Quality Control and Acceptance Sampling

Quality Control and
Acceptance Sampling
Oller, Mark Angelo O. L.

BSBA – Management
Production & Operations Mgt.
Purpose of Quality Control:
- T o assure that processes are performing in an acceptable manner
Quality Control
- A process that evaluates output relative to a standard, and takes

corrective action when output doesn’t meet standards. If the results are
acceptable, no further action is required; unacceptable results call for
corrective action
Quality Control Techniques
– can be applied to an organization’s inputs, transformation system, and

outputs
Acceptance Sampling
– quality control applied to inputs and outputs

Process Control
– quality control applied to the transformation system

INSPECTION
•Is an appraisal activity that compares goods or services to a standard
•Involves determining, sometimes by testing, whether or not an input or

output conforms to organizational standards of quality
it occur at three points:
1.Before production – the logic of checking conformance is to make sure

that inputs are acceptable
2.During production – the logic of checking conformance is to make sure

that the conversion of inputs into output is proceeding in an acceptable
manner
3.After production – the logic of checking conformance is to make a final

verification of conformance before passing goods on to customers.
Inspection before and after production often involves ACCEPTANCE
SAMPLING procedure; monitoring during the production process is referred
to as PROCESS CONTROL
INPUTS TRANFORMATION OUTPUTS

Acceptance Sampling - Process Control - Acceptance Sampling
Where to Inspect in the Process?
1.UPON RECEIPT OF RESOURCES – checking the quality of raw materials

and purchased parts and supplies, testing equipment for ability to meet
specifications, verifying the skills of the staff
2.BEFORE TRANSFORMATION OPERATIONS BY THE WORKER – if an
operation is expensive, irreversible (such as mixing food ingredients), or
of a concealing nature (such as assemblies, coating, plating)
3. IMMEDIATELY BEFORE ANY BOTTLENECK OPERATION

– there is no advantage in feeding a scarce resource defective items that
simply consume more of its time
4.WHEN THE FIRST FEW ITEMS COME OUT OF AN AUTOMATIC

OPERATION
5.AFTER TRANSFORMATION OPERATIONS
6.IN FIND INSPECTION
7.WHEN CUSTOMERS COMPLAIN, RETURN GOODS, OR REQUIRE SERVICE

Example of inspection points in service organization:
Types of Business Inspection Points Characteristic
Fast food -Cashier Accuracy
-Counter Area Appearance, Productivity
-Eating Area Cleanliness, No loitering
-Building & Ground Appearance,S afety

Hazards
-Kitchen Cleanliness, Purity of

food, Food storage,
Health Regulations

Quality of Conformance
– a product or service conforms to specifications

Statistical Process Control
– to evaluate the output of a process to determine if it is statistically

acceptable
Control Chart
– A statistical tool used to distinguish between variation in a process

resulting from common causes and variation resulting from special causes.
It presents a graphic display of process stability over time.
Purpose of Control Chart:
• To monitor process output to see if it is random
• To monitor the extent to which our products meet specifications. In the

most general terms, there are two "enemies" of product quality:
1.deviations from target specifications
2.excessive variability around target specifications
How do we develop a control chart?

Developing a control chart consists of four major steps:
Step 1: Determine what to measure

Step 2: Collect the data
Step 3: Plot the data
Step 4: Calculate the control limits
Variable Data
– are measurable characteristic such as weight, temperature, and

diameter.

Attribute Data
– are descriptive characteristic of an output such as acceptable and

defective or good and bad.
Chance Variation(Random)
– is the variability that is built into (actually, allowed to remain in) the
system. There is a “play” between the gears and mechanical parts of
machines; there is variation in the inputs; processing conditions are
variable; and human performance is particularly variable.
Assignable Variation
– occurs because some element of the system or some operating condition

is out of control. A machine may be excessively worn, a part may be
broken, a worker may be mistrained, inspection gages or instruments
may be faulty, and so forth.
Two types of Errors:

1. Type I error – is committed when an innocent defendant (a good-
quality lot) is found guilty (declared “defective”)
2. Type II error – is made when a guilty defendant (a “defective” lot) is

found innocent(declared of good quality)
Variables – generate data that are measured

Attributes – generates data that are counted

Mean Control Chart – control chart used to monitor the central tendency
of a process

Range Control Chart – control chart used to monitor process dispersion

p-Chart – control chart for attributes, used to monitor the proportion of
defective items in a process
c-Chart – control chart for attributes, used to monitor the number of

defects per unit
Run Test
– a test for randomness

Run
– sequence of observation with a certain characteristics

Specifications
– a range of acceptable values established by engineering design or
customer requirements

Process Variability
– natural or inherent variability in a process

Process Capability
– the inherent variability of process output relative to the variation
allowed by the design specification
Acceptance Sampling
Acceptance Sampling – form of inspection applied to lots or batches of
items before or after a process, to judge conformance with
predetermined standards

Sampling Plans – plans that specify lot size, sample size, number of
samples, and acceptance/rejection criteria

Single-Sampling Plan – one random is drawn from each lot and every item
in the sample is examined and classified as either “good” or “defective.”

Double-Sampling Plan – allows for a opportunity to take a second sample
if the results of the initial sample are inconclusive

Multiple-Sampling Plan – similar to a double-sampling pan except that
more than two samples may be required

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Quality Control and

Oller, Mark Angelo O. L.

- T o assure that processes are performing in an acceptable manner

- A process that evaluates output relative to a standard, and takes

– can be applied to an organization’s inputs, transformation system, and

– quality control applied to inputs and outputs

– quality control applied to the transformation system

•Is an appraisal activity that compares goods or services to a standard

•Involves determining, sometimes by testing, whether or not an input or

1.Before production – the logic of checking conformance is to make sure

2.During production – the logic of checking conformance is to make sure

3.After production – the logic of checking conformance is to make a final

INPUTS TRANFORMATION OUTPUTS

Where to Inspect in the Process?

1.UPON RECEIPT OF RESOURCES – checking the quality of raw materials

3. IMMEDIATELY BEFORE ANY BOTTLENECK OPERATION

4.WHEN THE FIRST FEW ITEMS COME OUT OF AN AUTOMATIC

5.AFTER TRANSFORMATION OPERATIONS

6.IN FIND INSPECTION

7.WHEN CUSTOMERS COMPLAIN, RETURN GOODS, OR REQUIRE SERVICE

Types of Business Inspection Points Characteristic

Fast food -Cashier Accuracy

-Counter Area Appearance, Productivity

-Eating Area Cleanliness, No loitering

-Building & Ground Appearance,S afety

-Kitchen Cleanliness, Purity of

– a product or service conforms to specifications

– to evaluate the output of a process to determine if it is statistically

– A statistical tool used to distinguish between variation in a process

• To monitor process output to see if it is random

• To monitor the extent to which our products meet specifications. In the

How do we develop a control chart?

Step 1: Determine what to measure

– are measurable characteristic such as weight, temperature, and

– are descriptive characteristic of an output such as acceptable and

– occurs because some element of the system or some operating condition

Two types of Errors:

2. Type II error – is made when a guilty defendant (a “defective” lot) is

c-Chart – control chart for attributes, used to monitor the number of

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