MOTION

Chapter -8
 Motion:

 Movement of any object from one position to another

position with respect to the observer is called as
Motion.
 Motion Along a Straight Line:

 When an object moves along a straight line, the

motion of the object is called rectilinear motion. For
example; motion of a car on highway.
 Vectors and Scalar Quantities:

 Vector is a quantity which has both magnitude and

direction. For example, Force, position, etc.
 Scalar is a quantity with which direction is not
associated. For example, Mass, temperature, time,
etc.
 Distance:
 Length of actual path covered by a moving an object in the
given time irrespective of the direction
is called distance.
 It is a scalar quantity.

 Its SI unit is metre(m).

 Displacement:

 The shortest distance measured from initial to the final

position of an object is known as the displacement.
 It is a vector quantity.

 Uniform Motion:

 When an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of

time, it is said to be in uniform motion.
 Non-Uniform Motion:

 When an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of

time, it is said to be in non-uniform motion.
 Speed (s):
 The distance travelled by an object in unit time is
referred to as speed.
 It is represented as v

 Its SI unit is metre/ second (m/s).

 It is a scalar quantity.

 Average speed: For non-uniform motion, the

average speed of an object is obtained by dividing
the total distance travelled by an object by the total
time taken.
 Velocity (v):
 Speed of an object in a particular direction is named as
velocity, i.e., it is the displacement of body in unit time.
 It is represented as: v

 It is a vector quantity.

 Average velocity: It is given by the arithmetic mean of initial

velocity and final velocity for a given period of time.

 Problem 1
 An object moves from point A to point B to point C, then
back to point B and then to point C along the line shown in
the figure below.
a) Find the distance covered by the moving object.
b) Find the magnitude and direction of the displacement of
the object.

 Solution to Problem 1:
a) distance = AB + BC + CB + BC = 5 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 17 km
b) The magnitude of the displacement is equal to the
distance between the final point C and the initial point A =
AC = 9 km
The direction of the displacement is the direction of the
ray AB.
 Problem 2
 An object moves from point A to point C along the
rectangle shown in the figure below.
a) Find the distance covered by the moving object.
b) Find the magnitude of the displacement of the object.

 Solution to Problem 2:
a) distance = AB + BC = 5 + 1= 6km
b) Initial point is A and the final point is C, hence the
magnitude of the displacement is equal the diagonal AC of
the rectangle and is calculated using Pythagora's theorem
as follows
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = 52 + 12 = 25 + 1= 26
AC = √34 km
Problem 3
A man walks 7 km in 2 hours and 2 km in 1 hour in the
same direction.
a) What is the man's average speed for the whole journey?
b) What is the man's average velocity for the whole journey?
Solution
Average speed = Total distance/Total time
Total distance =7 km + 2 km =9 km
Total time =2 hours + 1 hour=3 hour
Average speed =9 / 3=3 km/h
Average velocity =displacement/time

Displacement =7 km + 2 km =9 km

Time =2 hours + 1 hour =3 hour

Average velocity=9/3 = 3km/h
CONVERSION OF UNITS OF SPEED AND VELOCITY
ACCELERATION
Acceleration is defined as:-The rate of change of
velocity with respect to time.
 Acceleration is a vector quantity as it has both
magnitude and direction. It is also the second
derivative of position with respect to time or it is
the first derivative of velocity with respect to
time.

SI unit m/s2
TYPES OF ACCELERATION
 Uniform and Non-uniform acceleration
 A uniform acceleration is a motion in which the change
in velocity with time is linear or uniform.
 A non-uniform acceleration is a kind motion of motion in
which the change in velocity with time is not linear
or uniform
 Examples of uniform accceleration:
 i) ball falling from a height
 ii) Stone rolling down the slope
 iii) cycle moving down the slope when rider is not
pedalling
 iv) child coming down from a slide
 Examples of non-uniform acceleration:
 i) Car moving on the crowded street
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION
 Distance-Time Graph
 In this graph, distance is taken along the y-axis and time is
taken along the x–axis.
 For stationary object graph is straight line parellel to
time axis
 For uniform speed, a graph of distance travelled against
time is a straight line, as rate of change of distance with
respect to time is constant
 For non uniform speed a graph of distance travelled
against time is curved line becouse rate of change of
distance with respect to time is not constant
o Velocity – Time Graph
o In this graph, velocity is taken along the y-axis and time is
taken along the x–axis
 For uniform speed For non uniform speed
For stationary object
TYPES OF VELOCITY –TIME GRAPH
 Case 1: Velocity-time graphs with constant velocity
(zero acceleration)
 When the velocity is constant, the velocity time graph, with Y-
axis denoting velocity and X-axis denoting time, will be like:
 As clear from the graph, the velocity is constant (c)
throughout the time interval. No particles of matter how
much the time changes, the velocity will be constant at every
instant. In this case, we have taken the initial velocity to be
positive. The graph will be different if the initial velocity is
negative.
CASE 2: VELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS WITH
UNIFORM ACCELERATION
 In uniform acceleration velocity remain constant
with respect to time hence we obtain a straight
line b/w X-axis and Y-axis
CASE 3: VELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS WITH NON -
UNIFORM ACCELERATION
 In non uniform motion velocity change with respect to
time hence we obtain a curve line b/w X-axis and Y-axis

Note :
1.In distance time graph slope of the line represent
speed
2. In velocity time graph area occupied by curve measure
displacement
EQUATION OF MOTION
 In case of uniform acceleration, there are three
equations of motion which are also known as the laws of
constant acceleration. Hence, these equations are used
to derive the components like displacement(s), velocity
(initial and final), time(t) and acceleration(a). Therefore
they can only be applied when acceleration is constant
and motion is a straight line. The three equations are,
 v = u + at
 v² = u² + 2as
 s = ut + ½at²
 where, s = displacement; u = initial velocity; v = final
velocity; a = acceleration; t = time of motion. These
equations are referred as SUVAT equations where
SUVAT stands for displacement (s), initial velocity (u),
final velocity (v), acceleration (a) and time (T)
GRAPHICAL DERIVATION FOR EQUATION OF MOTION :
DERIVATION FOR FIRST EQUQTION

Initial velocity = u = OP
Final velocity = v = RN
= RQ + QN
v = u + QN …..(i)
Acceleration, a = slope of
line PN

…..(ii)
Putting the value of QN
from equation (ii) into
equation (i), we get v = u
+ at
 TO DERIVE 2ND EQUQTION OF MOTION BY
GRAPHICAL METHOD
 Suppose a body is moving with initial velocity “u”
after time t its velocity becomes V. The distance
covered by the body is “S”.The acceleration of the
body is represented by a.
Explanation:
Consider the speed-time graph in which the
initial velocity “Vi” of the body is represented by
“OA”.After a time interval, OC the speed of the
body changes uniformly and becomes “Vf” which
is represented by line BC in the graph.
The slope of the graph is AB which is the
acceleration “a”.
 The distance travelled by the speed time graph is
calculated as:
 S=Area of OPNR
 =Area of rectangleOPQR +Area of triangle
PNQ
 S=OR*QR +1/2NQ*PQ
 S =T*U +1/2 V-U *T
 putting the valueof T from 1st equation
 S=UT +1/2AT*T
 S=UT +1/2AT 2

 TO DERIVE 3RD EQUQTION OF
MOTION BY GRAPHICAL METHOD
 The Distance covered by the object moving
with uniform acceleration is given by the
area of trapezium ABDOE.
 ∴ Area of trapezium 0PNQR = ½ x (Sum of
Parallel Slides + Distance between Parallel
Slides)
 Distance (s) = ½ (NR + OP) x OR = ½ (v +
u) x t …………………………………………….
(3)
 Now from equation (1): v=u+at
 t=v-
u/t…………………………………………(4)
 Now, substitute equation (4) in equation (3)
we get:
 s= ½ (v + u) ×(v-u)/a
 s = ½a (v + u) (v – u)
 2as = (v + u) (v – u)
 2as = v² – u²
 v² = u² + 2as
 This Expression gives the relation between
position and velocity.
 Question 1 Question 2
A train accelerates from 36 A train starts from rest
km/h to 54 km/h in 10 sec. and accelerate
(i) Acceleration uniformly at
(ii) The distance travelled by
the rate of
car.
5 m/s2 for 5 sec.
 Answer Calculate the
 a. Acceleration is given by velocity of train in
a=v-u/Δt 5 sec.
v-u=54−36=18km/hr
Answer
 =18×1000/3600m/s=5m/s Here u=0 ,a= 5m/s2 ,t= 5
 a= 5/10 =0.5m/s2 sec,v=?
So a=0.5 m/s2 Now v=u+at
b. Distance is given by v=0+5×5=25
S=ut+1/2at2
v=0+5×5=25 m/s
 S=ut+1/2at2
Now u=36 km/hr =10m/s
s=10×10+1/2×0.5×(10)2
So s=125m
 Circular Motion
1. Uniform circular motion: When an object
moves on a circular path with constant or
uniform speed, it is said to have uniform circular
motion. For example: motion of hands of a clock,
motion of moon revolving around the earth.
2. Non uniform circular motion: When an
object moves on circular path with varying speed,
it is said to have non-uniform circular motion.
When an object is in circular motion, direction of
its velocity keeps on changing.
 Speed of an Object Moving on a Circular Path:

 =Circumferance of circular path /time taken

 =2лr/t

 When a body moves on a circular path with

radius r.