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    IPPTChap013 SQC

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    Fitria Permatasari

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    IPPTChap013 SQC

    Uploaded by

    Fitria Permatasari
    5 views23 pages

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    IPPTChap013-SQC

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    5 views23 pages

    IPPTChap013 SQC

    Uploaded by

    Fitria Permatasari

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    STATISTICAL

    QUALITY
    CONTROL

    Chapter Thirteen
    McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
    Learning Objectives
     LO13–01: Illustrate process variation and explain
    how to measure it.
     LO13–02: Analyze process quality using statistics.
     LO13–03: Analyze the quality of batches of items
    using statistics.

    13-2
    Statistical Quality Control (SQC)
     The
    quantitative Assignable variation
    aspects of • Variation that is caused by factors
    that can be identified and managed
    quality
    management
     Processes
    usually exhibit Common variation
    some variation • Variation that is inherent in the
    process itself
    in their output

    13-3
    Measuring Variation

    13-4
    Variation and Specifications
     Upper specification – the maximum acceptable
    value for a characteristic
     Lower specification – the minimum acceptable
    value for a characteristic
    Traditional View of Variability Costs Taguchi’s View of Variability Costs

    13-5
    Process Capability
     The ability of a process to consistently produce a
    good or deliver a service with a low probability of
    generating a defect
     Specification limits – range of variation that is
    considered acceptable by the designer or customer
     Process limits – range of variation that a process is
    able to maintain with a high degree of certainty

    13-6
    Process Capability

    Process control limits exceed specification limits – process is not


    capable of meeting requirements

    13-7
    Process Capability

    Specification control limits exceed process limits (for improved


    process) – process is capable of meeting requirements

    13-8
    Process Capability Index (Cpk)
     Ratio of the range of values
    produced divided by the range of
    values allowed
     Shows how well the parts being
    produced fit into the range
    specified by the design
    specifications
     Cpk larger than one indicates
    process is capable
     When the two numbers are not Excel: Process Cap
    close, indicates mean has shifted ability

    13-9
    Example 13.1
    The quality assurance manager is assessing the
    capability of a process that puts pressurized grease in an
    aerosol can. The design specifications call for an
    average of 60 pounds per square inch (psi) of pressure
    in each can with an upper specification limit of 65 psi
    and a lower specification limit of 55 psi. A sample is
    taken from production and it is found that the cans
    average 61 psi with a standard deviation of 2 psi.
     What is the capability of the process?

     What is the probability of producing a defect?

    13-10
    Example 13.1: Solution

    13-11
    Process Control Procedures
     Concerned with monitoring quality while
    the product or service is being produced
     Statistical process control - testing a
    sample of output to determine if the process
    is producing items within a preselected
    range
     Attributes - quality characteristics that are
    classified as either conforming or not
    conforming
     Variable - characteristics that are measured Excel: Statistical P
    using an actual value rocess Control

    13-12
    Process Control Measurements –
    p-Charts

     Used when an item (or service) is either good or


    bad (a yes-no decision)

    13-13
    Creating p-Charts
    Calculate the sample proportions p for each
    sample.

    Calculate the average of the sample proportions.

    Calculate the standard deviation of the sample


    proportion.

    Calculate the control limits.

    Plot the individual sample proportions, the


    average of the proportions, and the control limits.

    13-14
    Process Control Measurements –
    c-Charts

     Used when an item (or service) may have multiple


    defects

    13-15
    Variable Measurement Process Control Charts – X-
    bar and R-Charts

     Size of samples
     Preferable to keep small (usually 4 or 5 units)
     Number of samples
     Once chart set up, each sample compared to chart
     Use about 25 samples to set up chart
     Frequency of samples
     Trade-off between cost of sampling and benefit of adjusting the
    system
     Control limits
     Generally use z = 3

    13-16
    X-bar and R-Charts

    13-17
    Process Control Charts – Interpretation

    13-18
    Acceptance Sampling
     Performed on goods that already exist to determine
    what percentage of the products conform to
    specifications
     Executed through a sampling plan
     Results include accept, reject, or retest

    13-19
    Acceptance Sampling – Purposes
     Determine quality level
     Ensure quality is within predetermined

    level

    13-20
    Acceptance Sampling
    Disadvantages Advantages

     Risks of accepting  Economy


    “bad” lots and  Less handling damage
    rejecting “good” lots  Fewer inspectors
     Added planning and  Upgrading of the
    documentation inspection job
     Sample provides less  Applicability to
    information than 100 destructive testing
    percent inspection  Entire lot rejection
    (motivation for
    improvement)
    13-21
    Acceptance Sampling – Designing a Sampling Plan

     Determine (1) how many units, n, to sample from a


    lot, and (2) the maximum number of defective
    items, c, that can be found in the sample before the
    lot is rejected
    Acceptable quality Lot tolerance percent
    level (AQL) defective (LTPD)
    • Maximum acceptable • Percentage of defectives
    percentage of defectives that defines consumer’s
    defined by producer rejection point

     (producer’s risk)  (consumer’s risk)


    • The probability of • The probability of
    rejecting a good lot accepting a bad lot

    13-22
    Operating Characteristic Curve

    13-23

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