WORK ENERGY AND

MOMENTUM
Physics
Unit 3
 This Slideshow was developed to accompany the textbook
 OpenStax Physics
 Available for free at https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics
 By OpenStax College and Rice University
 2013 edition
 Some examples and diagrams are taken from the textbook.

Slides created by
Richard Wright, Andrews Academy
[email protected]
 03-01 WORK AND THE
WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
In this lesson you will…
• Explain how an object must be displaced for a force on it to do work.
• Explain how relative directions of force and displacement determine whether the
work done is positive, negative, or zero.
• Explain work as a transfer of energy and net work as the work done by the net force.
• Explain and apply the work-energy theorem.
03-01 WORK AND THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
 Which of the following is NOT work?
 Pushing a Stalled Car
 Pulling a Wagon
 Climbing stairs
 Falling Down
 Carrying a Heavy Backpack Down the Hall
03-01 WORK AND THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
 Work
 Depends on the force and the
distance the force moves the object.
 Want the force in the direction of
the distance

 Unit: (Joule) (Scalar)

 Watch Eureka! 08
03-01 WORK AND THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
 Marcy pulls a backpack on wheels down the 100-m hall. The 60-N
force is applied at an angle of 30° above the horizontal. How much
work is done by Marcy?

 W = 5200 J
03-01 WORK AND THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
 Drew is carrying books (200 N) down the 100-m hall. How much
work is Drew doing on the books?

W = 0 J

 The force is vertical

displacement is horizontal.
03-01 WORK AND THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
 You carry some books (200 N) while walking down stairs height 2
m and length 3 m. How much work do you do?

 W = -400 J
03-01 WORK AND THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
 A suitcase is hanging straight down from your hand as you ride an
escalator. Your hand exerts a force on the suitcase, and this force does
work. Which one of the following is correct?
 The W is negative when you ride up and positive when you ride down
 The W is positive when you ride up and negative when you ride down
 The W is positive
 The W is negative
03-01 WORK AND THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
 Do work means  W = Fd
 F = ma

 So work by a net force gives an object some acceleration

 Acceleration means the velocity changes

03-01 WORK AND THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM

  solve for ad


03-01 WORK AND THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
 Energy is the ability to do work
 Kinetic Energy - Energy due to
motion  Scalar
 If something in motion hits an  Unit is joule (J)
object, it will move it some  Watch Eureka! 09
distance
03-01 WORK AND THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
 Work Energy Theorem
 Work of Net external force = change in kinetic energy
03-01 WORK AND THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
 A 0.075-kg arrow is fired horizontally. The bowstring exerts a force
on the arrow over a distance of 0.90 m. The arrow leaves the bow
at 40 m/s. What average force does the bow apply to arrow?
03-01 WORK AND THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
Work-Energy Theorem and Spring Constants Lab
1. Hold a meter stick vertically on your desk.
2. Push a pop-up toy down so that the suction cup locks it in place. When the toy jumps up, estimate the height of the jump.
Repeat 5 times.
3. Find the average height.
4. Use the height to find the final speed as in lesson 01-06 Falling Objects.
5. The speed you just calculated is also the speed of the toy when it jumped because projectile motion is symmetric.
6. What was the initial velocity of the toy before it jumped?
7. Find the mass of the toy.
8. The work-energy theorem states that . Find the work the spring did on the toy.
9. The energy of a spring is . Since the spring did the work to make the toy jump, the work from step 8 is the same as the energy
in this equation. Use the work and the distance the spring was compressed to find the spring constant.
10. What would happen to the height the toy jumped if the spring constant were higher?
11. How much force did you apply to the toy to push it down? (Hint: Find the force of a spring equation from last unit.)
03-01 HOMEWORK
 Do lots of work.

 Read 7.3, 7.4

 03-02 POTENTIAL ENERGY
AND CONSERVATIVE FORCES
In this lesson you will…
• Explain gravitational potential energy in terms of work done against gravity.
• Show that the gravitational potential energy of an object of mass m at height h on Earth is given by PEg
= mgh.
• Define conservative force, potential energy, and mechanical energy.
• Explain the potential energy of a spring in terms of its compression when Hooke’s law applies.
• Use the work-energy theorem to show how having only conservative forces implies conservation of
mechanical energy.
03-02 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATIVE FORCES
 Do the lab in your worksheet.

 What does this tell you about the PE and KE when objects fall?
03-02 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATIVE FORCES
 Potential energy  Since the force of gravity is down
 We only worry about the vertical
 Energy due to position distance
 Potential Energy is not absolute
 It is a difference

 Gravity  The path the object takes doesn’t matter,

just the vertical distance

 h is measured from any chosen point.

Just be consistent
03-02 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATIVE FORCES
 Spring Potential Energy
03-02 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATIVE FORCES
 Watch Eureka! 10
 Conservative Forces
 A force where the work it does is independent of the path
 Only thing that matters is starting and stopping point
03-02 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATIVE FORCES
 Examples of conservative  Examples of Nonconservative forces
forces  Friction
 Gravitational Force  Air resistance
 Tension
 Elastic Spring Force
 Normal force
 Electric Force  Propulsion force of things like
rocket engine

 Each of these forces depends on the

path
03-02 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATIVE FORCES
 Potential energy can be
converted into Kinetic energy
and back
 Rearrange
 Think of an object thrown up

 Bottom  0 PE, high KE

 Top  high PE, 0 KE  if only conservative forces do
net work
03-02 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATIVE FORCES

 If there is no work done by nonconservative forces

 Total mechanical energy is constant

KE0 + PE0 = KEf + PEf

03-02 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATIVE FORCES
 A toy gun uses a spring to shoot plastic balls . The spring is
compressed by 3.0 cm. Let .
 (a) Of course, you have to do some work on the gun to arm it. How
much work do you have to do?
 (b) Suppose you fire the gun horizontally. How fast does the ball
leave the gun?
 (c) Now suppose you fire the gun straight upward. How high does
the ball go?
03-02 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATIVE FORCES
 A 1500-kg car is driven off a 50-m cliff during a movie stunt. If it
was going 20 m/s as it went off the cliff, how fast is it going as it hits
the ground?
03-02 HOMEWORK
 You have great potential…

 Read 7.5, 7.6

 03-03 NONCONSERVATIVE FORCES
AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
In this lesson you will…
• Define nonconservative forces and explain how they affect mechanical energy.
• Show how the principle of conservation of energy can be applied by treating the conservative forces in
terms of their potential energies and any nonconservative forces in terms of the work they do.
• Explain the law of the conservation of energy.
• Describe some of the many forms of energy.
• Define efficiency of an energy conversion process as the fraction left as useful energy or work, rather than
being transformed, for example, into thermal energy.
03-03 NONCONSERVATIVE FORCES AND CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
 Often both conservative and nonconservative forces act on an
object at once.
 We can write Work done by net external force as
03-03 NONCONSERVATIVE FORCES AND CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
 Law of Conservation of Energy  Energy is transformed from one
 The total energy is constant in form to another
any process. It may change  Box sliding down incline
form or be transferred from  PE transformed to KE
one system to another, but the  KE transformed to Heat and
total remains the same Sound

 Engine
 Chemical to KE and Heat
03-03 NONCONSERVATIVE FORCES AND CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
 Efficiency
 Useful energy output is always less than energy input
 Some energy lost to heat, etc.
03-03 NONCONSERVATIVE FORCES AND CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
 A rocket starts on the ground at rest. Its final speed is 500 m/s and
height is 5000 m. If the mass of the rocket stays approximately 200
kg. Find the work done by the rocket engine.

 W = 3.48 x 107 J
03-03 NONCONSERVATIVE FORCES AND CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
 A 1500-kg car’s brakes failed and it coasts down a hill from rest.
The hill is 10 m high and the car has a speed of 12 m/s at the
bottom of the hill. How much work did friction do on the car?

 Wf = -39000 J
03-03 NONCONSERVATIVE FORCES AND CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
 Captain Proton’s rocket pack provides 800,000 J of work to propel
him from resting on his ship which is near the earth to 50 m above
it. Captain Proton’s mass is 90 kg. What is his final velocity?

 V = 130 m/s
03-03 HOMEWORK
 Energy is not to be conserved
while you do this homework

 Read 7.7
 03-04 POWER
In this lesson you will…
• Calculate power by calculating changes in energy over time.
• Examine power consumption and calculations of the cost of energy
consumed.
03-04 POWER
 Two cars with the same mass do the same amount of work to get to
100 km/h.

 Which car is better

 Takes 8.0 s
 Takes 6.2 s

 Sometimes the time taken to do the work is important

03-04 POWER
 Rate that work is done

 Unit: joule/s = watt (W)

03-04 POWER
 Since work changes the amount of energy in an object

 Power is the rate that energy is changing

03-04 POWER
 A 1000 kg car accelerates from 0 to 100 km/h in 3.2 s on a level
road. Find the average power of the car.

 P = 121000 W
 162 horsepower
03-04 POWER
 Electrical Energy
 Often measured in kWh because Pt = W
 If it costs $0.10 per kWh, how much will it cost to run a 1000 W
microwave for 2 minutes?
03-04 POWER
Power of Pushups Lab
1. Choose a group member to do pushups. They need to know their weight. Convert their weight to mass in kg.
2. A person lifts approximately 65% of their mass when doing a pushup. How much mass will your group
member be lifting?
3. Measure the height of their shoulders at the lowest part of a pushup.
4. Measure the height of their shoulders at the highest part of a pushup.
5. What distance do the shoulders move during a pushup (just going up)?
6. How much work is done for one pushup?
7. How much work is done for 10 pushups?
8. Time how long it takes your group member to do 10 pushups.
9. Calculate the power of doing 10 pushups by your group member.
10. Compare your result with other groups.
03-04 HOMEWORK
 Power through these problems
in no time.

 Read 7.8, 7.9

 03-05 ENERGY IN HUMANS
AND THE WORLD
In this lesson you will…
• Explain the human body’s consumption of energy when at rest vs. when engaged in
activities that do useful work.
• Calculate the conversion of chemical energy in food into useful work.
• Describe the distinction between renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.
• Explain why the inevitable conversion of energy to less useful forms makes it necessary
to conserve energy resources.
03-05 ENERGY IN HUMANS AND THE WORLD

 Human bodies (all living bodies)

convert energy
 Rate of food energy use is metabolic
rate
 Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
 Total energy conversion at rest
 Highest: liver and spleen
 See table 7.4
 Table 7.5 shows energy consumed for
various activites
03-05 ENERGY IN HUMANS AND THE WORLD
 Energy is required to do work
 World wide, the most common source of energy is oil
03-05 ENERGY IN HUMANS AND THE WORLD
 USA has 4.5% of world population, but uses 24% of world’s oil

 World energy consumption continues to increase quickly

 Growing economies in China and India
 Fossil Fuels are very polluting
 Many countries trying to develop renewable energy like wind and
solar
 Generally, higher energy use per capita = better standard of living
03-05 ENERGY IN HUMANS AND THE WORLD

Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant

 It consists of a reservoir 110 feet (34 m) deep,
2.5 miles (4.0 km) long, and one mile (1.6 km)
 During periods of peak demand water is
wide which holds 27 billion US gallons (100 Gl) released to generate power. Electrical
of water. The 1.3-square-mile (3.4 km2) generation can begin within two minutes
reservoir is located on the banks of Lake with peak electric output of 1872 MW
Michigan. achieved in under 30 minutes. Maximum
 The power plant consists of six reversible water flow is over 33 million US gallons
turbines that can each generate 312 megawatts (120,000 m3) per minute.
of electricity for a total output of 1,872
 This process was designed to level the load
megawatts.
of nearby nuclear power plants on the grid.
 At night, during low demand for electricity, the
It also replaces the need to build natural
turbines run in reverse to pump water 363 feet
gas peak power plants used only during
(111 m) uphill from Lake Michigan into the
high demand.
03-05 HOMEWORK
 You have the power to change
to world, but will you work to
do it?

 Read 8.1, 8.2

03-06 IMPULSE AND
MOMENTUM
In this lesson you will…
• Define linear momentum.
• Explain the relationship between momentum and force.
• Calculate momentum given mass and velocity.
• Define impulse.
• Describe effects of impulses in everyday life.
• Determine the average effective force using graphical representation.
• Calculate average force and impulse given mass, velocity, and time.
03-06 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
 Often the force acting on an object is not constant.
 Baseball or Tennis ball being hit

 Times of force often short

 Force can be huge
03-06 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
 To hit a ball well

 Both size of force and time of contact are important

 Bring both these together in concept of impulse

03-06 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
 Impulse

 Unit: Ns

 Is a vector
03-06 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
 Object responds to amount of impulse

 Large impulse  Large response  higher vf

 Large mass  less velocity

 Both mass and velocity play role in how responds to impulse

03-06 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
 Linear Momentum

 Unit: kg m/s

 Is a vector

 Is important when talking about collisions

03-06 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
03-06 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
 Impulse = Change in Momentum

 Hard to measure force during contact

 Find change in momentum

 Use impulse-Momentum Theorem and time of contact to find
average force of contact
 Watch NASCAR Crash
03-06 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
 A baseball (m = 0.14 kg) with initial
velocity of -40 m/s (90 mph) is hit. It
leaves the bat with a velocity of 60
m/s after 0.001 s. What is the
impulse and average net force applied
to the ball by the bat?

 Impulse = 14 Ns
 F = 14000 N
03-06 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
 A raindrop (m = .001 kg) hits a roof of a car at -15 m/s. After it hits,
it spatters so the effective final velocity is 0. The time of impact
is .01 s. What is the average force?
 F = 1.5 N
 What if it is ice so that it bounces off at 10 m/s?
 F = 2.5 N
 Watch Offset Crash
03-06 HOMEWORK

 Keep up your momentum on

these problems

 Read 8.3
03-07 CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
In this lesson you will…
• Describe the principle of conservation of momentum.
• Derive an expression for the conservation of momentum.
• Explain conservation of momentum with examples.
03-06B BUMPER TESTING LAB
1. Each team makes a bumper out of paper and tape.
a. 2.5 cm × 4 cm × 10 cm
b. Do not use excessive tape
2. The bumper is placed against the end of the track.
3. The cart is released from a distance as set by the teacher.
4. The maximum force is read from the sensor.
03-07 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
 Do the lab in your worksheet.

 Explain why if a person standing of frictionless ice shoots a bullet at

200 m/s does not move backwards are 200 m/s.
 A 100 kg person pushes off from a 50 kg person on frictionless ice.
If the 100 kg person moves at 3 m/s, what speed will the 50 kg
person move at?
03-07 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
 System
 All the objects involved in the problem
 Usually only two objects

 Internal Forces – Forces that the objects exert on each other

 External Forces – Forces exerted by things outside of the system

03-07 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
 Two balls hit in the air

 During the collision

 Internal Forces = F12 and F21
 External Forces = Weight (W1
and W2)
03-07 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

 Object 1:
 Object 2:
 Add
03-07 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
 Since F12 and F21 are equal and opposite
 Sum of internal forces = 0

 If Isolated system:

 OR
03-07 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
 Law of Conservation of Momentum
 In an isolated system the total momentum remains constant

 System can contain any number of objects

 Watch Crash Video

03-07 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Reasoning Strategy
1. Decide on the system
2. Identify internal and external forces
3. Is the system isolated? If no, then can’t use conservation of
momentum
4. Set the total initial momentum of the isolated system equal to
the total final momentum
03-07 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
 Two billiard balls are colliding on a table. In order to apply the law of
conservation of momentum, what should the system be? One ball or
both billiard balls?
 Two billiard balls.

 External Forces: Weight and Normal Force

 If the table is horizontal these cancel
 If it were one ball, then the force of the second ball hitting it would
not cancel with anything.
03-07 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
 A hockey puck of mass 0.17 kg and velocity 5 m/s is caught by a .5
kg mitten laying on the ice. What is the combined velocity after the
puck is in the mitten? (ignore friction)

 v = 1.27 m/s
03-07 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
 A 5 kg baseball pitching machine is placed on some frictionless ice.
It shoots a 0.15 kg baseball horizontally at 35 m/s. How fast is the
pitching machine moving after it shoots the ball?

 -1.05 m/s

 This is why you feel recoil

when you shoot a gun
03-07 HOMEWORK
 Solving problems is fun!

 Read 8.4, 8.5

 03-08 ELASTIC AND
INELASTIC COLLISIONS
In this lesson you will…
• Describe an elastic collision of two objects in one dimension.
• Determine the final velocities in an elastic collision given masses and initial
velocities.
• Define inelastic collision.
• Explain perfectly inelastic collision.
03-08 ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS
Newton’s Cradle Lab
3. Lay the ruler perfectly horizontal and put the marbles in the center touching each other.
4. From one end, roll a marble so that it hits the other four. What happens?
5. From one end, roll two marbles so that it hits the other three. What happens?
6. From one end, roll three marbles so that it hits the other two. What happens?
7. From one end, roll four marbles so that it hits the other one. What happens?
8. Roll one marble extra fast to try to get two marbles to come out at half the speed.
9. If a marble of mass m comes in at velocity v and stops and an identical marble flies out the other side,
what will its velocity have to be to conserve momentum?
10. Show that momentum was conserved in steps 3-7.
11. Show that momentum would be conserved in step 7, but kinetic energy would not be conserved if
two marbles came out at half the speed.
03-08 ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS
 Watch Bumper Video
 Watch Truck Crash video

 Subatomic – kinetic energy often conserved

 Macroscopic – kinetic energy usually not conserved

 Converted into heat
 Converted into distortion or damage
03-08 ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS
 Elastic – kinetic energy conserved

 Inelastic – kinetic energy not conserved

 Completely inelastic – the objects stick together

03-08 ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS
 You are playing marbles. Your .10 kg shooter traveling at 1 m/s hits
a stationary .05 kg cat’s eye marble. If it is an elastic collision what
are the velocities after the collision?

 vc = 1.33 m/s
 vs = .333 m/s
03-08 ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS
 A ballistic pendulum can be used to determine the muzzle velocity
of a gun. A .01 kg bullet is fired into a 3 kg block of wood. The block
is attached with a thin .5m wire and swings to an angle of 40°. How
fast was the bullet traveling when it left the gun?

 v = 455 m/s
03-08 ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS
 Watch Child Seat video

 Watch Reducing Risk video

03-08 HOMEWORK
 Bounce through these problems
and let the concepts stick to
you.