CH : 15 ENERGY & WORK DONE

1. What is Energy? Give some examples of different types of

energy
Ans: Energy is the ability to do work or cause a change. It exists in various forms and
can be transferred or transformed from one form to another. Here are some examples of
different types of energy:
1. Kinetic Energy: This is the energy of an object in motion. For example, a moving car, a
running athlete, or a flowing river all possess kinetic energy.
2. Potential Energy: This is the energy stored in an object based on its position or
condition. Examples include a stretched rubber band, a raised weight, or a compressed
spring.
3. Thermal Energy: Also known as heat energy, it is the energy associated with the
movement of particles within an object. A hot cup of tea, a burning fire, or a boiling pot
of water all contain thermal energy.
4. Chemical Energy: This energy is stored in the bonds of chemical compounds. Examples
of chemical energy sources include food, gasoline, batteries, and fireworks.
5. Electrical Energy: This is the energy associated with the flow of electric charge. It powers
our electronic devices, such as televisions, computers, and smartphones.
6. Light Energy: Also called radiant energy, it is the energy produced by electromagnetic
waves. Examples include sunlight, light bulbs, and lasers.
7. Sound Energy: This energy is produced by vibrating objects and transmitted through a
medium, such as air or water. Examples include musical instruments, voices, and
thunder.
8. Nuclear Energy: This is the energy released during nuclear reactions, such as those that
occur in the sun or in nuclear power plants.

The SI unit of energy is the joule (J).

2. What do you mean by one joule of work?
Ans: When we talk about "one joule of work," we're referring to a way of
measuring the amount of energy transferred when we use a force to move an
object. Work is done when a force makes something move. The joule is the
unit we use to measure this energy transfer.
Imagine you have a heavy box, and you push it across the room with force. If
you push the box and it moves one meter in the direction you're pushing, then
you have done one joule of work. The joule is a unit that helps us understand
how much energy is transferred when we do work.
So, when we say "one joule of work," we mean that we have used a force to
move an object over a distance of one meter. It helps us measure and
understand the amount of energy involved in doing work.

To work to be done Two conditions must be met

1. A force acts on an object
2. The objects move in the same direction as the force

3. What is the work done formula?

Ans : Work (W) = Force (F) × Distance (d)

In this formula:
• Work (W) is measured in joules (J), which represent the amount of energy transferred.
• Force (F) is measured in newtons (N) and refers to the strength of the force applied.
• Distance (d) is measured in meters (m) and represents the distance over which the force is
applied.
4. An electronic motor uses 500 joules of energy, ignoring the
frictional effects. how much work has the motor done?

Ans: If an electric motor uses 500 joules of energy, it means that the motor has
done 500 joules of work. In this case, the energy used by the motor is equal to
the work done by the motor. So, the work done by the motor is 500 joules.

5. Martin carries heavy luggage up a single flight of stairs. has he

done any work on the luggage? explain

Ans: Yes, Martin has done work on the luggage when he carries it up a single
flight of stairs. In physics, work is defined as the transfer of energy that
occurs when a force is applied to an object and causes it to move in the
direction of the force.
In this situation, Martin is applying a force to lift the luggage against the
force of gravity. As he lifts the luggage vertically, he is doing work against
gravity by transferring energy to the luggage. This work is done because
Martin is applying a force over a distance to move the luggage upward.
Even though the luggage is not moving horizontally, work is still being done
because there is a displacement in the vertical direction, which is against the
force of gravity. The force applied by Martin over the vertical distance of the
stairs results in work being done on the luggage.

Therefore, Martin has indeed done work on the luggage when he carries it up
the flight of stairs.

6. when energy is converting from one into another when work is done-
Explain
Ans: When work is done, energy is converted from one form to another. This
conversion of energy occurs when a force is applied to an object, and that
force causes the object to move or undergo a displacement. As a result, the
energy is transferred or transformed from one form to another.
Let's take an example to understand this better. Imagine you are using a hand
crank to lift a bucket of water from a well. As you turn the crank, you apply a
force, and the bucket is lifted against the force of gravity. In this process, your
muscular energy is converted into mechanical energy, which is then used to
do the work of lifting the bucket. The potential energy of the elevated bucket
increases while the muscular energy decreases.
Similarly, when you plug in an electrical device, such as a lamp, and turn it on,
electrical energy from the power source is converted into light energy and
heat energy. The work is done by the electrical energy as it powers the lamp
and produces light and heat.
So, whenever work is done, energy is involved and can be transformed or
transferred from one form to another. This concept of energy conversion is
fundamental to understanding how different forms of energy are related and
how they can be used in various processes and systems.

7. Energy can't be created or destroyed. Energy is conserved-explain

Ans: The principle you're referring to is known as the law of conservation of

energy. It states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated
system. Instead, the total amount of energy remains constant over time
.
The law of conservation of energy is based on the understanding that energy
can change its form or be transferred between different objects or systems,
but the total energy within the system remains the same. This principle is a
fundamental concept in physics.

Let's consider an example to illustrate this concept. Imagine a roller coaster

ride. As the coaster descends from the top of a hill, it gains kinetic energy,
which is the energy of motion. As it climbs up another hill, the kinetic energy
is gradually converted into potential energy, which is the energy of position or
height. At different points during the ride, energy is transformed between
kinetic and potential energy. However, the total energy of the roller coaster
(the sum of kinetic and potential energy) remains constant throughout the
ride.
This conservation principle applies not only to mechanical energy (kinetic and
potential energy) but also to other forms of energy like thermal, electrical,
chemical, and so on. Energy can change from one form to another, but the
total amount of energy within a closed system remains the same.
It is important to note that in real-world situations, some energy may be lost
as heat or through other dissipative processes, leading to a decrease in usable
energy. However, the total energy, including both usable and non-usable
forms, remains conserved within the larger system.

8. Explain the conservation of energy in a pendulum

Ans:

A pendulum is an object attached to a fixed point that can swing back and
forth. Let's consider a simple pendulum, consisting of a mass (such as a
bob or weight) attached to a string or rod.

1. Potential Energy at Maximum Height: When a pendulum is at its highest

point, at the farthest point from its resting position, it has maximum
potential energy. Potential energy is the energy an object has due to its
position or height above a reference point.

2. Kinetic Energy at Lowest Point: As the pendulum swings downward from

its highest point, the potential energy decreases while its speed increases.
At the lowest point of its swing, the pendulum has maximum kinetic
energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of an object in motion.
3. Conversion of Energy: As the pendulum swings back and forth, the energy
continuously converts between potential and kinetic energy. When the
pendulum reaches the highest point, its potential energy is maximum
again, while its kinetic energy decreases. As it swings back down, the
potential energy decreases, and the kinetic energy increases. This energy
conversion occurs throughout the swinging motion.

4. Conservation of Energy: The total amount of energy in the pendulum

system remains constant, according to the principle of conservation of
energy. While the energy is constantly converting between potential and
kinetic forms, the sum of these energies remains the same. Some energy
may be lost due to factors like air resistance and friction, but within the
system, the total energy remains conserved.

In summary, a pendulum demonstrates the conversion of energy between

potential and kinetic forms as it swings back and forth. The pendulum's
potential energy is greatest at the highest points of its swing, while its
kinetic energy is highest at the lowest point.

9. what are renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy, Write

the difference between them with examples
Ans: Renewable sources of energy are those that can be replenished
naturally within a relatively short period, while non-renewable sources of
energy are finite and cannot be replenished within a reasonable timeframe.
Here's a comparison between renewable and non-renewable sources of
energy with examples:
Renewable Sources of Energy:
1. Solar Energy: Solar energy comes from the sun and can be converted into
electricity using solar panels. It is renewable because the sun is an
abundant and continuous source of energy.
2. Wind Energy: Wind energy is generated by the movement of air currents.
Wind turbines capture the wind's kinetic energy and convert it into
electricity. The wind is considered renewable because it is constantly
replenished by natural processes.
3. Hydropower: Hydropower is generated by harnessing the energy of
flowing or falling water, such as rivers or waterfalls. It is a renewable
source since water is continuously replenished through the water cycle.

Non-Renewable Sources of Energy:

1. Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the
remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. These
resources are finite and take millions of years to replenish, so they are
considered non-renewable.
2. Nuclear Energy: Nuclear energy is generated by splitting atoms in a
process called nuclear fission. It is derived from uranium, which is a non-
renewable resource found in limited quantities on Earth.
3. Natural Gas: Natural gas is a fossil fuel that consists mainly of methane.
Like other fossil fuels, it is considered non-renewable as its formation
takes millions of years and its availability is limited.
10. Explain different types of potential energy
1. Ans: Potential Energy: Potential energy is the energy stored in an object
based on its position or condition.
Example: A stretched rubber band has potential energy. When you pull the
rubber band back, it stores potential energy. This energy is released when
you let go, causing the rubber band to snap forward.
2. Chemical Potential Energy: Chemical potential energy is the energy stored
in chemical bonds.
Example: A battery contains chemical potential energy. The chemical
reactions happening inside the battery store energy, which can be converted
into electrical energy to power devices like flashlights or remote controls.
3. Gravitational Energy: Gravitational energy is the potential energy
associated with an object's height or position relative to the ground.
Example: A book placed on a shelf has gravitational potential energy. The
higher the book is on the shelf, the more potential energy it possesses. When
the book falls, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy as moves
downward.
4. Elastic Potential Energy: Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in an
object when it is compressed, stretched, or deformed.
Example: A compressed spring has elastic potential energy. When you
compress a spring, you are storing energy in it. When released, the spring
expands, and the stored energy is converted into kinetic energy, causing the
spring to bounce back.
11. Write the energy conversion: fossil fuel, biofuel, geothermal energy,
hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind energy [ Page No: 116- 121 ]

12. When you push a wall with all your strength but it doesn't
move, is any work being done? Why or why not?
Ans: When you push a wall with all your strength but it doesn't move, no work
is being done. Work is defined as the product of force and displacement in the
direction of the force. In this scenario, although you are applying a force to the
wall, the wall does not undergo any displacement in the direction of the force.
For work to be done, there must be a displacement resulting from the applied
force. In this case, the wall remains stationary, and there is no movement in
the direction of the force. Since there is no displacement, the work done is
zero.
However, it's important to note that you are exerting effort and using energy
while pushing against the wall, but in terms of the physics concept of work, no
work is being done in this specific scenario.

13. A person carries a heavy backpack while standing still. Is any

work being done? Explain your answer.
Ans: When a person carries a heavy backpack while standing still, no work is
being done. Work, in the context of physics, is defined as the product of force
and displacement in the direction of the force. In this situation, the person is
exerting a force by holding the backpack, but there is no displacement in the
direction of the force.
For work to occur, there must be a displacement resulting from the applied
force. In this case, the person's position remains stationary, and there is no
movement in the direction of the force exerted by carrying the backpack.
Therefore, since there is no displacement, the work done is considered zero.
However, it's important to note that carrying a heavy backpack does require
effort and energy from the person's muscles. While no work is being done
from a physics perspective, the person is expending energy to support the
weight of the backpack and maintain their position.

14. Donald Trump is rolling up a long stretch of Carpet on

whether level groundwork is done or not
Ans: If Donald Trump is rolling up a long stretch of carpet on level ground, then
work is indeed being done. Work, in physics, is defined as the product of force
and displacement in the direction of the force.
In this scenario, as Trump rolls up the carpet, he exerts a force on the carpet
in the direction of the rolling motion. This force causes the carpet to undergo
a displacement along the ground. Since there is both a force being applied and
a resulting displacement in the direction of that force, work is being done.
The work done can be calculated by multiplying the force applied to roll up
the carpet by the distance over which the carpet is rolled. As long as there is
both force and displacement, work is being done, regardless of whether the
surface is level or not.

15. Is work being done when you hold a pencil in your hand?
Why or why not?
Ans: When you hold a pencil in your hand without any movement or
displacement, no work is being done. Work, in physics, is defined as the
product of force and displacement in the direction of the force.
In this scenario, although you are exerting a force to hold the pencil against
the force of gravity, there is no displacement of the pencil in the direction of
the force. The pencil remains stationary in your hand, and there is no
movement over a distance.
Since there is no displacement occurring, the work done is considered zero.
However, it's important to note that you are still exerting effort and using
energy to hold the pencil against gravity, but in terms of the physics concept
of work, no work is being done as there is no displacement in the direction of
the force.

16. Archer with stretched Bow-about to fire an arrow :

Archer`s finger releases the bowstring :

How work is done- Explain each case.
Ans: In both cases, work is being done. Let's explore each scenario:

Archer with the stretched bow:

When the archer pulls back the bowstring, they are applying a force to
stretch the string. This force results in the displacement of the bowstring
from its original position to a stretched position. As a result, work is done
because there is both a force applied and a displacement in the direction of
the force. The work done in this case is stored as potential energy in the
bow.

Archer's finger releases the bowstring:

When the archer's finger releases the bowstring, the potential energy stored
in the stretched bow is rapidly converted into kinetic energy. The bowstring
transfers the potential energy to the arrow, causing it to accelerate forward.
As the arrow moves, work is done by the bowstring on the arrow. The work
done in this case is responsible for the arrow's change in velocity and its
subsequent flight.

Therefore, in both cases, work is involved in the process. The work done in
the first case is related to storing potential energy in the stretched bow,
while the work done in the second case is responsible for the arrow's
acceleration and its release from the bow.
Arrow is fired from the bow -which form of energy is now carried
by the arrow

Once the arrow is fired from the bow, it carries mainly two forms of energy:
kinetic energy and potential energy.
1. Kinetic Energy: The arrow possesses kinetic energy due to its motion. As
the archer releases the bowstring, the potential energy stored in the bent
limbs of the bow is converted into kinetic energy. The arrow accelerates
forward and gains kinetic energy, which is the energy associated with its
movement. The amount of kinetic energy the arrow possesses depends
on its mass and velocity. The faster the arrow moves, the greater its
kinetic energy.
2. Potential Energy: The arrow may also possess potential energy depending
on the context. For example, if the arrow is shot upwards at an angle, it
gains gravitational potential energy as it moves higher against gravity. As
it reaches its maximum height, the potential energy is at its maximum.
This potential energy can then be converted back to kinetic energy as the
arrow falls back down.

17. Math :
1. A force of 20 Newtons is applied to move an object a
distance of 5 meters. Calculate the work done on the
object.

Work = Force × Distance

Given: Force = 20 Newtons
Distance = 5 meters
Plugging in the values into the formula:
Work = 20 N × 5 m
 Calculating:
Work = 100 Joules
Therefore, the work done on the object is 100 Joules.

2. A student exerts a force of 10 Newtons to push a box a

distance of 8 meters. Calculate the work done by the
student.
Ans: To calculate the work done by the student, we can use the
formula:
Work = Force × Distance
Given: Force = 10 Newtons Distance = 8 meters
Plugging in the values into the formula:
Work = 10 N × 8 m
Calculating:
Work = 80 Joules
Therefore, the work done by the student is 80 Joules.

18. what are the reasons for considering replacing

nonrenewable sources of energy with renewable sources of
energy?
Ans: There are several reasons for considering the replacement of non-
renewable sources of energy with renewable sources of energy:
1. Environmental Impact: Non-renewable energy sources, such as fossil fuels
(coal, oil, and natural gas), contribute to environmental pollution and
climate change. Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases and other
pollutants, leading to air and water pollution, habitat destruction, and
adverse effects on ecosystems. Renewable energy sources, on the other
 hand, have lower or zero emissions, making them cleaner and more
environmentally friendly.
2. Climate Change Mitigation: The burning of fossil fuels is a significant
contributor to global warming and climate change. Renewable energy
sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, produce little to no
greenhouse gas emissions, helping to reduce the carbon footprint and
mitigate climate change.
3. Resource Depletion: Non-renewable energy sources are finite and will
eventually run out. As these resources become scarcer, their extraction
becomes more challenging and expensive. By transitioning to renewable
energy sources, which are naturally replenished, we can reduce our
dependence on limited resources and ensure a more sustainable energy
future.
4. Energy Security and Independence: Reliance on non-renewable energy
sources often involves importing fossil fuels from other countries, which
can impact energy security and lead to geopolitical tensions. Renewable
energy sources can be harnessed locally, promoting energy independence
and reducing vulnerability to price fluctuations and supply disruptions.
5. Job Creation and Economic Opportunities: The renewable energy sector
offers significant potential for job creation and economic growth.
Investing in renewable energy technologies, such as solar and wind
power, can stimulate local economies, create employment opportunities,
and promote innovation and research in clean energy.
6. Public Health Benefits: Non-renewable energy sources are associated with
air and water pollution, which can have detrimental effects on human
health, leading to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and
other illnesses. Shifting to renewable energy helps improve air and water
quality, thereby promoting better public health outcomes.
19. A person swings his arm and releases a bowling ball, it rolls
towards ten bowling pins knocking all of them down is the
energy that he transferred to the ball destroyed?
Ans: No, the energy that the person transferred to the bowling ball is not
destroyed. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be
created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another.
In the given scenario, the person initially provides the energy to the bowling
ball by swinging their arm and releasing it. This energy is transferred to the
ball in the form of kinetic energy, which is the energy associated with its
motion. As the ball rolls toward the bowling pins, it retains its kinetic energy,
and upon impact, it transfers some of that energy to the pins. The kinetic
energy of the ball is then converted into other forms of energy, such as
sound energy and thermal energy, as the pins fall and the ball comes to a
stop.
While the energy is transformed into different forms during the interaction
between the ball and the pins, the total amount of energy in the system
remains conserved. Therefore, the energy initially transferred by the person
to the ball is not destroyed but rather transferred and converted into various
forms throughout the process

20. What is kinetic energy?

Ans: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion. It depends
on both the mass and velocity of the object.