Biomechanics of Baslebal, Soccer

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EDMAR REY C. JAPIN

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BIOMECHANICS OF BASEBALL, SOCCER/FOOTBALL
AND TENNIS, AERODYNAMICS
OBJECTIVES:
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 DEFINE BIOMECHANICS
 UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES OF

BIOMECHANICS
 LEARN HOW IT IS BEING UTILIZED IN SPORTS
SUCH AS BASEBALL, SOCCER/FOOTBALL, AND
TENNIS
z WHAT IS BIOMECHANICS?
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 Biomechanics is the study of the

structure and function of
biological systems by means of
the methods of mechanics (The
branch of physics involving
analysis of the actions of forces)
BIOMECHANICS
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IN SPORTS
 zBiomechanics in sports incorporates

detailed analysis of sports movement in
order to maximize the risks of injury and
improve sports performance.
Sports
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biomechanics can simply be described as the
physics of sports.
 In this subfield of biomechanics the laws of

mechanics are applied in order to gain a
greater understanding of athletic performance
through mathematical modeling, computer
simulation and measurement.
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 Mechanics is a branch of physics that is concerned

with the description of motion/movement and how
forces create motion/movement.
Within mechanics there are two sub-fields of
study:
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 Statics, which is the study of systems that are in

a state of constant motion either at rest (with no
motion) or moving with a constant velocity;
• Dynamics, which is the study of systems in
motion in which acceleration is present, which
may involve
Application
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Generally the primary goals of sports biomechanics are:
 Improve athletic performance by identifying and applying optimal

technique.
 Prevent injury and speed up recovery.
 optimal technique for enhancing sports performance
 The assessment of muscular recruitment and loading
 The analysis of sport and exercise equipment e.g., shoes, surfaces and
rackets.
 Biomechanics is utilized to attempt to either enhance performance or

reduce the injury risk in the sport and exercise tasks examined.
Principles of Biomechanics
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1. Forces and Torques

 A force is simply a push or pull and it changes the motion of a
body segment.
 Motion is created and modified by the actions of forces (mostly
muscle forces, but also by external forces from the
environment). When force rotates a body segment, this effect is
called a torque or moment of force.
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 Example - Muscles create a torque to rotate the

body segments in all tennis strokes. In the service
action internal rotation of the upper arm, so
important to the power of the serve, is the result of
an internal rotation torque at the shoulder joint
caused by muscle actions. To rotate a segment
with more power a player would generally apply
more muscle force.
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2. Newton’s Laws of Motion
 Law of Inertia - Newton’s First Law of inertia

states that objects tend to resist changes in their
state of motion. An object in motion will tend to
stay in motion and an object at rest will tend to
stay at rest unless acted upon by a force.
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 Example - The body of a player quickly sprinting

down the field will tend to want to retain that
motion unless muscular forces can overcome this
inertia or a skater gliding on ice will continue
gliding with the same speed and in the same
direction, barring the action of an external force.
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Lawz of Acceleration - Newton’s Second Law
precisely explains how much motion a force
creates.
The acceleration (tendency of an object to change
speed or direction) an object experiences is
proportional to the size of the force and
inversely proportional to the object’s mass (F =
ma).
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Example - When a ball is thrown, kicked, or struck with an
implement, it tends to travel in the direction of the line of action
of the applied force.
Similarly, the greater the amount of force applied, the greater the
speed the ball has.
If a player improves leg strength through training while

maintaining the same body mass, they will have an increased
ability to accelerate the body using the legs, resulting in better
agility and speed.
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 Law of Reaction - The Third Law states

that for every action (force) there is an
equal and opposite reaction force. This
means that forces do not act alone, but
occur in equal and opposite pairs
between interacting bodies.
 Example
z - The force created by the legs “pushing”
against the ground results in ground reaction forces in
which the ground “pushes back” and allows the player
to move across the court (As the Earth is much more
massive than the player, the player accelerates and
moves rapidly, while the Earth does not really accelerate
or move at all).
 This action-reaction also occurs at impact with the ball
as the force applied to the ball is matched with an equal
and opposite force applied to the racket/body.
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3. Momentum
 Newton’ Second Law is also related to the variable momentum, which is the product of an
object’s velocity and mass.
 Momentum is a commonly used term in sports. A team that has the momentum is on the
move and is going to take some effort to stop. A team that has a lot of momentum is really
on the move and is going to be hard to stop.
 Momentum is a physics term; it refers to the quantity of motion that an object has. A
sports team that is on the move has the momentum. If an object is in motion (on the move)
then it has momentum.
p=m•v
(kg•m/s)
where m is the mass and v is the velocity.

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4. Centre of Gravity
 The Center of Gravity (COG) is an imaginary point

around which body weight is evenly distributed.
 When the line of gravity falls outside the Base of
Support (BOS), then a reaction is needed in order to
stay balanced.
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5. Balance
 Balance is the ability of a player to control their

equilibrium or stability. You need to have a good
understanding of both static and dynamic balance:
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Static Balance
 The ability to control the body
while the body is stationary. It is
the ability to maintain the body in
some fixed posture. Static balance
is the ability to maintain postural
stability and orientation with center
of mass over the base of support
and body at rest.
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Dynamic Balance
 The ability to control the body
during motion. Defining dynamic
postural stability is more
challenging, Dynamic balance is
the ability to transfer the vertical
projection of the center of gravity
around the supporting base of
support.
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6. Friction
 Friction can be defined as the resistance to motion of two moving objects or
surfaces that touch. When both the surfaces are smooth, the force of friction
reduces to almost zero.
Three types of friction are
(i) Static Friction is a force that keeps an object at rest. It must be overcome to
start moving the object. If a small amount of force is applied to an object, the
static friction has an equal magnitude in the opposite direction.
(ii) Kinetic Friction is a force that acts between moving surfaces. An object that
is being moved over a surface will experience a force in the opposite
direction as its movement.
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WHAT IS AERODYNAMICS
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 Many professional sports as cycling, ice skating and bobsleigh involve

high speeds and are regularly won by fractions of a second. The role of
aerodynamics in such sports is crucial in that a small reduction of the
aerodynamic drag has direct consequences on the athlete’s race time.
Several approaches for investigation of sports aerodynamics are
conducted to optimize the athlete’s posture, equipment shape and
materials for aerodynamic drag minimization, including wind tunnel
measurements, track testing and numerical simulations by
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
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THANK YOU!
 EDMAR REY C. JAPIN

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EDMAR REY C. JAPIN

 UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES OF

 Biomechanics is the study of the

 zBiomechanics in sports incorporates

 In this subfield of biomechanics the laws of

 Mechanics is a branch of physics that is concerned

 Statics, which is the study of systems that are in

Generally the primary goals of sports biomechanics are:

 Improve athletic performance by identifying and applying optimal

 Prevent injury and speed up recovery.

 optimal technique for enhancing sports performance

 The assessment of muscular recruitment and loading

 Biomechanics is utilized to attempt to either enhance performance or

1. Forces and Torques

 Example - Muscles create a torque to rotate the

 Law of Inertia - Newton’s First Law of inertia

 Example - The body of a player quickly sprinting

If a player improves leg strength through training while

 Law of Reaction - The Third Law states

where m is the mass and v is the velocity.

 The Center of Gravity (COG) is an imaginary point

 Balance is the ability of a player to control their

Three types of friction are

 Many professional sports as cycling, ice skating and bobsleigh involve

 EDMAR REY C. JAPIN

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