome.obj) is created. Library Code

Stored on the disk

An executable file (e.g., Welcome.exe) is created.

Run Executable Code

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