 PROGRAM OF “PHYSICS”

Lecturer: Dr. DO Xuan Hoi

Room 413
E-mail : [email protected]
 PHYSICS I
(General Mechanics)
02 credits (30 periods)
Chapter 1 Bases of Kinematics
 Motion in One Dimension
 Motion in Two Dimensions
Chapter 2 The Laws of Motion
Chapter 3 Work and Mechanical Energy
Chapter 4 Linear Momentum and Collisions
Chapter 5 Rotation of a Rigid Object
About a Fixed Axis
Chapter 6 Static Equilibrium
Chapter 7 Universal Gravitation
References :
Halliday D., Resnick R. and Walker, J. (2005),
Fundamentals of Physics, Extended seventh
edition. John Willey and Sons, Inc.
Alonso M. and Finn E.J. (1992). Physics, Addison-
Wesley Publishing Company
Hecht, E. (2000). Physics. Calculus, Second
Edition. Brooks/Cole.
Faughn/Serway (2006), Serway’s College Physics,
Brooks/Cole.
Roger Muncaster (1994), A-Level Physics, Stanley
Thornes.
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm
http://www.opensourcephysics.org/index.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/HFr
ame.html
http://www.practicalphysics.org/go/Default.ht
ml
http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/
http://www.iop.org/index.html
.
.
.
 PHYSICS I
Chapter 1 Bases of Kinematics
A. Motion in One Dimension
1. Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
2. One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
3. Freely Falling Objects

B. Motion in Two Dimensions

4. The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
5. Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration.
Projectile Motion
6. Circular Motion. Tangential and Radial Acceleration
7. Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
 Dynamics
► The branch of physics involving the motion
of an object and the relationship between
that motion and other physics concepts

► Kinematics is a part of dynamics

 In kinematics, you are interested in the
description of motion
 Not concerned with the cause of the motion
1. 1 Position and Displacement

O x
M
 1. 1 Position and
Displacement
A
► Positionis defined in terms
of a frame of reference
Frame A: xi > 0 ; xf > 0

Frame B: x’I < 0 ; x’f > 0

B y’

► One dimensional, so
generally the x- or y-axis

xf’ x’
xi’ O’
 Position and Displacement
► Positionis defined in terms
of a frame of reference
 One dimensional, so
generally the x- or y-axis
► Displacement measures the
change in position
 Represented as x (if
horizontal) or y (if vertical)
 Vector quantity (i.e. needs Units
directional information)
SI Meters (m)
►+ or - is generally sufficient to
indicate direction for one- CGS Centimeters (cm)
dimensional motion
US Cust Feet (ft)
Displacement  Displacement measures
the change in position
 represented as x or y

x1  x f  xi
 80 m  10 m

  70 m
x2  x f  xi
 20 m  80 m
  60m
 Distance or Displacement?
► Distancemay be, but is not necessarily, the
magnitude of the displacement

Displacement Distance
(yellow line) (blue line)
 Position-time graphs

 Note: position-time graph is not necessarily a straight line, even

though the motion is along x-direction
 Test 1
An object (say, car) goes from one point in space
to another. After it arrives to its destination, its
displacement is

1. either greater than or equal to

2. always greater than
3. always equal to
4. either smaller or equal to
5. either smaller or larger

than the distance it traveled.

 A. Motion in One Dimension
1. 2 Velocity
a. Average Velocity
► It takes time for an object to undergo a displacement
► The average velocity is rate at which the
displacement occurs

x xf  xi
v average  
t t

► Direction will be the same as the direction of the

displacement (t is always positive)
 More About Average Velocity

► Units of velocity:
Units

SI Meters per second (m/s)

CGS Centimeters per second (cm/s)

US Customary Feet per second (ft/s)

► Note: other units may be given in a problem,

but generally will need to be converted to these
Example:
Suppose that in both cases truck
covers the distance in 10 seconds:

x 1 70m
v 1 average  
t 10s
 7 m s

x 2 60m
v 2 average  
t 10s
 6 m s
 Speed
► Speedis a scalar quantity (no information
about sign/direction is need)
 same units as velocity
 Average speed = total distance / total time
► Speed is the magnitude of the velocity
Graphical Interpretation of Average Velocity
► Velocity can be determined from a position-
time graph

x 40m
v average  
t 3.0s
 13 m s

► Average velocity equals the slope of the line

joining the initial and final positions
b. Instantaneous Velocity
► Instantaneous velocity is defined as the limit
of the average velocity as the time interval
becomes infinitesimally short, or as the time
interval approaches zero
x x  xi
v inst  v  lim  lim
t 0 t t 0 t
dx
v  x t' 
dt
► Theinstantaneous velocity indicates what is
happening at every point of time
 Instantaneous Velocity
dx
v  x t' 
dt
The instantaneous velocity equals the first
derivative of the position with respect to time

x t t
x
dx  vdt ; x dx  t vdt ; x x0
  vdt ;
0 0 t0
t t
x  x 0   vdt ; x  x 0   vdt
t0 t0
 Uniform Velocity
► Uniform velocity is constant velocity :
v = const
► The instantaneous velocities are always the
same
 All the instantaneous velocities will also equal the
average velocity
 Uniform Velocity
► Uniform velocity is constant velocity :
v = const
t t
x  x 0   vdt x  x 0  v  dt ;
t0 t0

x  x 0  v (t  t 0 )

t0  0 x  x 0  vt
Graphical Interpretation of Instantaneous
Velocity
► Instantaneous velocity is the slope of the
tangent to the curve at the time of interest

► The instantaneous speed is the magnitude of

the instantaneous velocity
Average vs Instantaneous Velocity

Average velocity Instantaneous velocity

 Test 2
The graph shows position as a function of time
for two trains running on parallel tracks. Which
of the following is true:
1. at time tB both trains have the same velocity
2. both trains speed up all the time
3. both trains have the same velocity at some time before tB
4. train A is longer than train B
5. all of the above statements are true
position
A Note: the slope of curve B
B is parallel to line A at
some point t< tB

tB
time
► A. Motion in One Dimension
► 1. 3 Acceleration
a. Average Acceleration
► Changing velocity (non-uniform) means an
acceleration is present
► Average acceleration is the rate of change of
the velocity

v v f  v i
aaverage  
t t

► Average acceleration is a vector quantity (i.e.

described by both magnitude and direction)
 Average Acceleration

► When the sign of the velocity and the

acceleration are the same (either positive or
negative), then the speed is increasing
► When the sign of the velocity and the
acceleration are opposite, the speed is
decreasing
Units

SI Meters per second squared (m/s2)

CGS Centimeters per second squared (cm/s2)

US Customary Feet per second squared (ft/s2)

b. Instantaneous Acceleration
► Instantaneous acceleration is the limit
of the average acceleration as the time
interval goes to zero
v v f v i
a inst  a  lim  lim
t 0 t t 0 t

a  v t'  x ''t dv d x 2
a 
dt dt 2
The instantaneous acceleration equals the first
derivative of the velocity and the second
derivative of the position with respect to time
2. Uniform Acceleration
dv d 2 x
a  v t'  x ''t a 
dt dt 2
► When the instantaneous accelerations
are always the same, the acceleration
will be uniform
 The instantaneous accelerations will all be
equal to the average acceleration
 Uniform Acceleration
a = const
dv d x 2
a  v t'  x ''t a 
dt dt 2

WHAT ARE THE FORMULAE FOR V AND X ?

 Uniform Acceleration
a = const
dv d x 2
a  v t'  x ''t a 
dt dt 2
t t
v  v 0   adt v  v 0  a  dt ;
t0 t0
v  v 0  a (t  t 0 )
t
x  x 0   vdt
t0 t
x  x 0   v 0  a (t  t 0 )  dt
t0
 Uniform Acceleration
a = const
t
x  x 0   v 0  a (t  t 0 )  dt
t0
t t
 x 0   v 0dt  a  (t  t 0 )dt
t0 t0

a
 x 0  v 0 (t  t 0 )  (t  t 0 )2
2
a
t0  0 x  x 0  v 0t  t2
2
 Uniform Acceleration
a = const

WHAT IS THE FORMULA BETWEEN V AND X

INDEPENDENT OF t ?
 Uniform Acceleration
a = const
dx
dv  adt ; vdv  adt ; vdv  adx ;
dt
v x x
v 2
v 2

v vdv  x adx ;
2

2
0
 x adx
0 0 0

x
v 2
v 2
a = const
2

2
0
a x dx
0

v 2  v 02  2a (x  x 0 )
 Graphical Interpretation of
Acceleration
► Average acceleration is the
slope of the line connecting
the initial and final velocities
on a velocity-time graph

► Instantaneous acceleration
is the slope of the tangent
to the curve of the velocity-
time graph
 Example 1: Motion Diagrams

► Uniform velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining

the same size)
► Acceleration equals zero
 Example 2:

► Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction

► Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same
length)
► Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)
 Example 3:

► Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions

► Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same
length)
► Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)
One-dimensional Motion With Constant
Acceleration
► If acceleration is uniform (i.e. ):
aa
thus:

a v '

v  v o  at

 Shows velocity as a function of acceleration and time

One-dimensional Motion With Constant
Acceleration
► Used in situations with uniform acceleration

v  v o  at

x v '
1 2
x  xo  vot  at
2
v 2  vo2  2ax
Summary of kinematic equations
 EXAMPLE 1
The velocity of a particle moving along the x
axis varies in time according to the expression
v  (40  5t 2 ) m / s , where t is in seconds.
(a) Find the average acceleration in the time
interval t = 0 to t = 2.0 s.

(a) v A  (40  5  02 ) m / s  40 m / s
v B  (40  5  2 ) m / s  20 m / s
2

v B  v A 20 m / s  40 m / s
aaverage    10 m / s 2
tB  t A 2, 0  0
 EXAMPLE 1
The velocity of a particle moving along the x
axis varies in time according to the expression
v  (40  5t ) m / s , where t is in seconds.
2

(b) Determine the acceleration at t = 2.0 s.

(b) a  v '  (10t ) m / s 2

 (10  2.0 s ) m / s 2  20 m / s 2
NOTA BENE
v i  (40  5t ) m / s
2

v f  40  5(t  t ) m / s
2

v  v f  v i  10t .t  5(t ) 2

v v 10t .t  5(t )2

   10t  5(t )
t t t
v
a  lim  10t  5(t )  10t
t 0 t

a  v '  (10t ) m / s 2
3. Free Fall
► Allobjects moving under the influence of
only gravity are said to be in free fall
► All objects falling near the earth’s surface
fall with a constant acceleration
► This acceleration is called the acceleration
due to gravity, and indicated by g
 Acceleration due to Gravity

► Symbolized by g
► g = 9.8 m/s² (can use g = 10 m/s² for estimates)
► g is always directed downward
 toward the center of the earth
 Free Fall -- an Object Dropped
y
► Initial
velocity is zero
► Frame: let up be positive vo = 0
► Use the kinematic equations
x
 Generally use y instead
of x since vertical a=g
1 2
y  0  y  at
2
a  9.8 m s 2
 Free Fall -- an Object Thrown
Downward y

►a =g
 With upward being positive,
acceleration will be negative, g
= -9.8 m/s² x

► Initial velocity vo  0
vo  0 a=g
 With upward being positive,
initial velocity will be negative
1 2
y  y  0  y  v 0  at
2
a  9.8 m s 2

v > vo
Free Fall -- object thrown upward
► Initialvelocity is
upward, so positive v=0
► The instantaneous
velocity at the
maximum height is a=g
zero
► a = g everywhere in
the motion vo  0
 g is always downward,
negative
 Thrown upward
► The motion may be symmetrical
 then tup = tdown
 then vf = -vo
► The motion may not be symmetrical
 Break the motion into various parts
►generally up and down
 Non-symmetrical
Free Fall
► Need to divide the
motion into
segments
► Possibilities include
 Upward and
downward portions
 The symmetrical
portion back to the
release point and
then the non-
symmetrical portion
Combination Motions
 Test 3
A person standing at the edge of a cliff throws one
ball straight up and another ball straight down at
the same initial speed. Neglecting air resistance,
the ball to hit ground below the cliff with greater
speed is the one initially thrown

1. upward
2. downward
3. neither – they both hit at the same speed

Note: upon the descent, the velocity of an object thrown straight

up with an initial velocity v is exactly –v when it passes the point
at which it was first released.
 EXAMPLE 2
A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an initial
velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward. The building is 50.0 m
high, and the stone just misses the edge of the
roof on its way down, as shown in figure .
Using as the time the stone leaves the
thrower’s hand at position , determine
(a) the time at which the stone reaches
its maximum height

(a)
v  v 0 +at = 20.0 m/s + (- 9.80 m/s 2 )t = 0
20.0 m / s
t   2.04 s
9.80 m / s 2
 EXAMPLE 2
A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an initial
velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward. The building is 50.0 m
high, and the stone just misses the edge of the
roof on its way down, as shown in figure .
Using as the time the stone leaves the
thrower’s hand at position , determine
(b) the maximum height

(b) 1 2
yB = v 0 t + at
2
1
= (20.0 m/s)  (2.04 s) + (-9.80 m/s 2 )  (2.04 s) 2
2
y B  20.4 m
 EXAMPLE 2
A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an initial
velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward. The building is 50.0 m
high, and the stone just misses the edge of the
roof on its way down, as shown in figure .
Using as the time the stone leaves the
thrower’s hand at position , determine
(b) the maximum height

Other method : v 2  v 02  2a (y  y 0 )
02  (20.0)2  2(9.80)(y  y 0 )
y  y 0  20.4 m
 EXAMPLE 2
A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an initial
velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward. The building is 50.0 m
high, and the stone just misses the edge of the
roof on its way down, as shown in figure .
Using as the time the stone leaves the
thrower’s hand at position , determine
(c) the time at which the stone returns
to the height from which it was thrown

1 2
(c) y C  y 0  0  v 0t  at
2
t 0
2v 0 2  20.0 m / s
t    4.08 s
a 9.80 m / s 2
 EXAMPLE 2
A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an initial
velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward. The building is 50.0 m
high, and the stone just misses the edge of the
roof on its way down, as shown in figure .
Using as the time the stone leaves the
thrower’s hand at position , determine
(d) the velocity of the stone at the stone
returns to the height from which it was thrown

(d) v C = v 0 + at
= 20.0 m/s + (-9.80 m/s 2 )  (4.08 s)
 20.0 m / s
 EXAMPLE 2
A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an initial
velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward. The building is 50.0 m
high, and the stone just misses the edge of the
roof on its way down, as shown in figure .
Using as the time the stone leaves the
thrower’s hand at position , determine
(d) the velocity of the stone at the stone
returns to the height from which it was thrown

Other method : v 2  v 02  2a (y  y 0 )
v 2  v 02  2a (y 0  y 0 )  0
v  v 0  20.0 m / s
 EXAMPLE 2
A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an initial
velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward. The building is 50.0 m
high, and the stone just misses the edge of the
roof on its way down, as shown in figure .
Using as the time the stone leaves the
thrower’s hand at position , determine
(e) the velocity and position of the stone at
t = 5.00 s

(e) v = v 0 + at
= 20.0 m/s + (-9.80 m/s 2 )  (5.00 s)
 29.0 m / s
 EXAMPLE 2
A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an initial
velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward. The building is 50.0 m
high, and the stone just misses the edge of the
roof on its way down, as shown in figure .
Using as the time the stone leaves the
thrower’s hand at position , determine
(e) the velocity and position of the stone at
t = 5.00 s

(e) 1 2
yB = v 0 t + at
2
1
= (20.0 m/s)  (5.00 s) + (-9.80 m/s 2 )  (5.00 s) 2
2
y  22.5 m
 PROBLEM 1
A person walks first at a constant speed of 5.00 m/s
along a straight line from point A to point B and then
back along the line from B to A at a constant speed of
3.00 m/s. What are (a) her average speed over the
entire trip and (b) her average velocity over the entire
trip?
SOLUTION (a)
AB AB
From A to B : v 1  v
From B to A : 2 
t1 t2
Average speed over the entire trip :
2 AB 2 AB 2 AB 2
v    
t t1  t 2 AB /v 1  AB /v 2 1 /v 1  1 /v 2
2
  1.88 m / s
1 / 5.00 m / s  1 / 3.00 m / s
 PROBLEM 1
A person walks first at a constant speed of 5.00 m/s
along a straight line from point A to point B and then
back along the line from B to A at a constant speed of
3.00 m/s. What are (a) her average speed over the
entire trip and (b) her average velocity over the entire
trip?
SOLUTION (b)

Average velocity over the entire trip :

x 0
v   0
t t
 PROBLEM 2
A car starts from rest and accelerates at 0.500 m/s 2
while moving down an inclined plane 9.00 m long.
When it reaches the bottom, the car rolls up another
plane, where, after moving 15.0 m, it comes to rest.
(a) What is the speed of the car at the bottom of the
first plane ?
SOLUTION
(a)
v 2  v 02  2a (x  x 0 )
v 2  02  2  0.5 m / s 2  9.00 m
v  3.00 m / s
 PROBLEM 2

A car starts from rest and accelerates at 0.500 m/s2

while moving down an inclined plane 9.00 m long.
When it reaches the bottom, the car rolls up another
plane, where, after moving 15.0 m, it comes to rest.
(b) How long does it take to roll down the first plane?

SOLUTION (b)
v = v 0 + at
v  v 0 3.00 m / s  0
t    60.0 s
a 0.05 m / s 2
 PROBLEM 2

A car starts from rest and accelerates at 0.500 m/s2

while moving down an inclined plane 9.00 m long.
When it reaches the bottom, the car rolls up another
plane, where, after moving 15.0 m, it comes to rest.
(c) What is the acceleration along the second plane?

SOLUTION (c)
v '2  v 2  2a '(x ' x '0 )
v '2  v 2 02  (3.00 m / s )2
a' 
2(x ' x '0 ) 2  15.0 m
 0.300 m / s 2
Velocity is uniformly decreasing
 PROBLEM 2

A car starts from rest and accelerates at 0.500 m/s2

while moving down an inclined plane 9.00 m long.
When it reaches the bottom, the car rolls up another
plane, where, after moving 15.0 m, it comes to rest.
(d) What is the car’s speed 8.00 m along the second
plane?
SOLUTION (d)
v 12  v 2  2a '(x 1  x '0 )
v 12  (3.00 m / s )2  2  (0.300 m / s 2 )  8.00 m
v 1   2.05 m / s
Chapter 1 Bases of Kinematics
B. Motion in Two Dimensions
4. The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
5. Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration. Projectile Motion
6. Circular Motion. Tangential and Radial Acceleration
7. Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
Chapter 1 Bases of Kinematics
B. Motion in Two Dimensions
4. The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
Vectors
4.1 Displacement
► The position of an
 object is described by its
position vector r
  y
r  xi  yj
y M
 
j r

O 
i x x
4.1 Displacement
► The position of an
object is described by
its position vector, r
► The displacement of
the object is defined as
the change in its
position

r  rf  ri
4.2 Velocity
The instantaneous velocity is the limit of the average
velocity as Δt approaches zero
 The direction of the instantaneous velocity is along a
line that is tangent to the path of the particle and in the
direction of motion

 r d r
v  lim 
 t 0 t dt 
 dr d 
v 
dt

dt

xi  yj  v

dx  dy  
 i  j v  v X i  vY j
dt dt
4.3 Acceleration
The instantaneous acceleration is the limit of
the average acceleration as Δt approaches

zero  v dv
a  lim 
t 0 t dt

 dv d  dx  dy  d 2 x  d 2 y
a    i  j i  j
dt dt  dt dt  dt 2
dt 2

dv X  dv Y  
 i  j a  a X i  aY j
dt dt
Chapter 1 Bases of Kinematics
B. Motion in Two Dimensions
5. Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant
Acceleration. Projectile Motion
5.1 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant
Acceleration

a  const
 Vector acceleration is a const :
 
a  a X i  aY j  const ; a X  const ; aY  const
dv X dv Y
aX  ; aY 
dt dt
vX  a X t  v X 0 ;v Y  aY t  v Y 0
 
v  (a X t  v X 0 )i  (aY t  v Y 0 ) j
 
v  (a X i  aY j )t  (v X 0i  v Y 0 j )
 
v  at  v 0
We can demonstrate :

 a 2
r  r0  v 0t  t
2

( To compare with motion in one

dimension :

1 2
x  x o  v o t  at )
2
Chapter 1 Bases of Kinematics
B. Motion in Two Dimensions
5. Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant
Acceleration. Projectile Motion
5.1 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant
Acceleration
5.2 Projectile Motion

a  g  const
5.2 Projectile Motion

a  g  const
 Rules of Projectile Motion
► Introduce coordinate frame: y is up
► The x- and y-components of motion can be
treated independently
► Velocities (incl. initial velocity) can be broken
down into its x- and y-components
► The x-direction is uniform motion
ax = 0
► The y-direction is free fall
|ay|= g
► x-direction
 ax = 0
 v xo  v o cos o  v x  constant
 x = vxot
►This is the only operative equation in the x-
direction since there is uniform velocity in that
direction
► y-direction
 v yo  v o sin o
 take the positive direction as upward
 then: free fall problem
►only then: ay = -g (in general, |ay|= g)
 uniformly accelerated motion, so the
motion equations all hold
v yo  v o sin o
 Rules of Projectile Motion
 
v  at  v 0  gt  v 0
On Ox and Oy : 
v X  0  t v X 0  v X 0 r0
v Y  gt  v Y 0

 a 2 g 2
r  r0  v 0t  t  r0  v 0t  t
2 2
On Ox and Oy :
x  x 0  v X 0t
1 2
y  y 0  v Y 0t  gt
2
 Velocity of the Projectile
► The velocity of the projectile at any point of
its motion is the vector sum of its x and y
components at that point

1
vy
v  v v
2
x
2
y and   tan
vx
 5.2 Projectile Motion

a  g  const
On Ox and Oy :
x  x 0  v X 0t  v X 0t
1 2 1
y  y 0  v Y 0t  gt  v Y 0t  gt 2 R
2 2
vY 0 1 g g
 x  x 2
 (tan  0 ) x  x 2

vX0 2 (v X 0 )2 2(v 0 cos 0 )2

g
y  (tan 0 )x  x2  trajectory: parabola
2(v 0 cos 0 ) 2

The horizontal range R: x 0

g
y  (tan 0 )x  x 2
0 v 02
2(v 0 cos 0 ) 2
x R  sin 20
g
R max: 0 = 45o
 5.2 Projectile Motion

a  g  const
g
y  (tan 0 )x  x2 H
2(v 0 cos 0 ) 2

Maximum height H:
 g '
y '  (tan 0 )x  x 
2

 2(v 0 cos 0 ) 2

g ' R v 02
 tan 0  x 0 ; x   sin 20
(v 0 cos 0 ) 2
2 2g
2
v 2
g v2

H  (tan 0 ) sin 20 
0
2 
0
sin 2 0 
2g 2(v 0 cos 0 )  2g 
(v 0 sin 0 )2 Free fall:
H 
2g v 2  (v 0 sin 0 )2  02  (v 0 sin 0 )2  2gH
 Examples of Projectile Motion:
► An object may be fired
horizontally
► The initial velocity is all
in the x-direction
 vo = vx and vy = 0
► Allthe general rules of
projectile motion apply
 Non-Symmetrical Projectile
Motion
► Follow the general
rules for projectile
motion
► Break the y-direction
into parts
 up and down
 symmetrical back to
initial height and then
the rest of the height
 Test 4
Consider the situation depicted here. A gun is accurately
aimed at a dangerous criminal hanging from the gutter of a
building. The target is well within the gun’s range, but the
instant the gun is fired and the bullet moves with a speed vo,
the criminal lets go and drops to the ground. What happens?
The bullet

1. hits the criminal regardless

of the value of vo.
2. hits the criminal only if vo is
large enough.
3. misses the criminal.
 Test 4
Consider the situation depicted here. A gun is accurately
aimed at a dangerous criminal hanging from the gutter of a
building. The target is well within the gun’s range, but the
instant the gun is fired and the bullet moves with a speed vo,
the criminal lets go and drops to the ground. What happens?
The bullet

1. hits the criminal regardless

of the value of vo. 
2. hits the criminal only if vo is
large enough.
3. misses the criminal.

Note: The downward acceleration of the bullet and the criminal are identical,
so the bullet will hit the target – they both “fall” the same distance!
 EXAMPLE 3
A long-jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20.0°
above the horizontal and at a speed of 11.0 m/s.
(a) How far does he jump in the horizontal direction ?
(Assume his motion is equivalent to that of a particle.)

(a) v xo  v o cos o
x  v x 0t =(v 0cos 0 )t
v y  v o sin o  gt
At the top
v y  v o sin o  gt  0
 EXAMPLE 3
A long-jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20.0°
above the horizontal and at a speed of 11.0 m/s.
(a) How far does he jump in the horizontal direction ?
(Assume his motion is equivalent to that of a particle.)

At the top
v y  v o sin o  gt '  0
v o sin o
t'
g
(11.0 m / s ) sin 20 00
  0.384 s
9.80 m / s 2
 EXAMPLE 3
A long-jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20.0°
above the horizontal and at a speed of 11.0 m/s.
(a) How far does he jump in the horizontal direction ?
(Assume his motion is equivalent to that of a particle.)

At the ground
t  2t '  2  0.384 s  0.768 s
x  v x 0t  (v 0 cos 0 )t
 11.0 m / s  cos 2200  0.768 s
 7.94 m
 EXAMPLE 3
A long-jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20.0°
above the horizontal and at a speed of 11.0 m/s.
(b) What is the maximum height reached ?

(b) At the top

1 2
y MAX  (v o sin o )t  gt
2
 (11.0 m / s ) sin 20.00  0.384 s
1
  9.80 m / s 2  (0.384 s )2
2
 0.722 m
 PROBLEM 3
A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward at an
angle of 30.0° to the horizontal and with an initial speed of
20.0 m/s, as shown in the figure. If the height of the building
is 45.0 m,
(a) how long is it before the stone hits the ground?

SOLUTION (a)
v X 0  v 0 cos   20m / s  cos 300  17.3m / s
v Y 0  v 0 sin   20m / s  sin 30 0  10.0m / s
1 2
y  y 0  v Y 0t  gt
2
1
 45.0 m  0  (10.0m / s )t  (9.80m / s 2 )t 2 ; t  4.22 s
2
 PROBLEM 3
A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward at an
angle of 30.0° to the horizontal and with an initial speed of
20.0 m/s, as shown in the figure. If the height of the building
is 45.0 m,
(b) What is the speed of the stone just before it strikes the
ground?
SOLUTION (b)
v X 0  17.3m / s v Y 0  10.0m / s
v X  v X 0  17.3m / s
v Y  gt  v Y 0  9.80m / s 2  4.22s  10.0m / s
 31.4m / s
v  v x2  v y2  (17.3m / s )2  (31.4m / s )2  35.9m / s
 PROBLEM 4
An Alaskan rescue plane drops a package of emergency
rations to a stranded party of explorers, as shown in the
figure.
(a) If the plane is traveling horizontally at 40.0 m/s and is
100 m above the ground, where does the package strike the
ground relative to the point at which it was released?
SOLUTION (a)
x

x  vt  (40.0m / s )t
1 2
y   gt  (4.90m / s 2 )t 2 y
2
 100 m  (4.90m / s 2 )t 2 ; t  4.52 s

x  (40.0m / s )  4.52s ; x  181 m

 PROBLEM 4
An Alaskan rescue plane drops a package of emergency
rations to a stranded party of explorers, as shown in the
figure.
(b) What are the horizontal and vertical components
of the velocity of the package just before it hits the ground?

SOLUTION (b)
x

v X  40.0m / s
v Y  gt  v Y 0  9.80m / s 2  4.52s  0 y
 44.3m / s
v  v x2  v y2

 (40.0m / s )2  (44.3m / s )2  59.9m / s

 PROBLEM 4
An Alaskan rescue plane drops a package of emergency
rations to a stranded party of explorers, as shown in the
figure.
(c) Where is the plane when the package hits the
ground?

SOLUTION (c)
x

x  vt  (40.0m / s )t ; t  4.52 s
x  vt  (40.0m / s )  4.52s y
 59.9m / s

The plane is directly over the package.

Chapter 1 Bases of Kinematics
A. Motion in One Dimension
B. Motion in Two Dimensions
4. The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
5. Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration.
Projectile Motion
6. Circular Motion. Tangential and Radial Acceleration
6. Circular Motion.
Tangential and Radial Acceleration

6.1 Review of uniform circular motion

v
aR s v Magnitude of
R velocity
does not
change

Acceleration vector : perpendicular to the path and

always points toward the center of the circle
centripetal (center-seeking) acceleration
v2
Magnitude : aR   R  2  const
R
6. Circular Motion.
Tangential and Radial Acceleration

6.2 Motion along a curved path 

v
 
v v
 
v v
Velocity vector : changes both in magnitude and
in direction at every point
Acceleration vector  two component vectors:
a radial component vector aR
and a tangential component vector aT

a  aR  aT
 The tangential acceleration causes the change in the
speed of the particle: parallel to the instantaneous velocity,
magnitude : 
dv
aT 
dt
 The radial acceleration arises from the change in
direction of the velocity vector : perpendicular to the
path, magnitude : v 2 (R : radius of curvature
aR 
R of the path at the point)
 
dv v2
aT  aR 
dt R

 The magnitude of the acceleration vector :

a  aT2  aR2

Uniform circular motion (v is constant ) : aT = 0

 the acceleration is always completely radial
 Unit vectors

rˆ is a unit vector lying along the radius vector and

directed radially outward from the center of the circle
ˆ is a unit vector tangent to the circle in the direction
of increasing 
Both rˆ and ˆ move along with the particle

 dv v 2
a  aR  aT  ˆ  rˆ
dt R
 EXAMPLE 4
A ball tied to the end of a string 0.50 m in length swings in
A vertical circle under the influence of gravity, as shown in
figure. When the string makes an angle 20° with the
vertical, the ball has a speed of 1.5 m/s.
(a) Find the magnitude of the radial component of
acceleration at this instant.

(a)
v2
aR 
R
(1.8 m / s )2
  4.5m / s 2
0.50 m
 EXAMPLE 4
A ball tied to the end of a string 0.50 m in length swings in
a vertical circle under the influence of gravity, as shown in
figure. When the string makes an angle 20° with the
vertical, the ball has a speed of 1.5 m/s.
(b) What is the magnitude of the tangential acceleration
when  = 20°?

(b) 

ma  mg  T
maT  mg sin   0
aT  g sin 
 (9.8m / s 2 ) sin 20 0  3.4m / s 2
 EXAMPLE 4
A ball tied to the end of a string 0.50 m in length swings in
a vertical circle under the influence of gravity, as shown in
figure. When the string makes an angle 20° with the
vertical, the ball has a speed of 1.5 m/s.
(c) Find the magnitude and direction of the total
acceleration at  = 20°.

(c)
a  aT2  aR2
 4.52  3.4 2 m / s 2  5.6 m / s 2
aT 1 3.4
  tan 1
 tan  370
aR 4.5
 PROBLEM 5
The figure shows the total acceleration and velocity of a
particle moving clockwise in a circle of radius 2.50 at a given
instant of time. At this instant, find
(a) the radial acceleration (b) the speed of the particle
(c) its tangential acceleration

SOLUTION (a) aR aT
aR  a cos  

 15.0 m / s 2  cos 30 0
(b) a  v 2

R ; v  Ra R
R
2.5m 
(c) aT  a sin 
 15.0 m / s 2  sin 30 0  7.50 m / s 2
 PHYSICS I
► Chapter 1 Bases of Kinematics
► A. Motion in One Dimension
► 1. Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
► 2. One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
► 3. Freely Falling Objects
► B. Motion in Two Dimensions
► 4. The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
► 5. Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration.
Projectile Motion
► 6. Circular Motion. Tangential and Radial Acceleration
► 7. Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
7. Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
7.1 Relative velocity y y’
A
Consider a particle at point A

An observer in reference frame S r 
r '
An observer in reference frame S’ 
v0
moving to the right relative to S
with a constant velocity v0 . O O’ x x’
    
OA  OO '  O ' A ; r '  r  OO ' ;
   
OO '  v 0t r '  r  v 0t

d r ' d r 
Differentiate with respect to time :  v 0
dt dt
 
v '  v v 0
y y’
A

r 
r '

v0

O O’ x x’
 
r '  r  v 0t
  Galilean transformation equations
v '  v v 0   
 PRACITCE : v  v '  v
0
  
v AO  v AO '  v O 'O
O’ A
v AO '
The woman standing on the beltway sees
  the walking man pass by at a slower speed
v O 'O v AO than the woman standing on the stationary
O floor does
Transformation for acceleration
  
  d v ' d v d v0 d v
v '  v v 0   
dt dt dt dt
 
a'a

The acceleration of the particle measured by an

observer in the frame of reference S is the same as that
measured by any other observer moving with constant
velocity relative to the frame S
 Test 5
A passenger in a car traveling at 60 km/h pours a cup of
coffee for the driver. The path of the coffee as it moves
from a Thermos bottle into a cup as seen by the
passenger is
1. nearly vertical into the cup, just as if the
passenger were standing on the ground pouring
it
2. a parabolic path
3. an oblique line
 Test 6
A passenger in a car traveling at 60 km/h pours a cup of
coffee for the driver. The path of the coffee as it moves
from a Thermos bottle into a cup as seen by someone
standing beside the road and looking in the window of the
car as it drives past is
1. nearly vertical into the cup, just as if the
passenger were standing on the ground pouring
it
2. a parabolic path
3. an oblique line
Observer A on a moving vehicle Stationary observer B sees a
throws a ball upward and sees it rise parabolic path for the same ball.
and fall in a straight-line path.
 EXAMPLE 5
A boat heading due north crosses a wide river with a speed
of 10.0 km/h relative to the water. The water in the river
has a uniform speed of 5.00 km/h due east relative to the
Earth.
(a) Determine the velocity of the boat relative to an
observer standing on either bank.

  

(a) v  v  v ; v bE  v br2  v rE2
bE br rE

v bE  (10.0 km / h )2  (5.00 km / h )2  11.2 km / h vrE

 
Direction of v bE vbr vbE
v rE 5.00 km / h   26.60
tan    ;
v br 10.0 km / h
 EXAMPLE 5
A boat heading due north crosses a wide river with a speed
of 10.0 km/h relative to the water. The water in the river
has a uniform speed of 5.00 km/h due east relative to the
Earth.
(b) If the width of the river is 3.0 km, find the time it takes the boat
to cross it.

(b) cos  
v br 10.0 km / h
v bE

11.2 km / h
; B C
AB  3.00 km
AC 
cos  (10.0 km / h ) /(11.2 km / h ) vrE
 3.36 km
AC 3.36 km 
t  
11.2 km / h
 0.30 h  18.0 min vbr vbE
v bE
A
 EXAMPLE 5
A boat heading due north crosses a wide river with a speed
of 10.0 km/h relative to the water. The water in the river
has a uniform speed of 5.00 km/h due east relative to the
Earth.
(c) If this boat is to travel due north, as shown in the figure, what should its
heading be? Find the time it takes the boat to cross the river. The width of
the river is 3.0 km

(c) The boat must head upstream in order to

travel directly northward across the river

v rE 5.00 km / h
sin    ;   30.00
v br 10.0 km / h
The boat must steer a course 30.0° west of north
AC 3.36 km
t    0.30 h  18.0 min
v bE 11.2 km / h
 EXAMPLE 5
A boat heading due north crosses a wide river with a speed
of 10.0 km/h relative to the water. The water in the river
has a uniform speed of 5.00 km/h due east relative to the
Earth.
(c) If this boat is to travel due north, as shown in the figure, what should its
heading be? Find the time it takes the boat to cross the river. The width of
the river is 3.0 km

(c) v bE  v br cos  B
 (10.0 km / h ) cos 30.0 0  8.66 km / h

AB 3.00 km
t    21.0 min
v bE 8.66 km / h

A
 PROBLEM 6
The compass of an airplane indicates that it is headed due
north, and its airspeed indicator shows that it is moving
through the air at 240 km/h. There is a wind of 100 km/h
from west to east.
(a) What is the velocity of the airplane relative to the earth?

SOLUTION
(a)
 PROBLEM 6
The compass of an airplane indicates that it is headed due
north, and its airspeed indicator shows that it is moving
through the air at 240 km/h. There is a wind of 100 km/h
from west to east.
(b) In what direction should the pilot head to travel due
north? What will be her velocity relative to the earth?

SOLUTION
(b)