‫‪Course Contents‬‬

‫اول حاجة هنتلكم عهنا يه مقدمة عن الكومبيوتر‬

‫وهنتلكم فيه عن مكوانت الكومبيوتر وكيفية التعبري عن البياانت( ‪text , audio ,‬‬
‫‪ )images, videos‬ابللغة اليل يفهمها الكومبيوتر اليل يه ‪Machine Language‬‬
‫)‪ (Binary Language‬اليل يه تتكون من ‪1 & 0‬‬
‫وهنشوف بردوا انواع اهجزة الكومبيوتر‬
‫والانواع اخملتلفة للربامج (‪)Operating Systems or Applications‬‬
‫?‪What is a Computer‬‬
‫‪It is a machine that process data into information under the control of stored‬‬
‫‪program.‬‬
‫‪ Computer: A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs‬‬
‫‪operations on that data, and stores the data or results as needed‬‬
‫‪ Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the‬‬
‫‪tasks the computer will perform‬‬

‫يعين اي برانمج موجود عندان ميكن تقس ية ايل ‪ 3‬اجزاء ويه ‪input , processing , output‬‬
‫مثال ‪ :‬برانمج الاسامء املوجود يف موابيكل‬
‫انت بتدخل اول حرف من امس الشخص اليل بتدور عليه‬
‫تبدأ معلية املعاجلة (البحث يف الاسامء عن الاسامء اليت حتتوي عيل هذا احلرف)‬
‫ويظهر يف الهناية عيل الشاشة الاسامء اليت حتتوي عيل احلرف اليل دخلته‬

‫‪Page 1 of 24‬‬
 ‫يعين ال ‪ Input‬هو ال‪ data‬اليل بندخلها‬
‫وال ‪ data‬دي ممكن تكون‬
‫‪Numeric Data , Nonnumeric Data (text) , Images , Sound , Video‬‬
‫وال ‪ processing‬اليل بيمت عيل البياانت هو عن طريق معلية من العمليات االتية‬
‫‪Input, Output ,Store ,Retrieve ,Sort ,Search , Compute ,Update ,Select‬‬
‫وال ‪ Information‬يه املعلومات اليل خرجت بعد معل معاجلة للبياانت‬
‫‪The result of processing data in all form in which it can accept data‬‬

‫‪Data Representation Inside Computer‬‬

‫وهو ازاي نعرب عن البياانت املوجودة عيل الكومبيوتر‬
‫الكومبيوتر زي ما قلنا قبل كدة بيفهم لغة واحةد فقط يه ال ‪)0 off & 1 on( Binary Language‬‬
‫وابالتايل هيتعرب عهنا مبجموعة أصفار ووحايد جنب بعض‬
‫)‪Bit (Binary digit‬‬
‫اخلانة اليل حتتوي عيل ‪ 0‬او ‪ 1‬نسمهيا ‪bit‬‬
‫‪Byte‬‬
‫لك ‪ bit 8‬مع بعض نسمهيم ‪byte‬‬
‫‪A byte consists of 8 bits to represent a single character‬‬
‫دلوقيت ازاي نعرب عن الانواع اخملتلفة من البياانت‬
‫‪1. Numeric Data‬‬
‫هنشوفة يف احملارضة اليل بعد كدة ازاي حنول الارقام بتاعتنا العادية)‪ (Decimal‬ايل ‪binary values‬‬
‫‪Page 2 of 24‬‬
 (25.75)10  (1 1 0 0 1 . 1 1)2
2. Text
1 ‫ و‬0 ‫ ازاي حنولها ايل‬keyboard ‫احلروف والعالمات املوجودة عيل ال‬
‫ معني زي‬Code ‫لك حرف من احلروف بيكون ليه‬

‫ لك حرف بيعرب عنه ب كود يتكون من‬: ASCII code -1

ASCII (American Standard ‫ ويرمز ايل‬7-bit
‫ ومن خالهل‬Code for Information Interchange)
‫ رمز خمتلف‬128 ‫ميكن التعبري عن‬

8-bit ‫ لك حرف بيعرب عنه ب كود يتكون من‬:EBCDIC -2

Extended Binary Coded Decimal ‫ويرمز ايل‬
128 ‫ ومن خالهل ميكن التعبري عن‬Interchange Code
‫رمز خمتلف‬
‫ ومن خالهل ميكن التعبري عن‬16-bit ‫ لك حرف بيعرب عنه ب كود يتكون من‬: Unicode -3
‫ رمز خمتلف‬65536

3. Audio , Image and Video

‫هنعرف بعدين ازاي منثلهم‬

Computer System Components

1. Hardware
The term hardware refers to the physical components of your computer
such as the system unit, mouse, keyboard, monitor etc.
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– Internal hardware
• Located inside the main box (system unit) of the computer
– External hardware
• Located outside the system unit
• Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless connection

‫وهو الاجزاء الصلبة املوجودة ابجلهاز‬

)Input Devices , Output Devices , Processing ,Storage( ‫وهنقسمها ايل فئات‬
• Computer chip: A very small pieces of silicon or other semi-conducting material onto
which integrated circuits are embedded ‫اي رشحية موجودة‬
• Circuit board: A thin board containing computer chips and other electronic
components
• Motherboard or system board: The main circuit board inside the system unit
– All devices must connect to the motherboard
– External devices (monitors, keyboards, mice, printers) typically connect by plugging
into a port exposed through the exterior of the system unit

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 – Wireless devices connect through a transceiver or wireless networking technology (like
Bluetooth)

Input Devices
Used to input data into the computer
– Keyboards,
– Pointing devices : Mouse , Pen/stylus , Touch screen
– Scanners,
– Optical resolution: Quality of scanned images
Measured in number of dots per inch (dpi)
– Flatbed , Portable , 3D ,Integrated (ATMs, etc.)
– Barcode readers: Input devices that read barcodes
– Digital Cameras
Camera quality is measured in megapixels
– Microphones, joysticks, touch pads, touch screens, fingerprint readers, etc.
Output Devices
Present results to the user
– Monitors(Screens)
‫– والشاشات لها انواع زي‬
o Color vs. monochrome
o CRT vs. flat-panel displays
o Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) VS LED (Light emitting diode)
o Cathode ray tube monitors (CRTs) , Liquid crystal display (LCD)
– Printers
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 o Color vs. black and white
o Personal vs. network printers
o Print resolution (measured in dpi)
o Print speed (measured in pages per minute (PPM))
o Laser Printers VS Ink-Jet Printers
– speakers, projectors, Plotters, etc.
Processing devices
– Perform calculations and control computer’s operation
– Central processing unit (CPU) and memory

Storage devices
– Used to store data on or access data from storage media
– Hard drives, CD/DVD discs and drives, USB flash drives, etc.
Communications devices
– Allow users to communicate with others and to electronically access
remote information
– Modems, network adapters, etc.

Memory
Consist of a storage device and a storage medium
– Device: DVD drive, flash memory card reader, etc.
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 – Medium: DVD disc, flash memory card, etc.
Medium is inserted into device to be used
• Logical file representation: The user’s view of the way data is stored
• Physical file representation: The actual physical way the data is stored on
the storage media as viewed by the computer
– Storage technologies:
• Magnetic (conventional hard drives)
• Optical (optical discs)
• Electronics (flash memory media)
• File: Anything stored on a storage medium, such as a program,
document, digital image, or song
• Folder: named place on a storage medium into which files can be stored
1-Hard Disks (secondary storage)
• Magnetic hard drives:
– Use metal hard disks
– Read/write heads magnetize particles to represent the data’s 0s and 1s
– Hard disks are divided into Tracks, Sectors, Clusters ,Cylinders

• Solid-state drives (SSDs)

– Use flash memory technology
– Use less power and have no moving parts
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 – Particularly appropriate for portable computers
– Disk access time: Total time that it takes for a hard drive to read or
write data ( seek time + rotational delay+ data movement time)
• Hybrid hard drive
– Combination of flash memory and magnetic hard drive
– Uses flash memory for cache
– Allows encryption to be built into the drive
• Partitioning:
Logically divides the physical capacity of a single drive into separate
areas, called partitions
– Partitions function as independent hard drives
– Referred to as logical drives
– Increase efficiency (smaller drives use smaller clusters)
Partitions used to:
– Create a recovery partition
– Create a new logical drive for data
• File system: Determines the cluster size, maximum drive size, and
maximum file size
– FAT, FAT32, and NTFS
– Common standards:
– Parallel ATA (PATA): older, slower standard
– Serial ATA (SATA)
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 • Common standards: Determine how a drive connects to the computer
– Parallel ATA (PATA): older, slower standard
– Serial ATA (SATA)
2-Optical Disk Memories
Its technology uses a laser beams to enter data as a spots on the
disk surface.
Pits and lands are used to represent 1s and 0s, the transition
between a pit and a land represents a 1; no transition represents a 0

 CD-ROM Disks (Use infrared lasers)

Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
Much slower than Hard disk – 650 MB
 DVD Drives (Use red lasers)
Digital Versatile Disc
Much faster than CD – Up to 17 GB
 Blue-ray Drives
Much faster than CD – Up to 128 GB

3-Flash memory:
Type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed
– Some flash memory chips are used by the computer
– Flash memory chips are also used in flash memory storage media
(sticks, cards, and drives)
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4-Random Access Memory (RAM):
• Computer’s main memory
• Stores essential parts of operating system, programs, and data the computer
is currently using
• Adequate RAM is needed to run programs
• Volatile memory: Contents of RAM is lost when the computer is shut off
• Capacity measured by KB, MB
• Each location in memory has an address
o Each location typically holds one byte
o Computer system sets up and maintains directory tables to
facilitate retrieval of the data
5-Read Only Memory (ROM)
- Non-volatile chips located on the motherboard into which data or
programs have been permanently stored
- Contains programs that permanently recorded at factory.
- Start up program that execute when a computer is turned on
- BIOS (Basic Input/Output system)
6-Cache Memory
processor ‫ وال‬RAM ‫ ويه بني ال‬processor ‫ موجودة بداخل ال‬Memory ‫يه عبارة عن‬
A high speed memory that is used as staging area for the processor.

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7-Registers
High-speed memory built into the CPU; used by the CPU


Memory capacity is expressed in

Bit: All computers process data in one's or zero's. This 1 or 0 level of storage
is called a bit.
Byte : A byte consists of eight bits.
Kilobyte : A kilobyte (KB) consists of 1024 bytes.
Megabyte : A megabyte (MB) consists of 1024 kilobytes.
Gigabyte : A gigabyte (GB) consists of 1024 megabytes.
Terabyte : A Terabyte (TB) consists of 1024 gigabytes
petabyte (PB), exabyte (EB), zettabyte (ZB), yottabyte (YB).

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 The part of the computer that executes instructions and thus process
data

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 Consists of a hundreds of millions of circuitry and components packaged
together (Transistors (Made of semi-conductor material))
 Dual-core CPU: Contains the processing components (cores) of two
separate processors on a single CPU
 Quad-core CPU: Contains 4 cores
Typically different CPUs for desktop computers, portable computers,
servers, mobile devices, consumer devices, etc.
 Often made by Intel or AMD
 Clock Speed measured by mega hertz (MHz) or giga hertz (GHz)
 CPU consists of :
 Control Unit
Uses Electrical Signals to direct the entire computer system to execute stored
program
 Cache memory:
Special group of very fast memory chips located on or close to the CPU
– Level 1 is fastest, then Level 2, then Level 3
– More cache memory typically means faster processing
– Usually internal cache (built into the CPU)
– Often some cache dedicated to each core; may also have some
shared cache accessible by any core
 Registers
High-speed memory built into the CPU; used by the CPU
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
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 Perform Arithmetic & Logic operations
 Floating Point Unit (FPU)
• Performs decimal arithmetic
 Pre-fetch Unit
• Attempts to retrieve data and instructions before they are needed
for processing in order to avoid delays
 Decode Unit
• Translates instructions from the Pre-fetch unit so they are
understood by the control unit, ALU, and FPU
 Bus Interface Unit
• Allows the core to communicate with other CPU components
Machine cycle: The series of operations involved in the execution of a single
machine level instruction
– Fetch: The program instruction is fetched
– Decode: The instructions are decoded so the control unit, ALU, and
FPU (Floating-Point Unit )can understand them
– Execute: The instructions are carried out
– Store: The original data or the result from the ALU or FPU
execution is stored in the CPU’s registers
Processor speed is expressed in terms of MIPS (Hertz)
(MIPS : Millions of Instructions Per Second)
Word size: The amount of data that a CPU can manipulate at one time
– Typically 32 or 64 bits
Page 13 of 24
 width and speed ‫ هل‬pass ‫ لك‬bus ‫ب متيش يف اجلهاز يف‬data ‫الحظ ال‬
• Bus: An electronic path over which data can travel
• Bus width: The number of wires in the bus over which data can travel
• Bus width and speed determine the throughput (or bandwidth) of the
bus
– The amount of data that can be transferred by the bus in a given
time period (bit per second (bps))
• Pipelining
• Allows multiple instructions to be processed at one time
• New instruction is started when the preceding instruction move to
the next stage of the pipelining
• Multiprocessing and Parallel Processing
• Use multiple processors to speed up processing

2. Software
Program: A set of instructions that tells a
computer exactly what to do
Software: A general term for programs
Types of Software
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 Application Software , System Software
Application Software
‫يه عبارة عن برامج معينة معموةل لهدف معني‬
 Word Processing (Microsoft Word - WordPerfect)
 Spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel - Lotus 123 - Quattro)
 Database (Microsoft Access - Oracle - DB3+ )
 Design (AutoCAD – 3D Studio)
 Graphics & Presentation (Microsoft PowerPoint - Harvard - Visio)
 Games and Entertainment

System Software
‫يه الربامج اليل من غريها اجلهاز ميش تغلش‬
‫ املوجود يف اجلهاز‬Hardware ‫يعين بتتحمك يف لك ال‬
‫ وميكن تقس ميها ايل‬Operating Systems ‫(زي نظم التشغيل‬
DOS ‫ زي ال‬Command Line Interface ‫انظمة تشغيل تش تغل بكتابة الاوامر‬
‫ زي‬Graphical User Interface ‫ ويه‬menu ‫ وال‬Mouse ‫او نظم تشغيل تس تخدم فهيا‬
)Windows, Linux ,Android , IOS , MAC-OS , Unix,
machine ‫(و زي لغات الربجمة واملرتجامت اليل حتول الاكواد املكتوبة بلغات الربجمة ايل لغة الاةل‬
) JAVA, C,C++ ,C# , Python , Fortran ,Pascal ‫ ولغات الربجمة زي‬language
Desk clean up , ‫(و زايلربامج امللحقة مع نظم التشغيل لتحسني اداء الكومبيوتر زي‬
) Defragmentation, Virus Scanning , Firewalls

Page 15 of 24
3. Computer Classes
Six basic categories of computers:
Embedded computers
Mobile devices
Personal computers
Midrange servers
Mainframe computers
Supercomputers
1- Embedded computers
Embedded into a product and designed to perform specific tasks or
functions for that product
Often embedded into:
Household appliances ‫الاهجزة املزنلية‬, Thermostats, Sewing machines, Cars
2- Mobile device
A very small device with some type of built-in computing or Internet
capability Typically based on mobile phones that have small screens and
keyboards
Examples:
a. Smartphones
b. Handheld gaming devices
c. Portable digital media players

3- Personal computers (Small , Less powerful , Cheap , Single user )

A small computer designed to be used by one person at a time
Page 16 of 24
 Like
• Notebook (laptop) computers: Typically use clamshell design Tablet
computers: Can be slate tablets or convertible tablets
• Netbooks: Small notebooks; rapidly growing type of PC
• Ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs): Handheld computers
• Thin client or network computer (NC)
Device designed to access a network for processing and data storage
Lower cost, increased security and easier maintenance
Limited or no local storage
Not able to function as a computer if network is down
• Internet appliance
Specialized network computer designed for Internet access and/or e-mail
exchange
Some designed to be used in the home
Can be built into another product such as a refrigerator or telephone
console
Can be a stand-alone device
Can include Internet-enabled gaming consoles
4- Midrange Servers(Mini computers)
(Mid-sized , powerful , Expensive) like used in used by a single department
of an organization such as colleges!
Users connect via a network with a computer or dumb terminal

Page 17 of 24
5- Mainframe computers (Large , Very powerful ,Very expensive ,Multiple
users) used by large organizations such an hospitals, universities, large
businesses, banks, government offices
a. Located in climate-controlled data centers and connected to the rest
of the company computers via a network
b. Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than midrange servers
c. Usually operate 24 hours a day
d. Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class servers
6- Super computers (Fastest ,Very large ,Most powerful , Most expensive ,
Multiple users) Used for tasks such as Weather forecasting and weapons
research
Used for space exploration, missile guidance ‫توجيه الصوارخي‬, satellites,
weather forecast, oil exploration, scientific research, complex Web
sites, decision support systems, 3D applications, etc.
4. User
The people who makes the system works and for whom the work is done.
end users & Professional ‫وتتقسم ايل مجموعتني‬
• Computer users (end users)
– People who use a computer to obtain information
• Computer professionals include:
– Programmers
• Write programs computers use
– Systems analysts
Page 18 of 24
 • Design computer systems
– Computer operations personnel
• Manage day-to-day computer operations
– Security specialists
• Secure computers and networks against hackers

Operators - Programmers- System analysts

Page 19 of 24
 ‫‪Number systems‬‬
‫‪SYSTEM‬‬ ‫القيم المتاحة لكل خانة من خانات الرقم‬ ‫‪base‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Binary‬‬ ‫‪0,1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Octal‬‬ ‫‪0,1,…,7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Decimal‬‬ ‫‪0,1,…,9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Hex-Decimal‬‬ ‫‪0,1,…,9,A,B,C,D,E,F‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪A=10 , B=11 , … , F=15‬‬

‫‪ Conversion between the number system‬‬

‫الحظ كيفية التحويل من نظام الي اخر‬
‫‪ .1‬من النظام العشري الي الثنائي‬
‫‪ .2‬من النظام العشري الي الثماني‬
‫‪ .3‬من النظام العشري الي السادسي عشر‬
‫‪ .4‬من النظام الثنائي الي العشري‬
‫‪ .5‬من النظام الثماني الي العشري‬
‫‪ .6‬من النظام السادسي عشر الي العشري‬
‫‪ .7‬من النظام الثنائي الي الثماني‬
‫‪ .8‬من النظام الثماني الي الثنائي‬
‫‪ .9‬من النظام الثنائي الي السادسي عشر‬
‫‪ .10‬من النظام السادسي عشر الي الثنائي‬
‫‪ .11‬من النظام الثماني الي السادسي عشر‬
‫‪ .12‬من النظام السادسي عشر الي الثماني‬
‫اول ثالث تحويالت‬
‫للتحويل من النظام العشري الي اي نظام أخر‬
‫نقسم علي ال ‪ base‬بتاع النظام اللي بنحوله اليه وناخد باقي القسمة ونكون منه‬
‫خانات الرقم من اليمين الي الشمال‬
‫للتحويل من اي نظام الي النظام العشري‬
‫𝟏‪−‬الخانات عدد‬

‫∑‬ ‫𝒓𝒆𝒃𝒎𝒖𝑵𝒕𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒂𝒃 ∗ قيمة الخانة‬

‫𝟎=𝒓𝒆𝒃𝒎𝒖𝑵𝒕𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒅‬

‫‪Page 20 of 24‬‬
‫‪( 231 . 0625 )10=( 11100111.0001 )2‬‬ ‫(=‪( 231 )10‬‬ ‫‪347‬‬
‫‪)8‬‬
‫اللي نقسم‬ ‫الرقم‬ ‫باقي‬ ‫اللي نقسم‬ ‫الرقم‬ ‫باقي‬
‫عليه‬ ‫القسمة‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫القسمة‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪231‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪231‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫(=‪( 231 )10‬‬ ‫‪E7‬‬ ‫‪)16‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫اللي نقسم‬ ‫الرقم‬ ‫باقي‬
‫وتحويل الجزء الكسري‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫القسمة‬
‫نضرب في ‪ 2‬وناخد الجزء اللي علي شمال العالمة العشرية ونكون بيه الجزء‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪231‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫الكسري من عند العالمة العشرية وانت رايح لليمين "وخلي بالك لما تضرب‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪14 E‬‬
‫كل مرة في ‪ 2‬تضرب الجزء اللي علي يمين العالمة العشرية" وتقف لما‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫توصل الي ‪0‬‬
‫‪ .0625‬متحطش هنا حاجة في االول‬
‫‪0 .125‬‬
‫‪0 .250‬‬
‫‪0 .5‬‬
‫‪1 .0‬‬
‫‪( 1001101.1011 )2=( 77.6875 )10‬‬ ‫(=‪( 152 )8‬‬ ‫‪106‬‬ ‫‪)10‬‬
‫‪digit‬‬ ‫‪1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪digit‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫اللي‬ ‫‪26 25 24 23 22 21 20 2-‬‬ ‫‪2-2‬‬ ‫‪2-3‬‬ ‫‪2-4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫اللي هنضرب‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫هنضرب‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫فيه‬
‫فيه‬ ‫‪64 8‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625‬‬ ‫هنا نضرب كل رقم في اللي قصادة‬
‫‪ 1*64+5*8+2*1 = 106‬هنا نضرب كل رقم في اللي قصادة‬
‫‪1*64+0*32+0*16+1*8+1*4+0*2+1*1+1*0.5+0*0.25‬‬
‫= ‪+1*0.125+1*0.0625‬‬ ‫‪( 1AF )16=( 431‬‬ ‫‪)10‬‬
‫‪64+0+0+8+4+0+1+0.5+0+0.125+0.0625 = 77.6875‬‬ ‫‪digit‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪ 162 161 160‬اللي هنضرب‬
‫فيه‬
‫‪256 16 1‬‬
‫هنا نضرب كل رقم في اللي قصادة‬
‫= ‪1*256+A*16+F*1‬‬
‫‪1*256+10*16+15*1 = 431‬‬

‫‪Page 21 of 24‬‬
 ‫للتحويل من ال ‪ Binary‬الي ال ‪ Octal‬والعكس نعمل الجدول‬
‫من الثماني للثنائي كل خانه تفكها الي ‪ 3‬خانات‬
‫من الثنائي للثماني نبدأ نكزم من ناحية اليمين كل ‪ 3‬ارقام مع بعض ونحولهم الي رقم واحد وتزود اصفار‬
‫ناحية الشمال لو اخر مجموعه كانت اقل من ‪ 3‬ارقام‬
‫(=‪( 315 )8‬‬ ‫‪011 001 101‬‬ ‫‪)2‬‬ ‫‪( 10 110 101 011 )2=( 2653 )8‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪000‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪001‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪010‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪011‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪101‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪111‬‬
‫للتحويل من ‪ Binary‬لل ‪ Hex-Decimal‬والعكس نعمل الجدول‬
‫من للسادسي عشر الي الثنائي كل خانه تفكها الي ‪ 4‬خانات‬
‫من الثنائي لل سادسي عشر نبدأ نكزم من ناحية اليمين كل ‪ 4‬ارقام مع بعض ونحولهم الي رقم واحد‬
‫وتزود اصفار ناحية الشمال لو اخر مجموعه كانت اقل من ‪ 4‬ارقام‬
‫(=‪( A1D )16‬‬ ‫‪1010 0001 1101‬‬ ‫‪)2‬‬ ‫‪( 101 1010 1011 )2=( 5AB )16‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0000‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0001‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0010‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0011‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0100‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪0101‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪0110‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪0111‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪1001‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪1010‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪1011‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪1100‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪1101‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪1110‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪1111‬‬
‫للتحويل من ال ‪ Octal‬الي ال ‪Hex-Decimal‬‬
‫هنا نحول ‪ octal‬الي ال ‪ decimal‬أو ال ‪ Binary‬ثم نحول الي ال ‪hex-decimal‬‬
‫للتحويل من ال ‪ Hex-Decimal‬الي ال ‪octal‬‬
‫‪Page 22 of 24‬‬
 Octal ‫ ثم نحول الي ال‬Binary ‫ أو ال‬decimal ‫ الي‬Hex-Decimal ‫هنا نحول‬

 Operations on Binary numbers

a. Addition N1 N2 res carry
0 0 0 0
( 10010 )2 + ( 1010 )2 = ( ............ )2 0 1 1 0
Carry
1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 First number
1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 Second number
1 1 1 0 0
Result
 Operations on Octal numbers

 Operations on Octal numbers

( 3425 )8 + ( 2641 )8 = ( ............ )8

 Operations on Hex-Decimal numbers

( 2A5 )`16 + ( BA7 )16 = ( ............ )16

Negative Number Conversions from Binary to String

(-18)10 = ( )2
First take (18)2 = (10010)2
Page 23 of 24
Apply two’s complement
‫ وفي النهاية‬.0 ‫ الي‬1 ‫ و نحول ال‬1 ‫ الي‬0 ‫ بعد كدة نحول‬. 8 ‫االول هنوصل الرقم الي عدد خانات من مضاعفات ال‬
1 ‫نضيف‬
00010010
11101101 Flip
1 Add 1
11101111 (-18)10

Text Representation
How to represent symbols on computer (a,b,…,z,A,B,…,Z,0,1,…9,….) as
Binary digit “Bit”
a. ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Interchange (take
7-bit to represent any symbol “possible binary codes = 27 different code”)
b. Extended-ASCII : ISO-8859 (take 8-bit to represent any symbol
“possible binary codes = 28 different code”)
c. UniCode : (take 32-bit to represent any symbol “possible binary codes
= 232 different ocde”)

Image Representation
Images are represented by a Matrix of pixels
i. Binary Image(Black White) : (Each pixel need 1 bit)
1. pixel value = 0 for black
2. pixel value = 1 for white
ii. Gray Scale Images: Each pixel Value [0,255] (Each pixel need 8 bits)
1. pixel value = 0 for black
2. pixel value = 255 for white
3. pixel value between them is Gray
iii. Colored Images: Each Pixel has 3 Values (Each pixel need 24 bits)
1. value for RED from 0 to 255
2. value for Green from 0 to 255
3. value for Blue from 0 to 255
Page 24 of 24