DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL,RANIPUR

Class- XI
Sub- Health and Physical Education
Topic- Fundamentals of Kinesiology and Biomechanics in Sports
 Kinesiology- Kinesiology is the science in which the mechanics of
movement of the body, the use of various sports equipment and rectifying
the various bodily movements during sports, are studied.
Importance of Kinesiology
1-

Biomechanics- Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function

and motion of mechanical aspects of biological systems at any level from all
organisms to organ.
PRINCIPLES OF BIOMECHANICS-It is usually observed that an
analysis of any sports movement reveals that some biological and mechanical
laws govern it. These laws or principles are valid in some defined conditions.
These biological principles are stated below:

1. Principle of Angular Motion-Angular motion is produced by the

application of a force acting at some distance from an axis, that is, by torque.
This principle is also known as the principle of the production of angular
motion, example, baseball pitchers, freestyle swimming, rowing a boat.

2. Principle of Angular Momentum- Angular momentum is constant

when an athlete or object is free in the air. This principle is known as the
principle of conservation of angular momentum, and its key component is the
fact that, once an athlete is airborne, he or she will travel with constant
angular momentum. In diving, triple somersault can be achieved by keeping
the body in the pike position. In the pike position the moment of inertia of the
body is less than in the extended position. Under the condition of constant
angular momentum, a higher angular velocity can be achieved.
3. Principle of Counter Action. This principle is based on the Newton's
third law of motion, i.e., to every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction. From the point of view of biomechanics, the human body is
considered as multi-segmented structure with multiple degrees of freedom at
joints.In sports movements, there are two situations where this principle is
applicable: (i) in a free movable system, when the body is airborne and is in
the flight phase (ii) when the body is in earthbound, i.e., firm on the ground.
During the flight phase in long jump, the movement of the body is constant,
which is determined at the take off. The lifting of the legs with a simultaneous
forward bend of the trunk results in a proper landing position (action and
reaction). In running or walking, contrary movements of the arms and legs
help in the increase of stride length.

4. Principle of Linear Motion- Movement usually occurs in the

direction opposite to that of the applied force. Examples, high jumper, cyclists
and runners.
5. Principle of Maximum Velocity. The production requires the use of
joints in order from the largest to smallest. Exampl hockey slapshot, hitting a
golf ball. of maximum velocity.

6. Principle of Maximum Effort. The production of maximum force

requires the use of all possible joint movements that contribute to the task
objective. Examples, golf, bench press.

7. Principle of Stability. The lower the centre of mass, the larger the
base of support, the closer the centre of mass to the base of support and the
greater the mass, the more stability increases. Example: Sumo wrestling.

8. Principle of Spin. This principle involves spin or rotations imparted to

projectiles and particularly sports balls. Spin stabilizes flight is used to
counter gravity, which affects the trajectory and bounces the ball.
Kinetics is the study of the cause of motion, namely forces and torques, for
example, forces between the feet and the ground when jumping. Kinematics
is the study of movement regarding the time taken to carry out the activity.
Kinetics is the study of forces that act on the body, while,
kinematics is the study of the movements produced in the body. Kinetics is
focused on understanding the cause of different types of motions of an object,
such as rotational motion in which the object experiences force or torque.

Kinematics explains in terms, such as acceleration, velocity and position of

objects. For example, in the study of golf swing, kinematics focuses on details
of the swing 'motion' such as the shape of the club-head path, positions of the
body and club at various swing events, velocities of the body parts and club
and the timing of slow-down of the body for speed-up of the club. To describe
the swing motion accurately, it is essential to measure it accurately. That is
why measurement of the motion is one of the main aspects of kinematics.
Basic kinematic quantities include time, position, displacement (distance),
velocity (speed) and acceleration. Some other examples are: throwing a ball
in vertical motion, moving objects in horizontal motion and shooting a bullet
from a gun (projectile motion).
Kinetics focuses on the causes of motion acting on the body: forces for the
linear motion and movements of force (torque) for the angular motion. For
example when you spin a top, it rotates in circular motion. In such a case, you
apply energy on the top and that converts the top's stored energy into kinetic
energy.

K Kinetics Kinematics
1-It deals with forces and motion only. 1-It deals with objects solely in terms of
their position, velocity or acceleration.
2-It helps you to figure out how forces 2-It helps you to understand how an
affect motion. object moves through space but not why it
moves or how the motion was initiated.
3. In case of kinetics, a body that has no 3-In case of kinematics, an object that is
force acting upon it will not move at all. not being affected by a force will just
continue moving at its current velocity.
4. It takes into consideration the forces 4-It does not take into consideration the
explicitly. forces explicitly.
5-The mass of the object is taken into 5-The mass of the object is not taken into
consideration. consideration.
6. It is also called dynamics. 6-It is also called the geometry of motion.
1. Gliding Movement: Gliding movement is the simplest kind of motion
that can take place in a joint, one surface gliding or moving over another
without any angular or rotatory movement. Though it is very common to
all movable joints, but in most of the articulations of the carpus and tarsus,
it is the only motion permitted.

2. Angular Movement: Angular movement occurs only between the long

bones. By angular movement, the angle between the two bones is increased
or decreased. It may take place forward, backward, flexion, extension,
adduction and abduction. Adduction and abduction combined with flexion
and extension are met within the more movable joints as in the hip and the
shoulder. The various movements which fall under angular movements are
described below.
(i) Flexion- Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases
and parts come closer together. Bending the lower limb at the knee.
(ii) Extension- Straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them
increases the parts move further apart. Straightening lower limb at knee.
(iii) Abduction- Moving a part away from the midline. Lifting the upper limb
horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body.
(iv) Adduction- Moving a part toward the midline. Returning the upper limb
from the horizontal position to the side of the body.
3. Circumduction: Circumduction is that movement which takes place
between the head of a bone and its articular cavity. This kind of motion is best
seen in the shoulder and hip joints. In fact, it is a compound circular movement
which involve s flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. In circumduction,
a part moves in such a way that its end follows a circular path (moving a finger
in a circular motion without moving the hand.)
4.Rotation: Rotation is a form of movement in which a bone moves around
a central axis without undergoing any displacement from this axis. Moving a
part around an axis is called rotation e.g., twisting the head from side to side..
5. Supination: Supination is the movement in which a person turns his
hand, wrist and forearm upward. For example, turning your hand over to
receive money is called supination. Some activities only involve a person to use
half of their supination range of motion, e.g., clapping both the palms together.
There are various examples of supination such as throwing a ball underhand,
and turning pages in a book.SupinationPronation
6. Pronation: Pronation is the movement in which a person turns his hand,
wrist and forearm downward. Pronation is used in most of the sports activities
such as in hitting and throwing and wrist and hand actions. For example, in
baseball pitching, football throwing, baseball and softball batting, racket
sports forehands and overheads and in the golf swing.
Meaning of Axis: An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates. act,
movements at the joints of human musculoskeletal system are mainly rotational
and takes place about a line perpendicular to the plane in which they occur.
There are 3 axes of movement around which the body or the body parts rotate.
1. Sagittal Axis. The sagittal axis passes horizontally from posterior to anterior.
It is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and transverse or horizontal
planes. In fact, sagittal axis passes from front to back. In fact, this line runs
from the front to the back through the centre of the body. For example, when
a person performs a cart wheel he is rotating about the sagittal axis.

2. Frontal Axis: The frontal axis passes horizontally from left to right. It is
formed by the intersection of the frontal and horizontal or transverse planes.
It can be stated that the frontal axis passes from side to side. In simple
words, this line runs from the left to right through the centre of the body.
For example, when a person performs a somersault he rotates around this
axis.
3. Vertical Axis: The vertical axis passes vertically from inferior to superior. In
other words, it passes straight through the top of the head down between
feet. It is formed by the intersection of sagittal and frontal planes. It is also
known as longitudinal axis. It is the longest axis. For example, when a skater
performs a spin he is rotating around the vertical axis.
Meaning of Plane: An imaginary, flat surface passing through the body or
organ is called plane.
There are three planes of motion that pass through the human body:
Sagittal or Medial Plane. The sagittal or medial plane is a vertical plane passing
from the rear to the front, dividing the body into left and right halves It is
also known as anteroposterior plane. It can also be said that this plane lies
vertically and divides the body into right and left parts. Most of the sports
and exercise movements that are two dimensional such as running, long
jump, somersault, kicking a football, chest walking and squatting take
place in this plane.
Frontal or Coronal Plane. The frontal plane is also vertical and posses from
left to right dividing the body into posterior to anterior halves. I is also
known as coronal plane. In simple words, frontal plane cuts the body into
front and back. Movements along the frontal plane can include cartwheel,
star jumps, jumping jack exercises, lowering arms and legs sideways
Transverse or Horizontal Plane. The transverse plane divides the body into top
and bottom halves. It is also known as horizontal plane. This plane lies
horizontally that is why it is also called horizontal plane. In simple words,
it divides the body into upper and lower sections. Movements along this
plane can include spin or rotation to play a tennis shot. hip rotation in a
golf swing, pivoting in netball and spinning in skating