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    1st Part Analytical Chemistry

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    Kyle Lim

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1st Part Analytical Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Kyle Lim
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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    11 views48 pages

    1st Part Analytical Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Kyle Lim

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 48

    Solutions

    Solution

    Solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.


    Components of a solution
    a) solute – a component of a solution that is present in lesser quantity
    b) solvent – the component present in the larger quantity
    Properties of Liquid Solutions
     Liquid solutions are clear and transparent.
     They may be colored or colorless.
     They will not separate upon standing.
     Types of Solutions

    A. According to the amount of solute present

    1. Dilute – little amount of solute is present


    2. Concentrated – large amount of solute is present
     B. According to the capacity of solvent to dissolve at
    certain temperature and pressure

    1. Unsaturated – a solution in which the solvent can


    dissolve more solute at a given temperature and pressure
    2. Saturated – the given amount of solvent has dissolved
    the maximum amount of solute it can possibly dissolve at
    a given temperature and pressure
    3. Supersaturated – a solution that holds more solute that
    it can normally dissolve at a given temperature and
    pressure
     C.by Reason of Dissociation / Ionization of Solute in
    Water

    1. Electrolytic – a solution that conducts


    electricity
    Solutions of electrolytes are formed from
    solutes that are soluble ionic compounds.
    2. Non-electrolytic – a solution that doesn’t
    conduct electricity.
    Solutions of non-electrolytes are formed from
    non-dissociating molecular solutes.
    D. By reason of Heat Exchange


    1.Endothermic – a reaction which in the process of
    dissolving the solute, heat is absorbed.
    ex.
    4 NH Cl
     2. Exothermic - reaction which in the process of
    dissolving the solute, heat is evolved.
    ex: NaOH dissolved in water, heat is given off
    Types of Electrolytes

    a. Strong electrolytes – give high electric


    conducting aqueous solutions

    b. Weak electrolytes - give poor electric


    conducting aqueous solutions.
    Concentration of Solutions

     The amount of solute present in a given quantity


    of solvent or solution.
    Methods of Expressing Concentration of
    Solutions
    1. Molarity (M) = no. of moles solute/liter solution
    2. Molality (m) = no. of moles solute / kg solvent
    3. Normality (N) = no. equivalents solute / liter solution
    4. Percent concentration
    weight (w/w%) = (no. grams solute / grams solution) x 100
    volume (v/v%) = (vol of solute / volume solution) x 100
    weight/volume (w/v%) = (grams solute / milliliters solution) x 100
    5. Mole fraction = (moles of a component/ moles solution) x 100
    6. Parts per million (ppm) = (grams solute / grams solution) x 1 000 000
    or
    milligrams solute / kg solution

    7. Parts per billion (ppb) = (grams solute / grams solution) x 1 000 000 000
    8. Density (d) = mass/volume
    9. Specific gravity = density of sample / density of water
    Sample Problems
    1. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 10.0 g H2SO4 in 250 mL of solution.
    2. A solution is prepared by dissolving 7.82 g NaOH in water and diluting to 500mL. What is the
    normality of the solution? -
    3. What is the molarity of a 37w/w% HCl, sp gr = 1.19
    Solution:
    4. A bottle of a certain ceramic tile cleanser, which is essentially a solution of hydrogen chloride,
    contains 130 grams HCl and 750 grams water. What is the % by mass or (w/w) of hydrochloric acid
    in this cleanser?
    Dilution
    - addition of more solvent to a solution
    What happens in dilution?
    a. the volume of the solution increases
    b. the concentration decreases
    c. the amount of solute remains constant
    Since the no. of moles does not change, so the product of the initial volume and initial molarity is
    equal to the product of the final volume and the final molarity.
    If we let M1 = initial concentration M2 = final concentration
    V1 = initial volume V2 = final volume
    Therefore, the simple equation that applies to dilution 1s:
    M1V1 = M2V2 or C1V1 = C2V2
    Sample Preparation:
    Prepare 30mL 6M HCl from 12M HCl
    Colloid
    A colloid is a mixture of fine particles suspended evenly in a substance. The
    usual particle size ranges around ..

    Parts of a Colloidal Dispersion


    1. Dispersed phase – the suspended substance
    2. Dispersion medium – the substance in which another substance is
    suspended
    Properties of Colloids

    1. Colloid particles can scatter a beam of light (Tyndall effect).


    2. Colloids display Brownian Movement which is an erratic motion of colloidal particles (in zigzag
    motion) resulting from the bombardment of these particles by the constantly moving, smaller
    molecules of suspending medium. This prevents the colloidal particles from settling.
    3. Dialysis is the process of removing dissolved substances from a colloid by means of a suitable
    membrane. Colloidal particles do not pass thru a parchment membrane whereas ions and other
    particles will pass thru, leaving the purified particles.
    Types of Colloids
    Colloid type Dispersed Dispersing
    Examples
    Substance Medium

    1. Liquid aerosol liquid gas


    fog, aerosol spray
    2. Solid aerosol solid gas
    smoke, airborne

    bacteria
    3. Foam gas liquid
    whipped cream, soap

    suds
    4. Emulsion liquid liquid
    milk, mayonnaise
    5. Solid foam gas solid
    polystyrene,
    Importance of Colloids
    In the body, colloids are found in blood and protoplasm. They play an important
    part in cell life and cell division.
    Acids & Bases
    What are acids & bases?

     According to Svantes Arrhenius; an acid is a substance


    that contains H and produces H+ in aqueous solution.
     A base is a substance that contains OH (hydroxyl group)
    and produces OH- in aqueous solution.
    Classifications of Acids
     A. According to number of replaceable hydrogen atoms
    1. monoprotic or monobasic acid – an acid with one replaceable
    hydrogen atom
    Examples:
     2. diprotic or dibasic acid – an acid with2 replaceable hydrogen atoms
    Examples:
     3. triprotic or tribasic acid – an acid with three replaceable hydrogen atoms
    Examples:
     B. According to strength
    • The more ionized the acid, the greater the H ion concentration.
    • 1. Strong acids – acids that are highly ionized
    • Examples:

    • 2. Moderately strong acids – acids that are moderately ionized


    • Examples:

    • 3. Weak acids – acids that are weakly ionized


    Examples:
     C. According to the Number of Elements present
    1. Binary acids – contain 2 elements
    Examples:

    2. Ternary acids – contain 3 elements


    Examples:
     D. According to Volatility
    1. Non-volatile Acids – with high boiling points
    Ex:

    2. Volatile Acids – acids with low boiling points


    Ex:
     E. According to oxidizing power

    1. Non-oxidizing Acids
    Example:

    2. Oxidizing Acids
    Example:
     F. According to number of water molecules present
    1. Meta Acids – can be converted into ortho acids by adding water.
    2. Ortho Acids – has one molecule of water more than the meta acid per molecule
    Examples of Meta and Ortho Acids

    meta ortho
    Classification of Bases
     According to the number of replaceable hydroxyl ions
    1. Monoprotic or monoacidic base – contains one replaceable hydroxyl ion
    Examples:
    2. Diprotic or diacidic base – contains two replaceable hydroxyl ions
    Examples:
    3. Triprotic or triacidic base – contains three replaceable hydroxyl ions
    Examples:
    B. According to strength
     Strong bases have a high hydroxyl ion concentration in aqueous solutions.
    1. Strong bases – hydroxides of group 1A
    Examples:

    2. Moderately strong bases hydroxides of group IIA


    Examples:

    3. Weak bases – NH4 OH and all metal hydroxide except hydroxides of groups IA and IIA.
    Examples:
     C. According to Solubility
    - The higher the solubility of the metal hydroxide, the greater is the basic
    strength.
    1. Soluble hydroxides
    Examples:

    2. Moderately Soluble hydroxides


    Examples:

    3. Insoluble hydroxides
    Examples:
     D. According to Volatility

    1. Volatile – bases with lower boiling point


    Example:

    2. Non-volatile – bases with high boiling point


     Example:
    Salts
     Salts are compounds containing metal ions or ammonium ions and acid radical ions.

    Classifications
    A. Normal salts
    1. It is a compound which yields the characteristic cation of a base and the characteristic anion of an acid
    in aqueous solution.
    Examples:
    Base Cation + Anion
    NaOH + Na - OH

    Acid Cation + Anion


    HCl + H -+ Cl
    Salt formed: NaCl
    2. Derivation of an acid
    Example:
    Acid Salt

    2 4 H SO 4
    ZnSO

    3. Derivation of a base
    Example:
    Base Salt

    4 NH OH 4 2 (NH
    4 ) SO
    B. Acid Salts
     1. It is a compound which yields in aqueous solution the characteristic ions of
    an acid and a salt. An acid salt yields hydrogen ion, metal cation, and non
    metal ions in aqueous solutions.

     2. Derivation of an acid
    Examples
     3. Basic Salts
    A. They are compounds which yield in aqueous solution the
    characteristic ions of both a base and a salt.
    Examples:

    -
     B. Derivation of a base
    Examples

    The basic salt decomposes into SbOCl and .


     C. Double Salts – are salts containing 2 metals and 1 acid radical.
    Examples
    • Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons by an atom.
    • Reduction refers to the gain of electrons by another atom.
    • Oxidizing agent is the reactant that accepts electrons and
    contains the element reduced.
    • Reducing agent is the reactant that furnishes electrons and
    contains the element oxidized.
     Oxidation Number
    Oxidation number is sometimes called oxidation
    state.
    It is the apparent valence or charge of an atom in a
    compound.
    Rules in assigning oxidation Numbers
    1. All elements in their uncombined state is 0.
    2. The oxidation number of monoatomic ion is equal to its charge.
    The following ions have their corresponding oxidation numbers:
    3. The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 except when it is bonded to a metal
    where its oxidation number will be -1.
    4. The oxidation number of oxygen in most compounds is -2, but in H O , its
    oxidation number is -1.
    5. Alkali metals (group IA) have oxidation number of +1. Alkaline earth metals
    have oxidations number of +2. aluminum has an oxidation number of +3 in all its
    compounds.
    6. Group VIIA elements have an oxidation number of -1.
     Examples
    • The oxidation no. of H in HCl is +1.
    • The oxidation no. of H in NaH is -1.
    • The oxidation no. of Na in NaH is +1.
    • The oxidation no. of Cl in HCl is -1.
    • Al in Al 2O3 has an oxidation number of +3.
     7. In a neutral molecule, the sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms must
    be zero.
     8. In a polyatomic ion, the sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in
    the ion must be equal to the net charge of the ion.
     Finding the Oxidation Numbers
    Sample Problem
    Determine the oxidation number of the element indicated.

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