Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 2 views

    Evapotranspiration

    Uploaded by

    ceslynmarielle

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Evapotranspiration

    Uploaded by

    ceslynmarielle
    2 views25 pages

    Original Title

    evapotranspiration

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    2 views25 pages

    Evapotranspiration

    Uploaded by

    ceslynmarielle

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    EVAPORATION, TRASPIRATION,

    INTERCEPTION AND
    DEPRESSION STORAGE
    EVAPORATION
    is the process by which water changes from liquid to a gas or vapor.
    is the primary pathway that water moves from the liquid state back into the water cycle.
    Factors Influencing Evaporation

    Temperature the higher the temperature, the more


    Wind Speed the higher the wind speed, the evaporation
    more evaporation

    Exposed surface area the larger the areas of


    Humidity the lower the humidity, the more
    evaporating surface the increase rate of evaporation.
    evaporation
    Transpiration is the process by which water vapor leaves the living
    plants body and enters the atmosphere.

    Parts of plants like stems, small pores on leaves, flowers evaporates the
    water to the atmosphere.

    Is the process in which plants release the water inside it in the form of
    moisture or water vapor.

    Process by which the excess water is lost from the living tissues of plants in
    the form of vapor.
    Interception
    Refers to precipitation that does not reach the soil, but is instead
    intercepted by the leaves, branches of plants and the forest floor. canopy interception

    Loss of rainfall due to vegetation (from trees to grass).

    forest floor interception


    Depression Storage
    Is one of the characteristics describing hydrological losses in transformation of rainfall into
    runoff and is related to the retention of rainfall water in local depressions of the ground. The
    depression storage depends upon:
     The type of soil
     The condition of the surface reflecting the amount and nature of the depression
     The slope of the catchment
     The precipitation, as a measure of soil moisture
    Evaporation From Free Surface
    Water balance method
    The Water Balance is a method by which we can account for the hydrologic cycle of specific area, with
    emphasis on plants and soil moisture. A water balance equation can be used to describe the flow of water
    in and out of a system.

    The purpose of the water balance is to describe the various ways in which the water supply is expended.

    P = R + E + ∆S

    Where:
    P is precipitation
    E is Evapotranspiration
    R is stream flow
    ∆S is the change in storage(in soil or the bedrock/ground water)
    Energy Balance Method
    This method is an application of the flow of conversation of energy. The energy available for
    evaporation is determined by considering the incoming energy, outgoing energy and energy stored in
    the water body over a known time interval.
    “Earth Energy balance is the balance between incoming energy from the sun, outgoing energy from the
    earth”.

    Hn= Ha + He + Hg + Hs + Hi

    where:
    Hn – net heat energy received by the water surface
    Hn= Hc (1-r) – Hb
    where: Hc (1-r) – incoming solar radiation into a surface of reflection coefficient (albedo) r
    Hb –back radiation (long wave) from water body
    Ha – sensible heat transfer from water surface to air
    He – heat energy used up in evaporation
    Hg – heat flux into the ground
    Hs – heat stored in water bidy
    Hi – net heat conducted out of the system by water flow
    Penman Equation
    Penman’s equation is based on sound theoretical reasoning and is obtained by a combination of the
    energy-balance and mass-transfer approach.
    The formula was developed by Penman is 1948 and is still widely used for calculation the potential
    evaporation using synoptic meteorological data.

    PET=

    where:
    PET – daily potential evapotranspiration in mm per day
    A – slope of the saturation vapour pressure vs temperature curve at the mean air
    temperature, in mm of mercury per ‘C
    Hn – net radiation in mm of evaporation water per day
    Ea – parameter including wind velocity and saturation deficit
    – psychrometric constant (O.49 mm of Mercury/’C
    Water-Budget Method
    The water-budget method it involves writing the hydrological continuity equation for the
    lake and determining the evaporation from a knowledge or estimation of other variables.
    Thus, considering the daily average values for a lake, the continuity equation is written as,

    P + Vis + Vig = Vos + Vog + EL + S + TL


    where:
    P - daily precipitation
    Vis - daily surface inflow into the lake
    Vig - daily groundwater inflow
    Vos - daily surface outflow from the lake
    Vog - daily seepage outflow
    EL - daily lake evaporation
    S - increase in lake storage in a day
    TL - daily transpiration loss
    Mass-transfer Method
    This method is based on theories of turbulent mass transfer in boundary layer to calculate
    the mass water vapour transfer from the surface to the surrounding atmosphere. Depending
    on the conditions, the nature and the forces responsible for mass transfer, four basic types
    are:
    a. diffusion in a quiescent medium
    b. mass transfer in laminar flow
    c. mass transfer in the turbulent flow
    d. mass exchange between phases
    Empirical Method
    One of the earliest flood formula was that devised by Mulvaney in 1851. His rational formula is
    still famous and still widely used as a method in design. Mulvaney’s was the first to relate peak
    flow to rainfall intensity and drainage area.

    As the era simple empiricism ended, that of “modern” hydrology started in the early 1930’s, with
    the work of SHERMAN (1932). Sherman’s paper “Streamflow from rainfall by the unit-graph
    method”. It led to the development of component models, in which the land phase of the
    hydrologic cycle is broken into components, the major ones being rainfall, infiltration,
    evapotranspiration, and streamflow routing.
    Direct Measurement

    Refers to measuring exactly the thing that you are looking to measure. In this method the
    value of a quantity is obtained directly by comparing the unknown with the standard. It
    involves, no mathematical calculations to arrive at the results, for example, measurement of
    length by a graduated scale, the method is not very accurate because it depends on human
    insensitiveness in making judgement .
    TRANSPIRATION AND EVAPO-
    TRASPIRATION

    The term EVAPOTRANSPIRATION is used


    when there is also evaporation of moisture
    from the soil, together with transpiration from
    the leaves of the plants.

    EVAPOTRANSPIRATION accounts for


    about 10% of vapor in the atmosphere.
    TRANSPIRATION AND EVAPO-
    TRASPIRATION

    EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET)
    Is the sum of evaporation and transpiration
    from the Earth’s land and ocean surface to the
    atmosphere

    EVAPOTRANSPIRATOR an element (such


    as tree) that contributes to evapotranspiration
    TWO TYPES OF
    EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
    EFFECTIVE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (EET) an actual amount of water lost due to
    evapotranspiration from the soil along with actively growing plant or crop.

    POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (PET) the theoretical amount of moisture that


    could be lost from the surface to the atmosphere if it were available. The amount of
    moisture which, if available, would be removed from a given land area by transpiration

    You might also like